Team:NCTU Formosa/project

Overview

Impact of pest

In agriculture, insect problems have existed for a long time, and have been difficult to be solved. In addition, all agricultural products on earth every year suffer from harm and damage caused by these insects. Therefore, it goes without saying that insect problem can be regard as a global economic problem.

Losses caused by pests on crops include direct damage, drug costs and the experimental costs, The loss which is most difficult to estimate is the consumption of medical resources on human health hazards caused by pesticides.

We can see this credible chart, insect damage recorded in Brazil region, pests generally reduce crop yields by 10 percent, which is each crop have reduced the value of hundreds of millions. Our goal is committed to reducing agricultural losses, safeguarding human health, and maintaining ecological balance.

Chemical control method

Because of the hazard of insects, human beings to come out lots of ideas to kill these harmful insects. In 15th century,people used heavy metals to kill harmful insects, such as Arsenic, Mercury and Plumbum, which caused a catastrophe to the environment.

Pesticide becomes more powerful along with the technology, in 20th century,the agriculture develops rapidly just because of the evolution of pesticide. But the pesticide is not only harmful to the insects but also harmful to the human beings. People found this problem after several decades. The toxin of the pesticide will be kept in creatures by the food chain,and finally go into human's body.

However, it's not too late to improve this situation. We can create an evolution of agriculture by a new method, and it is what we do!

Human health and environmental cost from pesticides in the United States is estimated at $9.6 billion.

Biological control method

Since most chemical control methods are poisonous to environment, human begins to look for other alternative ways. One of the most well known example is bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), with its crystal proteins, it can efficiently kill insects. However, recent researches show that more and more insects are resistant to this kind of protein. It's time to find another better solution.

Solution to both questions

People invent pesticides to eliminate the pests, but the use of pesticides will hurt environments and cause harm to humans. Thus there have been conflicting issues, and have been difficult to be solved. In order to solve the above-mentioned problems, we came up with a practical, inexpensive way.

This is a diagram of our device, we will mention how this device can bring better results for our plan and how we improve it's efficiency later.

Reference

PBAN(Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide)

Introduction of Pheromones

A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response in members of the same species. Pheromones are chemicals capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individual.

There are many kinds of pheromone such as alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.

Our project : Operation Debug aims to use different PBANs from different moths and other insects to induce them to make their own sex pheromone .

Sex pheromones, which are an important factor in finding a mating partner. When a female releases chemicals, the mate search is initiated, and the male moths begin their upwind motion toward their potential partner. Sex pheromones in particular are associated with long-range chemical communication of sex substances used in signaling a mating partner. Mate finding in moths involve sex pheromones that have the ability to propel long-distances and are emitted by the females abdominal glands in most cases.

Introduction of PBAN

PBAN(Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide) is one kind of peptides that can activate biosynthesis of pheromones of many kinds of insects. Once a PBAN binds with the G-protein coupled receptor on an insect’s pheromone gland, the signal send by the G-protein coupled receptor activates the kinase and phosphatase, and then kinase and phosphatase can activate enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of insect pheromone, which will be emitted.

In nature, female insects such as moths release PBAN during mating to stimulate the synthesis of pheromones in order to attract their male counterparts. PBAN can also facilitate the release of non-sex pheromones such as trail pheromones for ants.

Working mechanism of PBAN

Features of PBAN

1. PBAN is species-specific just like pheromones, that means every kinds of insects which can produce pheromone have it's specific PBAN，which can only bind with it's specific receptor and only stimulate the biosynthesis of a specific pheromone.

2. The coding sequence for a PBAN is usually around 100 basepairs. Thus, it is easy for E.coli to express. We can even combine several different PBAN sequences into one BioBrick assembly. (Check this out at our BioBrick page)

How are we going to use PBAN?

In our project, we will biologically synthesize PBAN with our E.coli. We store the PBAN inside a trapping device (check this out at our Device page). In the device, there will be appropriate lighting and nutrient sources that will attract insects.

Once an insect is attracted into our device and ingests the nutrient sources we provide, it will also inevitably come in contact with our PBAN, which is evenly mixed with the nutrient sources. As the PBAN works its magic and activates the pheromone synthesis of the attracted insect, more of this species of insect’s counterparts will be attracted and later captured.

Owing to the first feature mentioned above, PBANs are species-specific, which means that it doesn't matter if other kind of insect fly into our device and eat PBANs, because the insects we don't want to catch will not be stimulated by PBANs to produce pheromone; our PBANs are only for what we want to catch, we are sure that our method won't affect other kinds of insects.

Peptidase-resistant pyrokinin/PBAN

Some peptidase-resistant pyrokinin/PBAN with Pro,Oic or Hyp residues can enhance resistance to peptidase hydrolysis. From the figure down , we can see that peptidase-resistant pyrokinin/PBAN can maintain its original concentration , however , the natural PBAN will be degraded by peptidases bound to corn earworm (H. zea) Malpighian tubule tissue. So, if we want to maintain the concentration of the natural PBAN in insects’ body , we must offer them food with PBAN constantly.

Application of PBAN

Reference

Design

Biobrick Design

We searched the DNA sequences of the PBANs from many kinds of insects on NCBI, then contrasted to the amino sequences from papers so that we can selected the DNA fragments which directly correspond to gland-stimulating function, By ligating the constitutive promoter(J23101), Ribosome binding site(B0034) and PBAN DNA sequence, we were able to make E.coli directly produce these PBANs instead of the original complex process of PBAN biosynthesis in insects.

Reference

Device

Introduction

Since insects react widely different to the gravity force, we design a device which could catch specific kind of insect species that we want. For example, Agrotis ypsilon Rottemberg and Spodoptera litura falls into the kind of moth that have geotaxis. So we made a trap with accessible pathway in the bottom. Once an insect enters the device, it could only goes up and be trapped inside the pyramid. However, after field investigation, we found some insects still escape from the device. Then we came out with a new version trap with doubled layers.

Mechanism

First, we divide our design chart into two parts－exterior and interior. The exterior is just like the appearance of Pyramid ,and the interior is used to equip PBANs and bag for pests. When the harmful insects we want to catch eat our PBANs, they will release pheromone, and attract the same species. We can use blue light or the smell of pheromone to attract insect at first. After they go into our device, the design of our device will take advantages of their characteristic that insects always fly high to escape and make them stuck in our device. When we take away the outer shield ,the hock on the outer shield will close the bag ,and the insects will be caught. In addition, the four tenons at the corner can firm up our device.

To get more professional suggestions, we went to the National Chung Hsing university,and visited the professor Hau You Tzeng who major in mosquito. This tour benefited us very much. We got some knowledge about how to design breeding cage. With this experience, we finally designed our own breeding cage.

Design

For the materials of our device, We use Acrylic Sheet or balsa. The fomer is transparent and safer than glass. The latter is cheap, light, and easy to cut. For the process , We google some informations of our factories, and use Colddraw to hand out the design chart. We also go everywhere to buy what we need for our device. For example, the tool for cutting wood and LED light were just named a few.

　　　　　　　　

Acrylic is a kind of material which is transparent. Compare with glass, it is hard and safe.

Blasa is a kind of hardwood,and it has several advantage. For example, antirust , light ,and insect prevention are just named a few.

Table below shows the exploded view of a complete device:

	Introduction	Function	schematic
Outer shell	We shaped the device into a pyramid. Its special layout also enriches the device with mysterious colors.	1. Outer shell is composed of 4 triangular acrylic planes which has a trapezoid entrance to let bugs in and release the smell of PBAN. 2.There is a hook installed on the outer plane which attaches to the collecting bag inside. When we pull up the outer shell, the bag inside would also be sealed simultaneously so the bugs won’t escape.
Inner shell	Similar to the outer one, inner shell　are also composed of 4 trapezoid planes and removable from the base. The only different part is that its top is not sealed in order to contain the collecting bag.	1. The inner space can contain a purse-string bag to collect insects we want. 2. 4 rods are assembled like a pound sign on the top to sustain the bag. 3. There would be a culture dish placed on the bottom. 4. A blue LED light bulb will be installed around the top of the inner shell plane to attract the first female insect.
Tenon	A part to stabilize the pyramid.	1. Stabilize 4 corners of the bottom. 2. To make sure the outer shell can combine with the inner one tightly.

Advantages

1. We successfully apply the geotaxis of targeted female moth to trap them in our device, forcing them releasing sex pheromone by our PBAN to attract more same-kind insects.
　2. The hook attached to the purse-string bag can seal it simultaneously when we want to remove the outer shell. By doing so, no insects would flee from the bag and safety problems can also be solved.
　3. Inner shell is removable so it’s easier to add new PBAN solution.
　4. Compared to conventional light bulb, LED bulb is much brighter and conserves more energy. It could powered by battery so it’s also easier to establish.
　5. Purse-string bag is cheap and easy to switch.
　6. The PBAN system can run day and night. Its function won’t be affected by sunlight.