Team:Bielefeld-CeBiTec/Project/rMFC/Mediators

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   <h6>Neutral Red</h6>
   <h6>Neutral Red</h6>
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     <p> Neutral red (3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride) is a phenazine-based dye which is closely related to flavins. Because of its suitable redox-potential it can function as an electron-shuttle from the electrode to the cells. To reduce neutral red two electrons are transfered from the electrode to it in one step.(<a href="#Azariah1998">Azariah, A. N. et al., 1998</a>) <br>   
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     <p> Neutral red (3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride) is a phenazine-based dye which is normally used as pH-indicator due to the fact that it changes its colour from red (pH 6.8) to yellow (pH 8.0).<br> Besides that it could be shown that reduced neutral red is also capable as the sole source of reducing power for growth and metabolism of H2 consuming bacteria cultures.(<a href="#Park2000">Park, D. H. &amp; Zeikus, J. G. 2000</a>) <br>   
The chemical structure is shown in figure 1.
The chemical structure is shown in figure 1.
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That indicates that based on its redox-potential it can function as an electron-shuttle from the electrode to the cells getting reduced by an one step two electron transfer.(<a href="#Azariah1998">Azariah, A. N. et al., 1998</a>)<br>  
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Neutral red is normally used as pH-indicator due to the fact that it changes its colour from red (pH 6.8) to yellow (pH 8.0).<br>
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There is also evidence that electrically reduced neutral red can bind to the cell membrane and chemically reduces NAD. Furthermore it is not toxic to the cells  
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Besides that it could be shown that reduced neutral red is also capable as the sole source of reducing power for growth and metabolism of H<sub>2</sub> consuming bacteria cultures.(<a href="#Park2000">Park, D. H. &amp; Zeikus, J. G. 2000</a>)
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There is also evidence that electrically reduced neutral red can bind to the cell membrane and chemically reduces NAD. Furthermore it is not tocxic to the cells  
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and can replace H<sub>2</sub> which is the natural electron shuttle for some bacteria species. (<a href="#Park1999">Park et al., 1999</a>)   
and can replace H<sub>2</sub> which is the natural electron shuttle for some bacteria species. (<a href="#Park1999">Park et al., 1999</a>)   
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   <h6>References</h6>
   <h6>References</h6>
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  Park, D. H. &amp; Zeikus, J. G. (2000) Electricity generation in microbial fuel cells using neutral red as an electronophore.
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In: <a href="http://aem.highwire.org/content/66/4/1292.full.pdf+html"
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target="_blank">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</a>, 66 (4), pp. 1292 - 1297.
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  Park, D. H. &amp; Zeikus, J. G. (2000) Electricity generation in microbial fuel cells using neutral red as an electronophore.
 
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In: <a href="http://aem.highwire.org/content/66/4/1292.full.pdf+html"
 
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target="_blank">Applied and Environmental Microbiology</a>, 66 (4), pp. 1292 - 1297.
 
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Revision as of 09:21, 16 October 2014


rMFC

Neutral Red

Neutral red (3-Amino-7-dimethylamino-2-methylphenazine hydrochloride) is a phenazine-based dye which is normally used as pH-indicator due to the fact that it changes its colour from red (pH 6.8) to yellow (pH 8.0).
Besides that it could be shown that reduced neutral red is also capable as the sole source of reducing power for growth and metabolism of H2 consuming bacteria cultures.(Park, D. H. & Zeikus, J. G. 2000)
The chemical structure is shown in figure 1.


Figure 1: Chemical structure of the triphenylmethane dye neutral red.
That indicates that based on its redox-potential it can function as an electron-shuttle from the electrode to the cells getting reduced by an one step two electron transfer.(Azariah, A. N. et al., 1998)
There is also evidence that electrically reduced neutral red can bind to the cell membrane and chemically reduces NAD. Furthermore it is not toxic to the cells and can replace H2 which is the natural electron shuttle for some bacteria species. (Park et al., 1999)
Bromphenol Blue
Bromphenolblue is a triarylmethane dye that is similar to neutral red and also capable to function as mediator.

Figure 2: Chemical structure of the triphenylmethane dye bromphenol blue.
Cytochromes
Cytochromes are proteins containing a heme group. They are primarly responsible for the electron transport in the respiratory chain.

References
  • Park, D. H. & Zeikus, J. G. (2000) Electricity generation in microbial fuel cells using neutral red as an electronophore. In: Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 66 (4), pp. 1292 - 1297.
  • Park, D. H.,Laivenieks, M., Guettler, M. V., Jain, M. K. & Zeikus, J. G. (1999) Microbial utilization of electrically reduced neutral red as the sole electron donor for growth and metabolic production. In: Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 65 (7), pp. 2912 - 2917.

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