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| - | <h1> 3. Find allies and join forces </h1> | + | < iframe src="// player. vimeo. com/ video/ 109005558" width="500" height="281" frameborder="0" webkitallowfullscreen mozallowfullscreen allowfullscreen></ iframe> < p><a href="http:// vimeo. com/ 109005558"> Saarland University iGEM 2014 - Campus Tour</a> </ p></ html> |
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| - | <h2><i>B. megaterium </i> </h2>
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| - | <!--Bild B.megaterium -->
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| - | <i>B. megaterium </i> belongs to the group of Gram-positive, aerobic bacteria. It’s typically found in soil, but can also survive in sea water or dried foods (Vary <i>et al</i>., 2007). Since its discovery in 1884, it has become one of the most important organisms for industrial and research purposes, because it combines numerous useful characteristics. Due to its extraordinary size of up to 1,5 µm x 4 µm and it`s impressive cell volume of more than 60 µm3, <i>B. megaterium</i>is predestined for studies regarding cell structure and protein localisation (Boyke <i>et al</i>., 2010; Vary <i>et al</i>., 1992). Furthermore it is able to metabolise more than 62 carbon sources, making its cultivation efficient and inexpensive (Millet <i>et al</i>., 1962). Probably the most useful characteristic for our purposes is its ability of preserving plasmids over multiple generations, making it a good specimen for the secretion of proteins and other organic molecules. Especially concerning the <i>B. megaterium</i> strain MS941 that was derived from the strain DSM319 by knockout of the neutral protease gene nprM (Wittchen <i>et a/i>l. 1995). For this reason the non sporulating strain MS941 is ideal for heterologous protein expression. This was shown by overexpression of GFP (Stammen <i>et a</i>l., 2007).<br> <br>
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| - | Additionally, the biosynthetic pathway of hyaluronic acid precursor molecules is already established in <i>B. megaterium</i> since UDP-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine and UDP-D-glucuronic acid are also essential components for cell wall synthesis in Gram-positive bacteria. Manual supplementation of these extremely expensive precursor molecules is not longer necessary. This could contribute to a future profitable biotechnological production of the high molecular mass hyaluronic acid (HMM-HA) of the naked mole rat. Homology searches in the <i>B. megaterium</i> genome have also shown that there are no endogenous hyaluronidases, which would otherwise immediately degrade the produced hyaluronic acid. Furthermore <i>B. megaterium</i> does not possess an endogenous hyaluronan synthase (Has). For this reason our team can be sure that hyaluronic acid has exclusively been synthesised by the correct enzyme and features the correct molecular weight and anti carcinogenic properties.<br> <br>
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| - | For the optimisation of hyaluronic acid production our team intends to overexpress endogenous <i>B. megaterium</i> proteins that are necessary for the production of hyaluronic acid precursor molecules. We think that the flow equilibrium of metabolites will be shifted towards production of HA, rather than to cell wall components. This approach could make a considerable contribution for high yield production of HMM-HA. The identification of corresponding genes in </i>B. megaterium</i> is based on the biosynthetic pathway for the HA production in group A and group C streptococci as well as for HA production in <i>B. subtilis</i> (Widner <i>et al</i>. 2005). The proposed biosynthetic pathway for production of the HA precursor molecules in <i>B. megaterium</i> after <i>in silico</i> gene homology search on MegaBac v9 platform is shown in figure 2.
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| - | <!-- Bild biosentetic pathway -->
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| - | However, when the HA will be successfully produced as we described in figure 2, then it is supposed to be secreted into the medium. Since studies with the similar<i> B. subtilis</i> expressing a streptococci hyaluronan synthase (HasA) have already shown similar results. It’s either possible that there is a specific transporter for oligosaccharides mediating HA secretion into the medium, or that the multi membrane domains of the hyaluronan synthase themselves form a channel for the secretion of the nascent HA chain (Weigel, 2002)
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