Team:StanfordBrownSpelman/Amberless Hell Cell

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Stanford–Brown–Spelman iGEM 2014 — Amberless Hell Cell



Figure 1. Our approach to the Amberless Hell Cell. By recoding the UAG stop codon to translate into an amino acid, only cells that have a tRNA with the anticodon AUC will produce the complete protein. In our experiment, we used a tRNA that charges with leucine to translate the UAG codon.

We developed a novel approach for preventing horizontal transfer of engineered genes into the environment by inserting a UAG-leucine tRNA, and using UAG for leucine in all of the inserted, engineered genes. Because these genes will not be read correctly in other organisms (the UAG will be read as stop, so proteins will be truncated), the engineered genes will not have any effect in naturally-occurring bacteria in the environment. We call this strategy Codon Security. Our project will involve synthesizing UAG-leucine coded versions of the Hell Cell genes and inserting them into the amberless E. coli strain, along with a UAG-leucine (supP) tRNA [2]. This will create a strain of bacteria that is both resilient and safe for environmental applications, for example as a biosensor added to the BCOAc membrane using the biotin/streptavidin interaction mentioned above.
Approach & Methods
We were interested in two avenues of research. The first was test our hypothesis that the amberless chassis would enable us to create an orthogonal protein expression system that would not function properly in other bacteria. By replacing 2-4 leucines with TAG stops in a gene, we make it such that an organism that does not express the supP tRNA, which translates UAG into leucine, produces a truncated product. We have named this novel system Codon Security. The second goal of the project was to apply Codon Security to the Hell Cell genes from our 2012 team in order to limit the horizontal transfer of resistance genes when using synthetic biology in the environment. Applying the Leucine->Stop modifications to the Hell Cell genes and transforming them into amberless cells, we could make the world's first Amberless Hell Cell.


Figure 2. We transformed DH5-alpha and amberless cells with test plasmids containing GFP or aeBlue reporter genes with stop codons and the supP tRNA in order to establish a proof-of-concept for Codon Security.
In order to test our hypothesis for Codon Security, we designed two test plasmids with GFP and aeBlue reporter genes. The BioBrick parts pages for these constructs are BBa_K1499252 and BBa_K1499253 respectively. The GFP generator construct was synthesized by taking the BBa_E0040 sequence, then modifying two leucine codons into TAG stops. Similarly, the aeBlue construct was modified from iGEM Team Uppsala 2012's chromoprotein BBa_K864401 with three TAG stops coding for leucine. We chose to have the supP tRNA, which translates UAG to leucine, downstream of the terminator for the reporter genes. The supP tRNA sequence was found in Thorbjarnardóttir et al. [2]. However, we decided to include 100bp downstream and upstream of the tRNA coding region in the original organism to include any native promoters and assembly sequences to ensure normal tRNA expression in E. coli. Thus we created a BioBrick of the supP tRNA that included 100bp upstream and downstream of the tRNA gene and validated that it indeed worked in amberless cells: BBa_K1499251.

We thought of several design strategies for implementing Codon Security. Among them were placing the supP tRNA on a separate plasmid, incorporating supP into the amberless genomic DNA, and placing it under an inducible promoter. We moved forward with a testing construct with the reporter gene + stop codons and tRNA in the same plasmid. The reason was that we wanted to perform the hardest test on system first and then employ more creative solutions only if it failed this robustness test. With the gene and tRNA on the same construct, it is easier for non-amberless cells to express the protein. However, we hypothesized that the supP tRNA would be toxic enough to non-amberless cells, because it would read through UAG stops, that mutations to the tRNA would be selected for. We tested this hypothesis by transforming DH5-alpha and amberless cells with the test plasmids and measuring protein output.


Figure 3. Workflow for Amberless Hell Cell side of the project. We isolated 5 radiation resistance genes from D. radiodurans genomic DNA using PCR. We moved forward with 2 candidates, uvsE and MntH. We first tested the radiation resistance they conferred in DH5-alpha. Then, we performed mutagenesis PCR at 2-3 leucine codons to create nonsense mutations, tested non-functionality in DH5-alpha, and then recovered radiation resistance in amberless by adding the supP tRNA construct.
For the Amberless Hell Cell, we are taking resistance genes found in extremophiles in nature and mutating leucine codons into stop codons before putting the genes into the Amberless chassis. In this way, we produce cells that can withstand stresses, like dessication, pH, and radiation, but cannot transfer those capabilities to other organisms. We focused on radiation resistance genes this summer, drawing both from bricks produced by the 2012 Stanford-Brown iGEM Team and new bricks produced by this year's team.


Results
Results go here.

Figure 4. A histogram showing the fluorescence of Amberless cells with GFP containing TAG stop codons and supP tRNA, wild type cells with GFP containing TAG stop codons and supP tRNA, and wild type cells just containing GFP with TAG stop codons
Alaina - Need some interpretation of data here.

Figure 5. A bar graph displaying the mean fluorescence of Amberless cells with GFP containing TAG stop codons and supP tRNA, wild type cells with GFP containing TAG stop codons and supP tRNA, and wild type cells just containing GFP with TAG stop codons.
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These figures demonstrate that GFP expression is ~40X greater in amberless E. Coli than in wild type E. Coli given they both have the supP tRNA . The wild type cells with the GFP containing stop codons without the supP tRNA serve as a negative control. The GFP with stop codons with no supP tRNA can not be translated successfully thus nearly no fluorescence is observed. In wild type cells that contain the stop codon GFP and supP tRNA, more fluorescence is observed although it is much less than in the amberless cells. Normally, the supP tRNA is toxic to wild type E. Coli , but when these cells expressing some GFP were sequenced, we found mutations in the tRNA. This indicates that with some mutations, the supP tRNA is not toxic in wild type cells. The tRNA is not mutated enough to become non-functional though so some GFP expression is observed. However, it is much less than in the amberless cells due to the presence of the release factors associated with UAG stop codons in wild type E. Coli . This shows that our codon security strategy is effective in significantly reducing protein expression in wild type cells.

Figure 6. caption here
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More results here.


Figure 7. Figure caption here.
More results here.


Figure 8. Figure caption here.
More results here.
References
1. Lajoie, MJ et al. (2013) Genomically Recoded Organisms Impart New Biological Functions. Science 342: 357-60. PMID: 24136966.

2. Thorbjarnardóttir, S et al. (1985) Leucine tRNA family of Escherichia coli: nucleotide sequence of the supP(Am) suppressor gene. J. Bacteriol. 161: 219–22. PMID: 2981802.
Additional Information
Read about how our submitted Amberless Hell Cell idea was used as a government regulatory case study on synthetic biology. We then began a conversation with Dr. Mark Segal at the EPA about the regulation and safety of the use of engineered bacteria in the environment.

Submitted biobricks: We submitted 9 biobricks for this sub-project. Six of these bricks include parts that can enable other teams to use the Amberless chassis as a system for more responsible synthetic biology.
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