Team:Cornell/project/wetlab

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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1>
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<h1>Idea</h1>
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Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP1, nixA2,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein3 as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter.
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We sought to create genetically engineered strains of <i>E.coli</i> that could sequester the nickel, mercury, and lead from water sources.  Each  strain included a metal transport protein specific to the respective metal as well as a metallothionein to bind metal ions intracellularly. We first generated basic, functional BioBricks containing: a glutathione-s-transferase gene and yeast metallothionein (<i>crs5</i>) gene fusion for metal binding <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460001">(BBa_K1460001)</a>;<sup>[1]</sup> the nickel transport gene <i>nixA</i> for selective nickel uptake <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460003">(BBa_K1460003)</a>;<sup>[2]</sup> the mercury transporter genes <i>merT</i> and <i>merP</i> for selective mercury uptake <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460004">(BBa_K1460004)</a>;<sup>[3]</sup> and a putative lead transport gene <i>cbp4</i> for selective lead uptake <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460005">(BBa_K1460005)</a>.<sup>[4]</sup>
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To test for sequestration ability of the combined systems, each transport protein in the amp<sup>r</sup> vector pUC57 was co-transformed with the metallothionein fusion in the cm<sup>r</sup> plasmid pSB1C3 and selected for using both markers.  These strains are functional equivalents of the BioBricks <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460006">BBa_K1460006</a>, <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460007">BBa_K1460007</a>, and <a href="http://parts.igem.org/Part:BBa_K1460008">BBa_K1460008</a> and were tested for sequestration ability of nickel, mercury, and lead respectively.
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To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal.
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In addition, the sequestering strains can placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters (see <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab">dry lab)</a>.The idea of utilizing metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied for mercury and nickel but has never been explored for lead.
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The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters (see drylab).
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Far far away, behind the word mountains, far from the countries Vokalia and Consonantia, there live the blind texts. Separated they live in Bookmarksgrove right at the coast of the Semantics, a large language ocean. A small river named Duden flows by their place and supplies it with the necessary regelialia.
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But I must explain to you how all this mistaken idea of denouncing pleasure and praising pain was born and I will give you a complete account of the system, and expound the actual teachings of the great explorer of the truth, the master-builder of human happiness.
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<h1>Components</h1>
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<h1>Components</h1>
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<h1>Experiments</h1>
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We obtained the sequences for many of our parts from the Wilson lab , and subsequently synthesized the genes through GenScript.<br>
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The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br>
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<li> Spectrophotometer was used to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of <i>E. coli</i> cultures expressing only the metallothionein protein, only the transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter proteins, and just the vector backbone as a control. </li>
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<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations.</li>
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<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in different concentrations of heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li>
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<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University using ICP-AES</li>
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<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li>
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<h1>Results</h1>
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<li>BL21 strains with the <i>merT/merP</i> transporters showed increased sensitivity to mercury concentrations as expected. In addition, in high mercury concentrations, wild type strain growth was inhibited more than sequestration strain growths were inhibited. However, there was no inhibition of growth with wild type BL21 or strains with transporters for lead and nickel even at very high metal concentrations. </li>  
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No one rejects, dislikes, or avoids pleasure itself, because it is pleasure, but because those who do not know how to pursue pleasure rationally encounter consequences that are extremely painful. Nor again is there anyone who loves or pursues or desires to obtain pain of itself, because it is pain, but because occasionally circumstances occur in which toil and pain can procure him some great pleasure. To take a trivial example, which of us ever undertakes laborious physical exercise, except to obtain some advantage from it? But who has any right to find fault with a man who chooses to enjoy a pleasure that has no annoying consequences, or one who avoids a pain that produces no resultant pleasure? On the other hand, we denounce with righteous indignation and dislike men who are so beguiled and demoralized by the charms of pleasure of the moment, so blinded by desire, that they cannot foresee.
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<li>When considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared to the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not remove significantly more metal compared to the wild type strain.</li>
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<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p>
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To assess the efficiency of our system, we used three main methods of determining whether the heavy metals were indeed being sequestered by our bacteria. First, we used a spectrophotometer to analyze the growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the vector only, one of the metal transporters, or both a transporter as well as the metallothionein. This test was conducted with the prediction that the bacteria without our constructs would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, the bacteria with the transport protein only would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, and the bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive (and thus grow at the greatest rate) in metal-containing media. . Next, we sampled the supernant of cell cultures that expressed the constructs, and analyzed it for total heavy metal content using the Phen(ylalanine? Phenol? Phenolphthalein?) Green assay[source to company]. Finally, we also submitted that supernatant for analysis at the Cornell Nutrient Analysis lab, in order to obtain specific, quantitative data about the concentration of each heavy metal found in solution.<br>
 
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1>
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<li>Ref 1</li>
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<li>Huang, J. et al. Fission yeast HMT1 lowers seed cadmium through phytochelatin-dependent vacuolar sequestration in Arabidopsis. <i>Plant Physiol</i>. 158, 1779–88 (2012).</li>
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<li>Ref 2</li>
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<li>Krishnaswamy, R. & Wilson, D. B. Construction and characterization of an Escherichia coli strain genetically engineered for Ni(II) bioaccumulation. <i>Appl. Environ. Microbiol</i>. 66, 5383–6 (2000).</li>
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<li>Ref 3</li>
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<li>Wilson, D. B. Construction and characterization of Escherichia coli genetically engineered for Construction and Characterization of Escherichia coli Genetically Engineered for Bioremediation of Hg 2+ -<i>Contaminated Environments</i>. 2–6 (1997).</li>
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<li>Arazi, T., Sunkar, R., Kaplan, B., & Fromm, H. (1999). A tobacco plasma membrane calmodulin-binding transporter confers Ni2 tolerance and Pb2 hypersensitivity in transgenic plants. <i>The Plant Journal</i>, 171-182.</li>
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Latest revision as of 03:50, 18 October 2014

Cornell iGEM

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Wet Lab

Idea

We sought to create genetically engineered strains of E.coli that could sequester the nickel, mercury, and lead from water sources. Each strain included a metal transport protein specific to the respective metal as well as a metallothionein to bind metal ions intracellularly. We first generated basic, functional BioBricks containing: a glutathione-s-transferase gene and yeast metallothionein (crs5) gene fusion for metal binding (BBa_K1460001);[1] the nickel transport gene nixA for selective nickel uptake (BBa_K1460003);[2] the mercury transporter genes merT and merP for selective mercury uptake (BBa_K1460004);[3] and a putative lead transport gene cbp4 for selective lead uptake (BBa_K1460005).[4]

To test for sequestration ability of the combined systems, each transport protein in the ampr vector pUC57 was co-transformed with the metallothionein fusion in the cmr plasmid pSB1C3 and selected for using both markers. These strains are functional equivalents of the BioBricks BBa_K1460006, BBa_K1460007, and BBa_K1460008 and were tested for sequestration ability of nickel, mercury, and lead respectively. In addition, the sequestering strains can placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters (see dry lab).The idea of utilizing metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied for mercury and nickel but has never been explored for lead.

Components

Experiments

The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency.

  1. Spectrophotometer was used to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing only the metallothionein protein, only the transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter proteins, and just the vector backbone as a control.
    • We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations.

  2. Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in different concentrations of heavy metals. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways:
    • Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University using ICP-AES
    • Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green

Results

  1. BL21 strains with the merT/merP transporters showed increased sensitivity to mercury concentrations as expected. In addition, in high mercury concentrations, wild type strain growth was inhibited more than sequestration strain growths were inhibited. However, there was no inhibition of growth with wild type BL21 or strains with transporters for lead and nickel even at very high metal concentrations.
  1. When considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared to the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not remove significantly more metal compared to the wild type strain.

References


  1. Huang, J. et al. Fission yeast HMT1 lowers seed cadmium through phytochelatin-dependent vacuolar sequestration in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 158, 1779–88 (2012).
  2. Krishnaswamy, R. & Wilson, D. B. Construction and characterization of an Escherichia coli strain genetically engineered for Ni(II) bioaccumulation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 5383–6 (2000).
  3. Wilson, D. B. Construction and characterization of Escherichia coli genetically engineered for Construction and Characterization of Escherichia coli Genetically Engineered for Bioremediation of Hg 2+ -Contaminated Environments. 2–6 (1997).
  4. Arazi, T., Sunkar, R., Kaplan, B., & Fromm, H. (1999). A tobacco plasma membrane calmodulin-binding transporter confers Ni2 tolerance and Pb2 hypersensitivity in transgenic plants. The Plant Journal, 171-182.