Team:ITESM-Guadalajara/Technology

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OUR TECHNOLOGY

Technology fundament

The current production process of Chitosan from shrimp shell takes place through three main steps: demineralization (removal of calcium carbonate), deproteinization (removal of proteins) and deacetylation (removal of N-acetyl group), using strong acids and alkalis at high temperatures for several hours as shown in the figure below (Raafat & Sahl, 2009) (Bristow, 2012) (Ortiz Rodríguez, 2013).

This means that large quantities of toxic chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide) are released to the environment, damaging the aquatic flora and fauna; furthermore, this process has the inconveniences that cannot guarantee a standard quality of the product, it is expensive (since it requires chemical reagents in each Chitosan production cycle) and the access to it is restricted by the production seasonality of current producers.

Therefore, in order to solve these problems, Biophrame Technologies has proposed a novel method using the same three steps described previously to produce Chitosan from shrimp shell, but instead of using chemical substances, use two bacteria fermentations with two microorganisms: B. subtilis and a modified E. coli (see figure below)

Biophrame Technologies is a biotech company and manufacturer specialized in the production of Chitosan.

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 <div class="col-md-6 margeniz">
-<h2>OUR PRODUCT</h2>
+<h2>OUR TECHNOLOGY</h2>
-<h4>Overview</h4>
+<h4>Technology fundament</h4>
-<p>
+<p align="justify">The current production process of Chitosan from shrimp shell takes place through three main steps: demineralization (removal of calcium carbonate), deproteinization (removal of proteins) and deacetylation (removal of N-acetyl group), using strong acids and alkalis at high temperatures for several hours as shown in the figure below (Raafat & Sahl, 2009) (Bristow, 2012) (Ortiz Rodríguez, 2013).</p>
-Biophrame Technologies is committed to be one of the most innovative high biotech companies in Mexico, providing quality and affordable raw materials that can help the development of the health industry in Mexico.</p>
-<p>Initially we are going to focus on producing Chitosan with pharmaceutical grade to be used as raw material in health industry; however, thanks to the enormous uses Chitosan has in many industries, our production process provides significant opportunities to expand our market beyond, through the development of new products where Chitosan provides added value.</p>
+<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/7e/BIOPHRAMEchemicalprocess.jpg" width="650" height="370">
-<h4>Chitosan definition, applications and properties</h4>
+<p align="justify">This means that large quantities of toxic chemicals (such as hydrochloric acid, acetic acid and sodium hydroxide) are released to the environment, damaging the aquatic flora and fauna; furthermore, this process has the inconveniences that cannot guarantee a standard quality of the product, it is expensive (since it requires chemical reagents in each Chitosan production cycle) and the access to it is restricted by the production seasonality of current producers.</p>
-<p>Chitosan is a biopolymer derived from chitin (a naturally occurring polysaccharide widely distributed in nature, especially exoskeletons of some animals such as shrimps and insects) with a unique chemical structure as a linear polycation with a high charge density, hydrogen bonding, reactive hydroxyl and amino groups that help Chitosan display excellent biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, physical stability, hemostatic activity and processability properties, which has attracted the attention of scientists and industries for its utilization in many applications of technical interest (Raafat & Sahl, 2009).</p>
-<p>Chemically, Chitosan is a copolymer composed by β-(1→4)-2-acetamido-D-glucose and β-(1→4)-2-amino-D-glucose units (see figure below), where the relative amount of GlcNAc and D‐glucosamine (GlcN) monosacharides may vary giving different degrees of deacetylation (75–95%), molecular weights (MWs) (50–2000 kDa), viscosities, pKa values, etc (Raafat & Sahl, 2009).</p>
+<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/11/BIOPHRAMEdisadvantajeschemicalprocess.jpg" width="650" height="370">
-<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/84/BIOPHRAMEGDLformula.jpg">
+<p align="justify">Therefore, in order to solve these problems, Biophrame Technologies has proposed a novel method using the same three steps described previously to produce Chitosan from shrimp shell, but instead of using chemical substances, use two bacteria fermentations with two microorganisms: <i>B. subtilis</i> and a modified <i>E. coli</i> (see figure below)</p>
-<h4>Safety of purified chitosan</h4>
-<p>The safety of purified chitosan has been widely reported in humans (Decarlo, Ellis, Dooley, & Belousova, 2013):</p>
-<p>
-FDA Approved Devices: purified Chitosan is present, as a secondary and principal component, in multiple US FDA-approved Class I medical and dental devices. For example it can be found in various finished product forms of the FDA 510(k) Premarket Notification cleared Class I products like: HemCon Bandage, HemCon Dental Dressing, HemoHalt Hemostasis Pad Wound Dressing, Aquanova Super-Absorbent Dressing, CELOX Topical Hemostatic Granules in Soluble Bag, and ChitoGauze (Decarlo, Ellis, Dooley, & Belousova, 2013).
-Purified Chitosan is considered as Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS) Food Additive: Chitosan is considered as a GRAS food additive at the level of “self-affirmed” (Decarlo, Ellis, Dooley, & Belousova, 2013).
-Cosmetic and Consumer Skincare Products: Chitosan, its salt forms (like lactate, glycolate, ascorbate, etc.) and some of its organic derivatives are listed among the International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients (INCI). It is important to mention that chitosan has not yet been evaluated by the Cosmetics Ingredients Review (CIR); however, it is considered by the scientific community as safe raw material for skincare and cosmetic products (Decarlo, Ellis, Dooley, & Belousova, 2013).</p>
-<h4>First Generation Product</h4>
+<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/BIOPHRAMEbiotechprocess.jpg" width="650" height="370">
-<p>
-The first generation product of Biophrame Technologies will be a 100 g powder presentation of low and medium purity Chitosan (75-85% deacetylated/ Medium molecular weight), with standard chemical and physical properties to be used in:
+<hr/>
-</p><p>
+</div>
-Cosmetic products
+<div class="col-md-12 faceBot"></br><div class="col-md-2 col-md-offset-3"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Biophrame_logo_footer_500x150.png" class="img-responsive"><small style="color:white">Biophrame Technologies is a biotech company and manufacturer specialized in the production of Chitosan.</small></div>
-For water and wastewater treatment
+<div class="col-md-2">
-As dietary supplements in food industry
+<iframe src="//www.facebook.com/plugins/likebox.php?href=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.facebook.com%2Fbiophrame&amp;width&amp;height=258&amp;colorscheme=dark&amp;show_faces=true&amp;header=false&amp;stream=false&amp;show_border=false" scrolling="no" frameborder="0" style="border:none; overflow:hidden; height:258px;" allowTransparency="true"></iframe></div>
-In the agrochemicals industry
-In pulp and paper industry
-In textile industry and photography products
-</p>
-<h4>Future generation products</h4>
-<p>In the future, Biophrame Technologies expect to amplify its production plant for the generation of a new product: High Purity Chitosan (Degree of deacetylation: ≤90 %). This product will be sold in 1 g presentation with standard chemical and physical properties to be used in:
-</p>
-<p>
-The pharmaceutical industry for new product development:
-Pills and microsphere manufacture
-Oral vaccination
-Artificial skin drafts
-Sustained drug release, among many others
-Research purposes like
-Cell therapy
-Tissue engineering
-Wound dressings
-Implant coatings
-Therapeutic agent delivery systems, among others</p>
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