Team:Glasgow/Human Practices

Policy And Practice

We took a number of approaches in considering the potential impacts of our project. From the many potential applications of our switch, the main question we posed was regarding Biodesalination: Would the general public be comfortable with using our bacteria-desalinated water? The following section describes a more factual and theoretical approach, but click here for more information on our public outreach events at the Glasgow Science Centre.

Biodesalination

Biodesalination is becoming of increasing interest as availability of freshwater decreases around the world. Freshwater only consists of 2.5% of the worlds’ water with only < 1% percent available for use. Many countries around the globe rely on desalination for their freshwater. In fact, Israel solely rely on desalination to obtain water. Countries such as these ones especially experience water shortages. The need for a low energy desalination method becomes more apparent since 40% of the worlds’ population live areas that are dry or semi-dry and experience droughts.

However, current methods of desalination are energy intensive and therefore expensive. Two widely used methods for desalination are thermal and reverse osmosis. Thermal approaches involve evaporating salt water and then condensing it as purified freshwater whereas reverse osmosis approaches involve forcing the water through various membranes in order to remove the salt.

The cost to fill an Olympic swimming pool (2500m3) with desalinated water from seawater using a thermal approach by an average sized desalination plant can range from £1500 to £3100 and for a similar sized plant to do the same but by using membrane technology it would cost £750 to £2575. A slightly cheaper alternative as opposed to desalinating seawater is desalinating brackish water which contains less salt. But however, this is still costly.

We propose that one future use of our switch is biodesalination. Currently microbes are used in sewage treatment for cleaning water.

Public Opinion - Survey

Along with asking individuals about their opinion on the use of GMO, we asked them about their level of knowledge of synthetic biology. 58% of individuals rated their knowledge of synthetic biology as a 3 or less, on a scale of 1 to 10 (with 1 being never have heard of the term and 10 being have a pHD in it). This correlates with comments from these individuals that they felt they didn’t know enough to make a decision on the subject. There was also comments raised about moral and ethical issues with GMO i.e. that we shouldn’t be messing with organisms like this. Although participants of this survey appeared to understand why we would use GMO as a way to feed the worlds’ increasing population.
We conducted a survey to determine public opinion on using water cleaned by bacteria for the following purposes.

Agriculture
87% of the worlds’ freshwater supply is used in agriculture. This is rather essential especially in dry areas where without the human intervention of watering the crops, they would not survive in these environments.
Individuals appeared to be more agreeable to the use of water cleaned by bacteria for agricultural purposes.

Drinking Water
When asked about how they felt drinking water cleaned by bacteria, individuals were unsure about it. If the water were to be used for drinking purposes, the water would have to be cleaned to a higher specification. The lack of certainty among individuals seemed to be on the whole attributed to lack of information and knowledge about GMO and synthetic biology. Another determining factor appeared to be that the level of efficiency will be the same as that of current methods.

Household

Appliying our Switch to Biodesalination - the Science
E. coli is not very salt tolerant so we would transform our switch into a halophile such as a species of Cyanobacteria. However, there is still a problem as halophiles manage to survive at high concentrations by expelling salt. This is in juxtaposition to what we require the bacteria to do to desalinate water as our idea depends on encouraging the bacteria to absorb salt. We sought advice for a research group within the University who work on biodesalination in collaboration with -, - and -. Within the University the research group works on encouraging cyanobacteria to absorb salt. At the University of Sheffield the research group in collaboration work on the separation of cells. The group at the University of – work on the public opinion of biodesalination and they proved to be very helpful to us.

The requirements for microbial biodesalination are –

1. A cyanobacteria strain that can grow without the addition of nutrients other than what is present in the natural environment in large quantities. The idea of the research group is for this to be a natural process carried out by phototrophic cyanobacteria.
2. Another problem that must be conquered is inhibiting the expulsion of salt ions from the cell.
3. There would also need to be a system for control of expression of salt uptake genes, which is where our switch comes in.
4. Furthermore, there needs to be a system to separate the cells, which is also where our switch could be of use if the gas vesicle production could be enhanced to allow the cells to float well enough to be separated.

To demonstrate the steps that need to be taken for this technology to be used for biodesalination on an industrial scale, the stage gate approach will be used. We have applied this system as it provides opportunities for reflection. We also wished to try to incorporate the concept of Responsible Innovation into our project as much as possible and we believed that the stage gating process allowed for the consideration of wider moral responsibilities and for maximum engagement with members of the public.

The Stage Gate approach consists of both stages and gates. The stages involve data gathering and acting whereas the gates allow for an opportunity to reflect over the data gathered and to see if anything needs to be altered.

Gate 1:The Idea
Idea – Integrase switch for controllable gas vesicle production

Anticipate

• Switch applications – How will it help the wider synthetic biology community?
• Will it be replacing an existing technology?
• What problems might we encounter? GM opposition
• Lab safety:
  
  • GM risk assessment must be completed in compliance with the University’s policies
  • iGEM safety form to be completed
  • Dry lab risk assessments for measuring procedures completed
  • COSHH forms also completed

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Outreach

Meet the Expert
We attended the “Meet the Expert” event held by the Glasgow Science Centre on the 5th and 6th of July which gave members of the public the chance to meet members of the scientific community and discuss their research. Somehow they thought we were experts!

The event was well attended and gave us the chance to interact with many members of the public. It was a great opportunity to discuss with them what they thought about our idea. We were also really interested to get their opinions on water treatment and water usage around the world. The team answered any queries they had about GM organisms and the safety of different processes.

We also has a few fun activities that were intended for children, but were enjoyed by adults and iGEMmers alike! The feedback was generally positive, and members of the public were on the whole excited by our idea.

Explorathon
We went back to the Glasgow Science Centre on the 26th of September but this time however, we were armed with results. The event was called the Explorathon which was to celebrate European Researchers’ Night in Glasgow. Entry to the Science Centre was free and members of the public, from the very young to the ‘young once’ were out in force.

We had an amazing time again talking with members of the public about their thoughts on water usage and GMO. We loved telling the public about our project. This evening was spent less surveying public opinion of water usage, as it’s not the topic people like to discuss at 9 in the evening when there’s beer being passed around, but it gave us a great opportunity to chat with the children about what we were doing, introducing them to the hero of the hour, ‘Wilkins’. A great evening was had by all.