The starting point of our project was taking used frying oil and creating a common metabolic intermediate that the high value product team could then use. The best way to do this was to make use of a process the cell already performs. As one of the main components of frying oil is fatty acids, or molecules that can be broken down into fatty acids, the beta-oxidation pathway was the obvious choice. Beta-oxidation takes fatty acids and breaks them down, extracting energy, into the metabolic intermediate acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA can be used by the cell in the Kreb’s cycle to create energy. It can also be used as the starting point in anabolic processes, like the process created by the high value product team.

We found that one of the main components of used frying oil is diacylglycerol (DAG). Therefore the first step would be to breakdown DAG into glycerol and two fatty acids. E. coli is unlikely to absorb DAG, it is too large and there are few, if any, transport mechanisms to move it into the cell. We therefore focused on secreted proteins. We found a lipase from Bacillus stearothermophilus called L1 that had a good record for breaking down DAGs found in the oils most commonly used for frying. The implementation of this lipase into a biobrick is a subject for continuing research.

The rate limiting step in beta-oxidation is the creation of acyl-CoA. In this first step fatty acids are turned into acyl-CoA with help from an enzyme called fatty acyl-CoA synthetase. This enzyme comes from a gene called FadD. FadD is regulated by FadR. As FadR also regulates many other aspects of fatty acid degradation we could not just knock it out. As a work around we upregulated FadD. FadR’s regulation of FadD is inactivated by acyl-CoA. By making more fatty acyl-CoA synthetase, more acyl-CoA is produced, lessening the regulation. Thus beta-oxidation as a whole is upregulated by just upregulating FadD. In order to upregulate FadD we created a plasmid (see Figure 1) with a promoter, ribosome binding site (RBS) and the FadD gene sequence. We used biobrick part BBa_J04500, and IPTG inducible promoter with a RBS already in the biobrick backbone from our distribution kit. We used a colony PCR and specially designed primers to extract the FadD gene from the E. coli genome. Our primers added an Spe1 cut site and a Pst1 cut site to one end of the FadD genome and an Xba1 cut site to the other side. Using the Spe1 site on the promoter and the Xba1 site on the FadD sequence we ligated together to create an entire working plasmid.


Figure 1. Plasmid design for inducible FadD upregulation.

We had hoped to be able to submit this part, but ran out of time to finalize it before competition. A continuing area of research is to both optimize this part and replace the IPTG promoter with the sensor designed by our team. Thus when frying oil is present then the upregulation of beta-oxidation would occur as a result.

1. Kameda, Kensuke, et al. “Purification and Characterization of Acyl Coenzyme A Synthase from Escherichia coli.” The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 11. Web. 10 June 1981. June 2014.

2. Zhang, Hanxing, et al. “Molecular effect of FadD on the regulation and metabolism of fatty acid in Escherichia coli.” FEMS Microbiology Letters, 2. Web. 16 May 2006. June 2014.

3. Dobarganes, M. Carmen. “Formation of New Compounds during Frying - General Observations.” AOCS Lipid Library. Web. 2 February 2009. June 2014.