Consistent tube labeling

Labeling tubes and plates in a consistent manner expedites the experimental process, and decreases the time taken to understand what others have done.

1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes

These 1.5ml microcentrifuge tubes are used to store extracted plasmids, cleaned up PCR or digested products, and frozen liquid culture.

Labeling:

• Black pen = Circular DNA, Blue pen = Linear DNA
• Folding part: Plasmid Backbone ("A" for pSB1A2 or "C" for pSB1C3 or "X" for other)

On top (in this order):

• Item name
• Concentration (in ng/uL written in red)
• "(PCR)" for PCR products; "(XP)","(SP)","(ES)","(EX)" for digestions

On top (in this order):

• Date (YYYY-MM-DD)
• Person who made it
• In red pen: the A260/280 and A260/230 ratios
• For Digestions, write the number of hours (or "overnight") it was digested

200uL microcentrifuge tubes

200uL microcentrifuge tubes (or PCR tubes) are used as temporary storage of various reactions such as digestions, ligations, colony PCR, and temporary liquid cultures.

Labeling:

Folding part: Write the day of the month.

On top: Write something that can identify what it is (at least one english letter).

Additional:

• Colony PCR tubes: Write everything in Black pen.
• Colony PCR LB tubes: Write everything in Blue pen.
• Digestion: Write the cutting site (e.g. SP,XP)
• Ligation: Make sure you put it in those small bags for 4C overnight ligation after 1uL is taken out for transformation

Agar plates

Agar plates are for transformations and obtaining single colonies.

Labeling:

On top (agar side):

• Full item names (not just numbers!), date (YYYY-MM-DD), time of incubation start.
• Additionally for transformation plates: Name of person who did the plating.

On side (still on agar side): type of antibiotic (A/Amp or C/CHL/CM).

On bottom (non-agar side): Don't write anything here.

PCR

For any kind of PCR, make sure to list:

• the things that are PCR'd, and their expected PCR lengths.
• the PCR mix protocol: write the 50uL first, then to multiply to get the new mix total version.
• the PCR time protocol (the 94,[94,55,72]x30-35,72).
• how the gel was loaded. Which wells was loaded with which items.
• Which items were correct and are wrong after the gel run, in as much detail as possible (e.g. was the output the length of a self-ligated vector?)

Two-day efficient cloning cycle

We used an efficient two day cloning cycle split into a "Heavy" day and a "Light" day.

Approximate Light day:

1. 10am (5min): Plate->4oC
2. 10:05am (~1hr): 3-in-1, put liquid and plate in fridge.
3. Lunch
4. After lunch (~1hr): Run Gel
5. 5pm: Incubate

Approximate Heavy day:

1. 10am (2-3hrs): Plasmid extraction & Digestion
2. Lunch (while digesting)
3. After lunch (2-3hrs): Gel Extraction/Purification + Ligation + Transformation
4. 5pm: Incubate plate

Light Day

The light day consists of Colony PCR and liquid culture of colonies transformed from a previous day.

The 3-in-1

The 3-in-1 protocol consists of a combination of three things:

1. Colony PCR
2. Liquid culture
3. 2nd time plate

Time needed: [10min + 1min/colony]

Preparation

1. First, count the number of colonies you want to check.
2. Make the Colony PCR mix (we use Thermo' DreamTaq) with the mix amount slightly modified:

   Item	uL
   Template	1
   FP (VR) + RP (VF2)	2
   dNTP (2mM)	2
   10x DreamTaq buffer	5
   Taq Polymerase	0.2
   ddH20	39.8
   Total	50

   We aliquoted 15uL of PCR mix for each colony.
3. Aliquot 20uL of LB medium in a PCR tube for each colony. Put on the LB rack
4. Take out new plates from the fridge and divide them into smaller sections (upto 24). This is the second-time plate. (Make sure to write the date on it. Cross out in red pen any sections you know is wrong after the Colony PCR check)in this order
   1. Select a colony using a tip or toothpick.
   2. Dip it in a PCR tube and swirl it around.
   3. Use the same tip and dip it in the LB culture and swirl it around.
   4. Use the same tip and draw on the 2nd time plate.
   PCR run protocol

   Temperature	Time
   94oC	60s
   94oC	15s	30-35 cycles
   55oC	20s
   72oC	1kb/min + 5-10s
   72oC	300s

Making Gel for gel electrophoresis

1. Make either 100ml or 200ml of gel at at time and select a relevant percentage (e.g. 1%, 1.5%, or 2%)
2. Measure out the relevant percentage in agarose (e.g. 2g of agarose for 100ml of 2% gel).
3. Fill it up with 1xTAE buffer.
4. Microwave on low, constantly taking it out every so often to swirl and mix it. Keep microwaving until clear. Make sure it is completely clear
5. Cool to a temperature that is still hot but still can be held in your hand. If the gel gets too cold and starts to harden, start microwaving again until clear.
6. Add 5uL of Safe-seeing dye for every 100ml of gel after cooled to the correct tempearature. Mix it well by swirling
7. Pour it onto the molds quickly. Put a cover on it to block out the light.
8. Wait at least 1/2hr until using it.
9. Store in 4o and away from light.

Gel electrophoresis

1. Select a relevant % agarose gel based on your own experience (general guide: all <1000: 2%, all >2000: 1% guide)
2. Load 5uL from each tube of Colony PCR, mix it with 1uL of 6x DNA Dye and put it in a well.
3. Load 3uL of marker into a well.
4. Run in the 13x13cm box at 90V or 100V and 400mA for the desired amount of time.
5. View in the gel viewer machine.

Liquid culture

After confirming which colonies are correct from running the colony PCR on gel and deciding which ones to culture in liquid:

1. Aliquot 6-15ml of LB in a 15ml centrifuge tube or 10ml of LB in a 50ml centrifuge tube for each colony.
2. Add the 20uL of LB containing the correct colony from the 3-in-1 into the liquid.
3. Add the relevant amount of antibiotics into the liquid.
   • 0.5uL of Ampicillin (100mg/ml) per 1ml of LB
   • 0.5uL of Chloramphenicol (50mg/ml) per 1ml of LB
4. Split the LB in the 15ml centrifuge tubes into multiple 15ml centrifuge tubes containing a maximum of 3ml each.
5. Grow overnight at 37oC at 180rpm in the incubator.

Heavy day

The heavy day consists of extracting a previously grown plasmid, digesting it, and ligating digestions together, then transforming.

Plasmid extraction

We use GeneArt's plasmid extraction kit. We followed the protocol with the addition of warming the relevant amount of EB to 60-70oC before elution. Elute with 50uL.

Digestion

1. Thermo's fast-digest enzymes:

   Item	XP from plasmid	XP from PCR
   DNA	1ug or 10uL	10uL
   10x fast-digest (FD) buffer	2 (green)	2 (white)
   Thermo XbaI	0.5
   Thermo PstI	0.5
   ddH2O	to 20uL	6
   Total	20

   Theoretically 10mins should be enough for this digestion. Over 1hr is better.
2. NEB enzymes:

   Item	SP	EX	ES
   DNA	1ug or 10uL
   10x Buffer	2 (Cutsmart)	2 (EcoRI)
   NEB Enzyme1	0.5
   NEB Enzyme2	0.5
   ddH2O	to 20uL
   Total	20

   Digest for at least 1hr. Over 2hr is better. EcoRI doesn't have star activity when cut this way (even overnight)

Gel extraction and/or purification

We run Insert digests (ES, XP) on a gel and then use GeneArt's gel extraction kit. We directly use GeneArt's PCR purification kit for Vector digests (EX,SP). The modifications in the protocol include:

• Warm EB to 60-70oC before elution.
• Always use the Gel (sequencing) protocol for gel extraction. It's just essentially Wash buffer twice instead of W1 then Wash.

Ligation

We use Thermo's and NEB's T4 Ligase:

Item	amount
Vector	8.5uL, total of approximately 100ng of DNA.
Insert
ddH2O
10x Ligase Buffer	1
T4 Ligase	0.5
Total	10

Incubate at room temperature for 17-30 minutes then transform 1uL THEN put the remaining amount in a small bag and put in 4oC overnight incase the transformation fails and retransformation is required.

Transformation

We use self-made E. coli K-12 MG1655 competent cells most of the time (it requires the long protocol [upto 3hrs], but only requires 11hrs to see colonies), or GeneArt's DG5α competent cells if there's only time for the short protocol [~15min]. MG1655 competent cells should not be refrozen.

Step	Short	Long
Add 1uL of plasmid or ligation mix to competent cells (20-100uL of MG1655, 15-25uL of DH5α)
Put mixture on ice for	5mins	30-60mins
Heat shock at 42oC for 45 seconds. (very important step)
Add prewarmed LB and incubate at 37oC, 180rpm for 1-1.5hr	-	200uL LB
Plate it on a relevant antibiotic plate	plate it all	200uL on one plate, 20uL on another
Incubate plate at 37oC overnight

Purification of Viral Nucleic Acids from Phages

Inoculate the BHI medium with a single colony Strptococcus mutans and incubate for overnigt at 37C in anaerobic condition. Infect 5 ml fresh culture with 105-106 plaque-forming unit of M102 phage. We kept on observing the growth change of the co-culture, then collected the viral particles when the clearance of the culture was observed.

QIAamp® MinElute® Virus Spin Handbook(page 19-21)

* Reference : QIAamp® MinElute® Virus Spin Handbook (Third Edition).