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PROJECT'S INTEREST

• Heavy metals, environmental and health issues

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• Our team contacted a number of experts in order to think about what problems caused by nickel could be found in society. This step led us to a feasible and useful project. We are thankful for the technical and scientific information given by :
  
  – Michèle OTTMANN, virologist (P3 et P4) associate professor, responsible of Biosecurity courses at the university Lyon I
  – Lydie NEMAUSAT, assignment manager at FRAPNA-Rhône, water treatment plant of Pierre Benite. [http://www.frapnarhone.org/ lydie.nemausat@frapna.org]
  – Adeline KISSANE, water quality manager in Grand Lyon.
  – Marc BOOGAERTS, health executive in the dialysis center at Clinic of Tonkin, Villeurbanne.
  – Baptiste LAUBIE, associate professor, LRGP, Université of Lorraine (CNRS 7274).
  
  Our project concerns the environmental, industrial, health, social and humanitarian aspects.

  
  
  

  Why are we struggling against heavy metals?
  
  First of all, you must know heavy metals are defined as natural metallic elements with a volume density below 5g/cm, like lead, zinc, cadmium or nickel. It is well know that heavy metals are naturally present in the water, the air and the ground in tiny concentrations (a few ppb). However, human activities contribute to spread them in the environment (nickel is commonly used to make coins or orthodontic braces for example), leading to abnormally high concentrations in the ecosystems. As you may know, heavy metals aren’t biodegradable and accumulate in alive organisms, becoming more and more toxic.

  
  
  
  • Environmental issues:
    
    

    a) CurLy’on could enable purification plants to filter the nickel present in water, purifying it.
    Nature, plants and algae are damaged by rain that contain high levels of Nickel. To understand environmental issues at a city scale, our team visited a water treatment plant to know more about the controls of heavy metals in the water. Astonishingly, we found out there is no control of heavy metals' concentration, so these pollutants are absorbed and eliminated in sludge. Nickel is therefore released in the environment and can be found in the water we use.

    
    

    b) CurLy’on gives the possibility of chelating nickel that could be recycled afterwards.
    As far as recycling is concerned, nickel stocks don’t exceed sixty years. These stocks are present in Australia, Russia, Canada, New Zealand, Cuba. 60% are used to create inox. Protecting stocks and improving their use is necessary. Nowadays, nickel is recycled at 55%.
    In France, there are some Nickel directed research projects (labex Ressources 21 with Baptiste Laubie) that aim to study strategic elements and the recycling process. Nickel has a big economic importance and it is necessary to focus on news ways of stocking it considering its impact on the biosphere.

    
    

    c) CurLy’on improves eating and drinking in food-processing and also in humanitarian context.
    What’s more, by carrying heavy metals in the food chain, water plays a key role in pollution and a serious challenge to eliminate heavy metals pollution. That’s why we chose to focus on that special issue. Our final goal is to respect the European norms (especially the article L330/43 from 5 December 1998) that states first that nickel concentrations must not go over 20 µg/L in drinkable water and secondly that 0% of modified DNA or proteins must be found in water. In humanitarian context, our project is really necessary to cleanse water.

    
    
    
  • Health issues:
    
    

    a) Nickel risks.
    In particular, nickel exposure, especially in industrial and occupational settings, can present significant health hazards. Firstly, allergy to nickel is something that grown to be more and more important recently, mainly due to the introduction of inexpensive jewelry where the underlying metal is comprised of nickel. Ten-to-twelve percent of the female population and six-percent of the male population are believed to experience an allergy to nickel, caused by the nickel salts that are formed by sweat in contact with the nickel. Secondly, nickel is one of many carcinogenic metals known to be an environmental and occupational pollutant. It has been connected with increased risk of lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, neurological deficits, developmental deficits in childhood, and high blood pressure. Finally, nickel has been identified as a toxin that severely damages reproductive health and can lead to infertility, miscarriage, birth defects, and nervous system defects. All in all, nickel is suspected, on the one hand, to severely disrupt enzyme action and regulation and, on the other hand, to contribute to a high amount of oxidative stress.

    
    

    b) Curly’on make renal dialysis better.
    We were very carefully about renal impairment and dialysis. In the past, intoxication problems exist on sickness people and there is still a risk for dysfunctional renal cases. We visit a dialysis center to learn about treatment and patient perception. Dialysis protocol requires a sterilized water, not to have a fever. There are regulations for dialysis center: once a month, physical chemistry analysis search for heavy metals in the system. During the last decades, machines for water distribution change inox pipes for pipes in PEX (cross-linked polyethylene). This evolution could restrict nickel propagation but our project make possible to respect regulations without replacing the system. Thus we limit the cost of substitution of the dialysis engine. Indeed, European pharmacopoeia about heavy metals includes a lot of problems because there is no complete list. In particular, nickel is never mentioned in rules. Additionally, the tests are not specifics. In this way, our project Curly’on can really improve pharmaceutical tests.

  
  
  
  
  

  Are they some methods today to eliminate them ?
  
  After scientific and technic monitoring, we drew to the conclusion that two main techniques are topical :
  - Inverse osmosis that can be efficient to eliminate small concentrations of heavy metals. However it isn’t very profitable and, in aerobic conditions, metallic oxides can clog membranes.
  - Ionic resins that are able to retain heavy metals, which are divalent cations.

  Nevertheless these methods remains expensive and in a way complicated to set up: thus our goal was to develop a cheaper alternative, that could be used by anyone: Curly’on can be located in a filter.

  
  

  
  
  
  

  So how can our filter be used ?
  
  

  First of all it tackles environmental concerns, making possible to depollute water from its heavy metals, for which no technical solution have been found yet.

  
  

  Two main fields are especially targeted :

  
  

  • The metalworking and chemical industries which throw back into water metals so that waste water contains 10 to 100 times more nickel than river water. Despite those effluents being transferred to water treatment plants and transformed into sewage sludge, the most of the metals particles are not eliminated. Considering that the sludge is then used for agriculture and farming, such pollution leads to risks of food contamination. Following this ideal, we visited water treatment and water purification plants to think about the possibility of using our system for depolluting water from the environment. It appeared that, despite heavy metals were more and more considering as environmental issues, no technique was developed to decontaminate water in case of pollution by heavy metals. Water plants often control heavy metal concentrations, however they are only able to stop pumping water when the rates are too high. However, they set out the argument that heavy metals pollution come mainly from the degradation of private pipes (in opposition to public pipes for which water plants are responsible), that are commonly made out of zinc or lead. That leads us to the second target...

    
    

  • The household who drinks water that is potentially contaminated with heavy metals from pipes : to give an example, nowadays the cost to replace all lead canalizations in France is estimated to be 15 billion euros, which isn’t affordable for the owners. The idea we came up with was to screw our filter directly to the tap of private individuals.
    
    

  Secondly, our filter can improve medical techniques such as dialysis. Indeed the water used often contains nickel due to the stainless steel tube in which it is carried. The risk is then to transfer the metal particles into the blood of patients.

  
  

  But we mustn’t forget that water pollution by heavy metals is a real health issue all over the world : not only in our countries, since it sometimes happens for chemical or metalworking industries to have a leak in their purification circuits, but in developing countries too, where the access to the technological means to purify polluted water is sometimes limited. Considering this point, we met a responsible for humanitarian projects related with water, hygiene and sanitation. He seemed interested by our biofilter, insofar as it was a cheap method and that nothing had already been developed in poor countries to deal with heavy metals pollution. Moreover, he could easily imagine that people wouldn’t be as sceptic as in Europe regarding the fact that it’s a GMO product.

  
  
  

  What about the biosafety of our filter ?
  
  

  We didn't put aside some main reflections linked with the applications of our project, especially those concerning safety. Following this goal, we met Michelle OTTOMAN, a virologist and teacher of biosafety at the university Lyon I, who accepted to answer our questions, as summarized in the interview below :

• CurLy'on in 2030?

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• Through a short story, we showed how our project might be adapted in the future. Here is the :

  cStraw Project

  
  

  Chapter 1

  
  

  
  Stockholm, 2030.
  A meeting was being held in the Nobel museum. Outside, a crowd -which is rare in Stockholm- was waiting for the results. The crowd was separated in two colors: people in red, and people in green. Green almost occupied the whole plaza in front of the museum, with just one tiny red spot alienated and cornered on the edge.
  “It’s out! It passed!”
  For just a second, nobody talked nor moved. A psychologist would explain that it takes some time for a human being to process mind-blowing news and that if they are bad news, nothing comes but anger. So, after the silent second, the green exploded.
  “You’re destroying the planet!” people screamed.
  “I’ll kill you! I’LL KILL YOU ALL!” people cursed.
  “No, no, they must be mistaken. They are just kidding us.” people denied.
  “&@#^*(*&^$” people called their friends on the other side of the world, in all kinds of languages.
  And the people in red you ask? They were long gone. They disappeared the moment of the breaking news. They escaped from the anger because otherwise they would have become the target.
  
  

  Chapter 2

  
  

  
  “What’s this daddy?”
  “It’s our planet, Earth.”
  “What’s the yellow and brown part?”
  “It’s the land, son.”
  “And the gray part?”
  “It’s the sea.”

  
  

  Chapter 3

  
  

  
  “Welcome back! For those who just joined us, we’re talking about the recently approved project, Project cStraw. Inspired by an ancient project in 2014, in which a straw-like system was developed to purify water with genetically modified bacteria, project cStraw is about to place hundreds of thousands of gigantic ‘straws’ in the sea all over the world in order to depollute the ocean by soaking in heavy metal. This idea was refuted by numberless groups and people for various reasons but just yesterday, it’s officially begun. First of all, we have the famous marine biologist Mr. Ian Crozier online, let’s hear his opinion. Mr. Crozier, this project sounds like an extreme measure, is it really necessary?”
  “I can’t speak for the Project cStraw, but the situation of the sea water is really severe. People used to call the Earth ‘the blue diamond’, but as we all know the sea is no longer blue. Now the greyish water is not only hideous but also very harmful. The pollution is literally affecting every country in the world. All sea based industries have been paralyzed for years now. The main cause is heavy metal pollution, which is known for its carcinogenic properties. Here is a photo of a swordfish that I dissected last week. You can see the inside is almost completely covered with all kinds of tumors and the majority of its organs are not functional. The same thing could just as easily happen to humans. So if it were up to me, I’d say we must save the ocean now and it’s already too late.”
  “Despite the disturbing image, very thorough pieces of background information. Thank you Mr. Crozier. Oh, we just got our next expert guest online, Ms. Priya Diego, professor of sociology. Priya, how are you? You look as fabulous as always!”
  “Thank you Mr. Rivers. But unfortunately the situation is quite the opposite.”
  “How’s that?”
  “Several protests have taken place in the USA, Canada, Russia, China and almost all European countries. Honestly the society has never been this fragile in many decades. The Project cStraw is like a moral nuclear bomb provoking critical and even aggressive emotion from people all over the world.”
  “Even though it’s kinda out there, I have to ask: why do you think this project can cause such a chaos?”
  “Actually it’s not a stupid question at all. Problems exist in various aspects of society. One big chunk is coming from religious groups who have been protesting against GMO products for ages. The most aggressive of them are calling this project ‘the release of the Kraken’.Another major player in this riot is fear. People worry about that bacteria contamination might turn the sea ecosystem upside-down. A rumor of the ‘straw’ being a model of a new biochemical weapon is heating the overwhelming concerns too. Some people also believe that the project is a political tool for big countries to interfere and even control the sovereignty of some smaller countries since the latter have neither the power nor the technique to carry out the project.”
  “Thank you Priya. Now let’s hear Mr. George Mihalic, one of the senior engineers of the project, talk about the technique they’re about to use. Mr. Mihalic, using massive amount of bacteria sounds terrifying, doesn’t it?”
  “I can’t understand where this enormous fear comes from. For me, this technique is completely safe. You see, it’s a simple idea of a C-terminal fusion of the csgA gene. We added a DNA sequence coding for a polyHis tag so the CsgA protein will have the ability to chelate metal as it’s a basic building block of the bacteria’s curli, thus automatically displayed on the surface…”
  “Sorry Mr. Mihalic, I’ll have to interrupt you here. Not only am I feeling a bit lost but this news also just came in. Our field reporter Jessica is now in Paris and just sent us this footage.”
  “But I haven’t finished yet. This technique is perfectly safe because the bacteria will be killed by programming…”
  “Cut!” The producer shouts. “Good job everyone, we’ll be back in 30.”

  
  

  On the screen, a video clip is playing. A woman holding a banner is sitting in front of the Louvre, two policemen are trying to move her away. After a few moments, things turn physical but the woman still won’t leave. The banner says “Devil’s winning!”

  
  
  

  Chapter 4

  
  

  
  “Humankind fears a lot of things, but humankind is never scared of stepping forward. We invented fire to chase away darkness. We invented space shuttles to conquer the moon. We invented computers to free our mind so we can think further and wider. By taking every step, a part of our fear has vanished. I know lots of you don’t like this project. I don’t like it either. But it has to be done because the only thing that drags us back is nothing but fear. We have protested, we have debated, we even have had physical conflicts. But today, they shall all stop. Today is about a brand new step. It’s a step toward the past, where there’s less pollution and more lives. It’s also a step toward the future, where we, a fragile species without sharp claws or poisoned teeth, keep living on this planet with less fear and more understanding.”

  
  

  One week after the project cStraw was approved, 50 drones dropped 500 ‘straws’ into the north Atlantic in the US territory. One week later, the president of the US gave this speech on an aircraft and jumped into the water.

• Prototype

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• Our team created an educational object, a csgA structure, with a 3D printer for popularization of Curly’on and more than that, synthetic biology. You will see it for the first time during our oral presentation in Boston.

  
  

  We think that it is important for students in science to understand new engineering processes like 3D printer insofar as it is more and more present in the biotechnological field.