Team:UC Davis/Protein Engineering

The goal of protein engineering was to produce enzymes with unique specificity profiles for our device. In the context of our device, each enzyme will selectively oxidize aldehydes in a particular category (medium saturated, long saturated, unsaturated) to produce NADH. NADH may then be quantified using either spectrophotometric or electrochemical methods to determine the original concentration of a particular category of aldehydes in a sample. In this section we cover how we identified the aldehyde dehydrogenases, how we tested for specificity, how we expressed and purified enzymes in the lab, our selection screen, and the assays we used to characterize our aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes. We were able to idenify three aldehyde dehydrogenases with unique substrate specificity profiles and kinetically characterize each enzyme on sixteen aldehyde substrates.

Our research on the chemical composition of olive oil revealed that rancid olive oil differs from fresh oil in the composition of medium saturated, long saturated, and unsaturated aldehydes. To differentiate between medium saturated, long saturated, and unsaturated aldehydes, we needed enzymes that selectively used these compounds as substrates along with a cofactor that could be easily measured using both spectrophotometric (for enzyme characterization and engineering) and electrochemical techniques. We found that the aldehyde dehydrogenase family of enzymes would serve as the perfect catalyst for the needs of our sensor. We used two approaches to identify enzymes with the desired specificities we would use in our biosensor: bioprospecting and rational design..

Click here to learn more about how we found our enzymes!!!

Once we had identified the aldehyde dehydrogenases we wanted to screen for specificities, we needed to order DNA so we could express the enzymes and assay them in the lab. For enzymes identified in the literature, sequences were pulled from UniProt Knowledge Base. We ordered DNA from Life Technologies, cloned the genes into the pET29b-(+) plasmid vector using the Gibson assembly method, and transformed the assembled plasmids into BLR strain E. coli for expression. For our engineered mutants, Kunkel mutagenesis was used to introduce desired mutations into the plasmid DNA. Expressed aldehyde dehydrogenase enzymes were purified using affinity chromatography. Click here to learn more about how we turned DNA sequences into enzymes!!!

To determine the specificity profiles of our aldehyde dehydrogenases, we needed to develop a simple, high-throughput assay which we could ultimately use to determine the aldehyde composition of a sample of olive oil. We developed a simple spectrophotometric plate assay which measures the concentration of NADH in a solution. Using this assay, we screened all 25 aldehyde dehydrogenases against 16 aldehyde substrates and identified three enzymes with unique specificities. We created full Michaelis-Menten curves and calculated the kinetic constants for the four enyzmes we identified on all sixteen aldehyde substrates. We also developed a protocol for extracting aldehydes from olive oil which could be used with our plate assay.

Click here to learn more about the results of our assays!!!