Team:Imperial/Implementation

From 2014.igem.org

(Difference between revisions)
Line 15: Line 15:
                             <li><a data-scroll href="#Aqualose">Aqualose</a>
                             <li><a data-scroll href="#Aqualose">Aqualose</a>
                             </li>
                             </li>
-
                             <li><a data-scroll href="#Phytochelatin-dCBD metal binding assay">Phytochelatin-dCBD metal binding assay</a>
+
                             <li><a data-scroll href="#Future Functionalisation">Future Functionalisation</a>
                             </li>
                             </li>
                             <li><a data-scroll href="#Nickel filtration assay">Nickel filtration assay</a>
                             <li><a data-scroll href="#Nickel filtration assay">Nickel filtration assay</a>
Line 84: Line 84:
                 </p>
                 </p>
         </section>
         </section>
-
         <section id="Phytochelatin-dCBD metal binding assay">
+
         <section id="Future Functionalisation">
-
             <h2>Phytochelatin-dCBD metal binding assay</h2>
+
             <h2>Future Functionalisation</h2>
-
 
+
<p>Our system for functionalising cellulose membranes is inherently modular. Proteins to bind or degrade a limitless range of contaminants can be bound to cellulose membranes. Filtration can then be adapted to the particular contaminants, altering seasonally, geographically and adapting over time to emerging threats. Metaldehyde contamination in the English home counties (Mathiesen 2013) could be addressed with specific degradation enzymes and microcystin could be removed from supplies in Ohio contaminated from algal blooms (Queally 2014).
 +
                </p>
         </section>
         </section>
         <section id="Nickel filtration assay">
         <section id="Nickel filtration assay">

Revision as of 01:12, 18 October 2014

Imperial iGEM 2014

Overview

Text here

At a Glance

  • Ultrafiltration has many advantages for wastewater recycling
  • Limitations in current ultrafiltration technologies can be addressed by functionalised membranes for specific contaminant binding
  • The modularity underlying membrane fuctionalisation allows future targeting of any current or emerging contaminant
  • Our aqualose water treatment process offers a cost effective alternative to traditional ultrafiltration
  • The process is adaptable functioning equally as a bolt on to existing treatment facilities or as a standalone purification solution

Ultrafiltration

Ultrafiltration (UF) membranes have a pore size of 0.1 to 0.01um (10 to 100nm) and are capable of removing particulates, bacteria and viruses. Microbial cellulose sheets naturally have pore sizes in this range (Gatenholm, P., & Klemm, D. (2010), Mautner et al 2014). Current ultrafiltration cannot remove small molecule contaminants such as pesticides and heavy metals however. Whilst nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes can exclude these small molecules they are expensive and energy intensive to use. Flow rates are low, they require very high pressures and the input water must be already purified by primary and secondary processes to avoid damaging the membranes.

https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/IC-14_Water_Purification_Spectrum1.JPG Size exclusion for different grades of filter (from http://www.edstrom.com/) Depending on input water quality UF systems may replace or complement existing secondary (coagulation, flocculation, sedimentation) and tertiary filtration (sand filtration and chlorination) systems in water treatment plants. Pretreatment of feed water is usually required to prevent reduce damage to the membrane units though ultrafiltration may be used in standalone systems for isolated regions. UF processes have the following advantages over traditional treatment methods:

  • Chemical free (aside from cleaning)
  • Constant output quality regardless of feed quality (excluding small molecule contaminants, changes in input water quality affect only the life of the membrane, not the quality of the flow through)
  • Compact plant size, efficient for small scale, decentralised purification
  • High quality of output water particularly with regards to pathogen removal

UF processes are currently limited by the high cost of membranes, inevitable membrane fouling means they must be regularly replaced. There use is also restricted by limitations in removal of small molecule contaminants. They can only be employed where feed water is free of these contaminants or in tandem with other (often slow or energy intensive) treatment methods for removing them.

Aqualose

Microbial cellulose membranes are considerably cheaper than competitors. Whilst Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) ultrafiltration membranes typically sell to the wastewater industry at upwards of $100 /m2 (Shenzhen Youber Technology Co., Ltd. no date). Current bacterial cellulose production for nata de coco costs around $1.6 /gram (Lee et al. 2014) and our cellulose with G. xylinus igem cost only £0.09 ($0.14) /g. Our thin cellulose membranes for filtration weighed around 20 g/m2 so would cost just $2.80 /m2. Whilst Our studies and existing literature (Fifield 2012) suggest bacterial cellulose is a strong and durable material however we would expect a shorter membrane life than the highly durable PVDF. Being considerably cheaper and easier to dispose of however, cellulose membranes could be more regularly replaced and still provide a more cost effective solution. This would also save on chemical washes regularly required to sustain the extended life of PVDF membranes.

Future Functionalisation

Our system for functionalising cellulose membranes is inherently modular. Proteins to bind or degrade a limitless range of contaminants can be bound to cellulose membranes. Filtration can then be adapted to the particular contaminants, altering seasonally, geographically and adapting over time to emerging threats. Metaldehyde contamination in the English home counties (Mathiesen 2013) could be addressed with specific degradation enzymes and microcystin could be removed from supplies in Ohio contaminated from algal blooms (Queally 2014).

Nickel filtration assay

Figure X: The set up for the nickel filtration assay. A) The coffee press used for the mounting of the cellulose and for filtration process. B) Cellulose without attached phytochelatin-dCBD protein. C) Functionalised cellulose with attached phytochelatin-dCBD protein.

The nickel ions are an example of heavy metals, poisonous even in relatively small concentrations in water and notoriously difficult to filter with current filtration methods. Therefore our filtration concept was tested against a concentration of nickel in water that far exceeds the safe limits. We have attempted to filter high amount of nickel (250 μM) through the cellulose filters grown by the G. Xylinus ATCC53582 strain (K1321305). The phytochelatin-dCBD fusion (K1321110) was coated on the surface of the cellulose to make a nickel specific functionalised ultra filtration membrane. To test the two membranes we have used coffee press. As a control measure we have also attempted to the filter the nickel solution through the cellulose that was not further functionalised.

















Results

References