Modeling

Molecular approach Expression of the TEV protease is induced by 3-oxo-C12-HSL. The protease cleaves the GFP-REACh fusion protein to elicit a fluorescence response.

Modeling Flowchart

For our two-dimensional biosensor, we thought of different methods to generate a faster and stronger fluorescent response from weak promoters. In our molecular approach (left) to detect P. aeruginosa, a fusion protein of GFP and the dark quencher is cleaved by the very specific TEV protease which is introduced behind the weak quorum sensing promoter.

To validate our hypothesis, we developed a model of our molecular approach using the CAD tool TinkerCell, see figure below (Chandran, Bergmann and Sauro, 2009).

Model of our molecular approach in TinkerCell (a) and the output over time (b) The molecular setup of the novel biosensor (left) yields results indicating a strong and fast fluorescence output after induction (right). A directly inducible system was modeled and added to the plot for comparison.

To compare the response time of the fluorescence signal between our theoretical system and a traditional biosensor, we included a direct expression of GFP in the same plot (below). In the results shown below, the strength of the promoter used for the direct GFP expression (traditional approach) is even twice as high as the strength of the promoter upstream of the TEV coding sequence in our new approach. Despite the weaker promoter, a higher GFP concentration is generated in the model of the novel biosensor, predicting a quicker response time of our system.

The model predicted that our approach should be an improvement over the commonly used direct expression, so we proceeded with the clonings and assembled plasmids to test the system.

As the first experimental data came in, we correlated the experimental data gathered from the characterization of the double plasmid system K1319014 + K1319008 to the model. Due to the complexity of the quorum sensing circuit, we assembled an IPTG-inducible TEV protease instead of the 3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL-inducible version. Although the modeled system and the existing system differ regarding the induction mechanism, the correlation was high. However, since the final 3-oxo-C₁₂-HSL inducible construct could not be built in time, a new model was designed according to the existing and functional double plasmid system.

Revised model of the molecular approach and output over time. This model is for the IPTG-inducible double plasmid system (left) and the calculated output (right). Experimental data was included in the plot for comparison and data validation.

The model was fitted to the data gathered from the characterization experiment conducted in shake flasks. Additionally, the data from the characterization experiment of the double plasmid construct K1319014 + K1319008 in the chip system was included in the plot. The data was derived from the plate reader output of the four central spots of the chip. The background from the non-induced chip was substracted from the fluorescent response to correct the data and avoid effects from cell growth leading to wrong signal strengths. The development of the fluorescence is presented here.

It is shown that the fluorescent response in chips occurs later than in the characterization experiment in shake flasks. This is explainable as the solid agar chip poses a greater diffusion barrier than liquid medium as used in the shake flasks. Further, the rate of fluorescence increase over time is smaller than in the characterization experiments in shake flasks. The reason is that the sensor cells need oxygen to produce GFP. However, they are embedded in solid agar in which the amount of available oxygen is lower compared to a shaking liquid system.

The right prediction of the outcome of the characteization experiments by the model shows that our molecular approach is valid. A faster and stronger fluorescent signal could be proven both theoretically and empirically.

References

• Ganesan et al. (2006).
• Chandran, D., Bergmann, F. T., & Sauro, H. M. (2009). TinkerCell: modular CAD tool for synthetic biology. Journal of biological engineering, 3(1), 19. doi: 10.1186/1754-1611-3-19