Team:Toulouse/Safety
From 2014.igem.org
Human practice > Safety
Summary :
"Safety is not just a slogan, it is a way of life"
iGEM Safety
Our safety form was approved in September 2014 by the iGEM team. We filled it with the help of Nathalie Doubrovine, safety officer at the LISBP.
Chassis organisms
Species name (including strain) |
Risk group |
Risk Group Source |
Disease risk for humans ? |
Escherichia coli MC1061 |
1 |
No. These organisms do not cause diseases in healthy adult humans. (However, they might cause diseases in young children, elderly people, or people with immune system deficiencies.) |
|
Bacillus subtilis 168 |
1 |
No. These organisms do not cause diseases in healthy adult humans. (However, they might cause diseases in young children, elderly people, or people with immune system deficiencies.) |
|
Aspergillus brasiliensis 246.65 CBS |
1 |
No. These organisms do not cause diseases in healthy adult humans. (However, they might cause diseases in young children, elderly people, or people with immune system deficiencies.) |
|
Chaetomium globosum 148.51 CBS |
1 |
No. These organisms do not cause diseases in healthy adult humans. (However, they might cause diseases in young children, elderly people, or people with immune system deficiencies.) |
|
Trichoderma reesei CBS 383.78 |
1 |
No. These organisms do not cause diseases in healthy adult humans. (However, they might cause diseases in young children, elderly people, or people with immune system deficiencies.) |
|
Aspergillus nidulans CBS 124.59 |
1 |
No. These organisms do not cause diseases in healthy adult humans. (However, they might cause diseases in young children, elderly people, or people with immune system deficiencies.) |
New and/or modified coding region
Part number/name |
Natural function of part |
How did you acquire it? |
How will you use it? |
N-acetylatedGlucosamine based chemotaxis for Bacillus subtilis |
We ordered this gene from a synthesis company (Eurofins) |
This part allows the bacterium to reach the fungus |
|
RBS - Antifungal GAFP-1 |
We ordered this gene from a synthesis company (Eurofins) |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacteria is able to kill the fungus. |
|
RBS - Antifungal D4E1 - Double terminator |
We ordered this gene from a synthesis company (Eurofins) |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacteria is able to kill the fungus. |
|
Pveg + N-acetylatedglucosamine based chemotaxis for Bacillus subtilis |
We made it |
This part allows the bacterium to reach the fungus |
|
Pveg + Chitin Binding Protein for Bacillus subtilis |
We made it |
This part allow the bacterium to fix the fungus |
|
Double expression cassette |
We made it |
This part allows the bacterium to reach and bind to the fungus |
|
RBS + Antifungal GAFP-1 + Double terminator |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus |
|
Pveg - strong RBS - Antifungal GAFP-1 - Double terminator |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus |
|
Pveg - RBS - Antifungal D4E1 - Double Terminator |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus |
|
Pveg-SpoVG + EcAMP-1 |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus |
|
Pveg-spoVG + EcAMP-1 + Double terminator |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus |
|
Pveg - RBS - Antifungal GAFP-1 - RBS - Antifungal D4E1 - Double terminator |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus. |
|
Pveg + RFP |
We made it |
This part produces a fluorescent protein. By this way we can evaluate promotor Pveg strength. |
|
PlepA + RFP |
We made it |
This part produces a fluorescent protein. By this way we can evaluate promotor PlepA strength. |
|
Promotor PlepA + RBS spoVG |
We made it |
This part provides us a high level of translation. |
|
Pveg + RBS + Antifungal EcAMP-1 + Double terminator |
We made it |
This part produces a fungicide. By this way, the bacterium is able to kill the fungus. |
|
Integrative plasmid for Bacillus subtilis |
We made it |
This part is an integrative vector. |
Team safety
Safety in INSA de Toulouse
INSA de Toulouse is a public school for engineers. The biosafety guidelines are not specific to our institution; the French regulations are applied.
The regulation about the workers' prevention against risks resulting from their exposure to pathogenic biological agents (Decree No. 94-352 of 4 May 1994) includes microorganisms, cell cultures and human endoparasites which may cause infections, allergies or toxicity.
This Decree is the French transposition of the Directive 90/679 / EEC and is also transcribed in the Labour Code (Articles L4421-1 R4421-1 to R4427-5.)
The Decree of the 16th July 2007 describes the technical preventive measuresto set up in research laboratories (including containment), education, analysis, anatomy and surgical pathology, autopsy rooms, and industrial and agricultural facilities where workers are likely to be exposed to biological pathogens.
The rules of health, safety, and preventive medicine applied in public services in France (and thus in all public facilities working in scientific and technological domains) are set out in the Decree No. 82-453. This decree refers to the Labour Code, Public Health Code and Environmental Code.
The Decree No. 2011-1177 is related to the use of genetically modified organisms.
There is no one in charge of the biological safety at the INSA de Toulouse. However there is an organization which includes one prevention advisor and several prevention assistants in every structure. As far as the LISBP (our structure) is concerned, Nathalie Doubrovine is the prevention assistant.
We have already discussed our project with her. She has given us the safety training and advices about how to respond to an imminent danger.
She raised the problem of GMO and the related policy. Indeed she told us there is a special procedure for the destruction of GMO: we cannot wash this kind of organism down the drain.
We were also informed about the potential chemical and microbiological risks thanks to her.
The laboratory safety training requirements of the LISBP are detailed into the Rules of Procedure of the LISBP.
The legislation requires employers to inform "all new employees" of the risks that they may encounter as well as ways to protect themselves from those risks. Therefore any newcomer must pass a practical and appropriate training in hygiene and safety to ensure its own safety and the one of his colleagues.
Every person that enters in the LISBP has to make this training whatever its status (researcher, PhD student, trainee, etc.).
The training is divided into two parts. The first one is a training concerning general risk prevention into research laboratories. This one is made individually thanks to the software NEO and with the explanations of the prevention assistant. The second one is a training about the techniques used during the occupation.
All the team members have received this safety training. It lasts 1h30. It concerns fire risks, biological and chemical risks and good laboratory practices. We have made this training individually with a software designed by the CNRS and INSERM named NEO. This training ends with a questionnaire to check our knowledge. This questionnaire reminds us the basic safety rules in a molecular biology lab and gives us new knowledge about safety.
We have also made a training to know how to sort out biological waste and how they are treated. We also learned that we cannot use autoclave by ourselves because a specific training is needed. We did not do this specific training.
Safety in the lab
"If you don't think it's safe, it probably isn't"
We have organized our workspace. There is the relaxing room where no microbial material should enter. In this room, we can eat and drink (a fridge, a kettle and a coffeemaker are available) but it is also the room where we have our meetings and where we can work on our computers. There is the lab, where we have to wear protective equipment and respect basic rules.
Personal protective equipment
As soon as we manipulate in the lab, we have to wear the following personal protective equipment:
- A conventional lab coat, closed with long sleeves |
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- Closed shoes |
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- Gloves |
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- Glasses if needed (UV exposure, hot water or chemicals manipulation.) |
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Basic rules in a lab
We have to apply the basic safety principles into a laboratory room:
- It is forbidden to smoke in all the rooms.
- It is forbidden to drink and eat in the laboratory rooms.
- It is compulsory to wear a closed lab coat in cotton.
- It is compulsory to wear closed shoes.
- Long hair must be tied back.
- Oral pipetting of any substance is prohibited in any laboratory.
There is also others precaution when working with biological organisms:
- We need to wash our hands regularly.
- It is compulsory to wear gloves except with the use of an electric burner.
- In some cases (UV light, projection risk), it is compulsory to wear protection glasses.
Indeed, different machine are used to keep a sterile area.
Waste
Different trash containers are available in the lab:
- One for biological waste (yellow). This waste will be autoclaved.
- One for common waste (green or orange).
- Special waste for chemicals.
Devices and Material
We use a lot of different devices, and each one involves a particular risk. Here we described how we use this material safely to reduce risks:
Chemical storage
We have three cupboards dedicated to the different kind of chemical products we use:
- Flammable
- Acids
- Bases
Those cupboards are key-closed.
Ethidium Bromide
We have a dark room dedicated to the use of EtBr and UV. This room is key-closed and everyone entering into the room must wear gloves, glasses and lab coat. Everything which is in direct contact with something in this room has to stay here.
Two specific trash cans are dedicated to the gloves or paper and the agarose gels contaminated.
Biological safety cabinet
We use a Biological safety cabinet (FASTER – Ultrasafe) to manipulate into a sterile area and thus avoid external contamination by unwanted microorganisms. We clean the bench of the BSC with ethanol before and after each manipulation. We also clean the BSC completely every two weeks. Because we work with fungi, we have to be very careful with the cleanliness of the BSC.
Electric burner
We also use electric burners to manipulate into a sterile area. The burning and fire risks are high but weaker than with a Bunsen Burner. We are very cautious when we use electric burners, and we use in preference BSC if it is possible. We do not have to wear gloves et we have to check that the electric burner is turned off after the manipulation.
Chemical hood
We use chemical hood in case we have to manipulate dangerous volatile chemical compound.
Water-bathes
The water-bathes are used extensively (transformation, digestion, etc.). However, they can be dangerous because of the exposition of boiling or hot water. We use special gloves for protecting us from heat, steam and projections. We take care of turning off the water-bathes at the end of the day.
Safety of our project
"Precaution is better than cure"
Several risks exist when working with microorganisms and manipulating genes. We can identify different classes of risk of our project now:
- risks to the safety and health of team members, or other people working in the lab,
- risks to the safety and health of the general public,
- risks to the environment,
- risks to security through malicious mis-use by individuals, groups, or countries.
There are also risks in the Future, linked to our project’s growth (new knowledge and methods development).
Risks to the safety and health of team members, or other people working in the lab
We work with the B. subtilis and E. coli chassis. These organisms are non-pathogenic. Moreover the used parts are also non-pathogenic (the bio-fungicides produced are harmless for humans).
On one hand, there is a major biological risk because of the manipulation of DNA and RNA of bacterial organisms.
On the other hand the main risk for humans is chemical: we use Ethidium Bromide, hydrochloric acid, soda, solutions from a Miniprep kit, ethanol and bleach.
However, we have a black room dedicated to the manipulation of Ethidium Bromide. Everything that touches something in this room cannot get out of the room. The waste has a special treatment.
For the other chemical solutions, we always use gloves and glasses, and if necessary a hood.
Furthermore, there are other risks such as UVs when we analyze an agarose gel but also water-bath and electrical/fire risks.
For protecting us from the UVs, we use adapted glasses.
At the end of every day, the last persons to leave check that everything is ok in the lab (no water-bath stayed on, everything disconnected).
Risks to the safety and health of the general public
If biological materials escape from our lab, the risks regarding safety and health of the general public is low because the manipulated parts are harmless. The only risk is the contact with DNA or RNA from a bacterial organism.
Moreover, we have to be cautious with the use of antibiotics and we must not wash them down the drain.
Risks to the environment
If biological materials escape from our lab, GMOs can spread in the environment and gene transfer can occur. Moreover, the aim of our bacterial system (called SubtiTree) is to kill a fungus (Ceratocyctis platani). The risk to the environment is high because our system could perturb ecological niche and unbalance the environment of some plants. All our waste is autoclaved to minimize the risk for the environment.
We use three fungicides.
The first one, D4E1, is a synthetic peptide.
The second is EcAMP-1 (BBa_K1162001), an AntiMicrobial Peptide from banyard grass added to the Registry last year by the team Utah State.
The last one is GAFP-1, the Gastrodia AntiFungal Protein.
These fungicides are not authorized yet by the European Union because they are not commercialized.
Risks to security through malicious mis-use by individuals, groups, or countries
If someone steals the biological material it could be dangerous for the environment because our bacterium will produce three bio-fungicides. This could lead to the disturbing of some ecosystems.
However, the fungicides are natural and one of them is used in agriculture. With these considerations, we can assume that the risk is not very high for the chosen parts.
How to reduce these risks?
We take care of our waste and our biological material.
We have chosen only non-pathogenic species to work on: E. coli and B. subtilis.
We use non-pathogenic fungus to test our SubtiTree system: Aspergillus brasiliensis, Chaetomium globosum, Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus nidulans.
Indeed the targeted fungus, Ceratocystis platani, is pathogenic. Therefore we avoid working with it.
Risks in the Future
The system designed could be applied to many fungi. The fungicides used in our project are biological and specifically kill the fungi, and no other eukaryotic cells.
However, a malicious person could replace these fungicides by others which are more dangerous. Indeed our problem is that there is no regulation of the production of fungicides.
How to reduce these Future risks?
We have thought about several ways to minimize risks:
- we choose an auxotrophic strain of B. subtilis. The auxotrophy is for the glutamic acid, which is very present in plant's sap.
- we choose a non-spore-forming strain ofB. subtilis. The sporulation is the endophyte bacteria mechanism used to survive through winter. Thus, our bacterial system will be time limited.
- we want to use a toxin/antitoxin system to avoid gene transfer between our optimized bacterium and another wild-type bacteria.