G.xylinus

Overview

Bacterial cellulose has great potential in many areas, including water purification, tissue scaffolds, wound dressings, etc., however, until now, all bacterial cellulose-based materials have been created using chemical or physical post-production processing, not genetic engineering. This is due to the lack of well-developed tools and methods for Gluconacetobacter genetic engineering, as well as the lack of genome sequence of the highest cellulose-producing strain ATCC 53582. We have overcome the numerous difficulties associated with G.xylinus genetic engineering, and turned G.xylinus KI and ATCC 53852 strains into new platforms for the production of cellulose-based biomaterials by sequencing the genomes of ATCC 53582 and KI, creating a genetic toolbox of consisting of five new plasmid backbones and around 40 widely used genes, and developing a set of new and improved protocols for G.xylinus genetic engineering.

Key Achievements

• Isolated a new strain of Gluconacetobacter (named G. xylinus igem) from Kombucha tea and characterized its properties fully.
• Sequenced the previously unknown genomes of G. xylinus ATCC 53582 and G. xylinus igem strains - the first genomes sequenced in the history of iGEM
• Discovered four new plasmids capable of replication in Gluconacetobacter species - pSEVA321, pSEVA331, pSEVA351 and pBAV1K, which replicate both in G. xylinus ATCC 53582 and igem strains as well as in E. coli
• Were the first in science to create transgenic cells of G.xylinus igem strain
• Using our discovered plasmids, created a genetic toolbox consisting of 40 genes for G. xylinus engineering and expressed them in the ATCC 53582 and igem
• Developed a set of new and improved protocols for efficient genetic engineering of G. xylinus
• In summary, turned G. xylinus ATCC 53582 and igem strains into new model organisms and developed the necessary tools to create a powerful platform for the synthesis of new cellulose-based biomaterials and water filters

E.coli

Overview

Escherichia coli is the organism of choice for synthetic biology. It is thoroughly characterised, easy to engineer and has numerous parts, control circuits and complex constructs tested in this host.

Some E. coli strains have evolved to produce low amounts of cellulose but the machinery under specific regulatory control (its secretion is generally linked to biofilm formation and stress situations). In order to expand the use of bacterial cellulose as a functional biomaterial that is cost effective to produce, it is desirable for its production machinery to be implemented in an organisms that is easy to engineer and has proven success in large scale bioreactors.

Here, we confirm that the high output cellulose production machinery of Gluconacetobacter Xylinus can be transferred into other organisms. We have proven function of the Acs cellulose producing operon in Escherichia coli using Congo Red binding assays.

Key Achievements

• Contributed an optimised Asc cellulose production operon to Registry of Standard Parts.
• Proved the portability of Gluconacetobacter xylinus operon.
• Assembled a fully synthetic, functional, cellulose-producing system in Escherichia coli
• Demonstrated the synthesis operon in a two plasmid system for separate induction of genes

RFP

Overview

Based on the hypothesis of E. coli BL21D3 operating anaerobically and G. xylinus replicating aerobically, a co-culture experiment for bacterial cellulose was attempted. Initially, the best possible carbon source among 5 available was found experimentally. This data was used to inform the choice of glycerol and glucose as the carbon feedstock. With these carbon feedstocks, E. coli with RFP expressed were successfully embedded in the bacterial cellulose, and RFP was clearly visible.

Key Achievements

• Experimentally determined the optimum carbon feedstocks for a HS media based co-culture of E. coli and G. xylinus.