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<p>Also, there is a data about the IPM (Integrated pest management) of USA. IPM means the ability to control pests. The IPM is reality number in global, and the lower the number is, the more efficient we are able to control. In the data, we can see that crops are planted in lots of areas in USA. There are several kinds of plants which are still under attack by harmful insects. We can only control the insect damage efficiently for a small, limited  area. Therefore, as the production areas expand to an extent, the effect of control declines exponentially. Even though the production areas become larger, the total production might be lower. </p>  
<p>Also, there is a data about the IPM (Integrated pest management) of USA. IPM means the ability to control pests. The IPM is reality number in global, and the lower the number is, the more efficient we are able to control. In the data, we can see that crops are planted in lots of areas in USA. There are several kinds of plants which are still under attack by harmful insects. We can only control the insect damage efficiently for a small, limited  area. Therefore, as the production areas expand to an extent, the effect of control declines exponentially. Even though the production areas become larger, the total production might be lower. </p>  
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[[File:2014NCTU Formosa project Fig 1-1-2.png|center|thumb|1200px| Fig. 1-1-2  This chart demonstrates the area we plant of crops IPM of various crops in USA.]]
[[File:2014NCTU Formosa project Fig 1-1-2.png|center|thumb|1200px| Fig. 1-1-2  This chart demonstrates the area we plant of crops IPM of various crops in USA.]]
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Revision as of 16:19, 16 October 2014

Project

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Contents

Motivation

Serious Problem in The World (Insect Damage)

From ancient times to the present day, harmful insects always greatly affect our daily life, and we don’t have any appropriate solution to these annoying pests. Every year, harmful insects bring significant economic loss to agriculture, which seriously disturb people's livelihood and economy.

Take Brazil as an example, where the agricultural loss can reach to 11 billion US dollars because most economic crops here such as coconut, coffee, and sugarcane are under serious insects attack. To control these annoying pests, every year, 1.4 billion has to be invested to purchase insecticide. Terrible as it may seems, Brazil is actually just one of the cases in the world! The truth is that farmers worldwide are doing the same thing! To ensure good harvest, they use pesticide without considering too much about its side effect. In other words, a great amount of insecticides containing toxic substances is discharged to the environment every day. Obviously, it’s never a good solution.

Fig.1-1-1 Losses caused by pests in Brazil. This chart demonstrates the losses of various crops caused by pests.

Also, there is a data about the IPM (Integrated pest management) of USA. IPM means the ability to control pests. The IPM is reality number in global, and the lower the number is, the more efficient we are able to control. In the data, we can see that crops are planted in lots of areas in USA. There are several kinds of plants which are still under attack by harmful insects. We can only control the insect damage efficiently for a small, limited area. Therefore, as the production areas expand to an extent, the effect of control declines exponentially. Even though the production areas become larger, the total production might be lower.

Therefore, what we need is a brand new method to solve this problem.

Fig. 1-1-2 This chart demonstrates the area we plant of crops IPM of various crops in USA.


Common Methods of Solving Insect Damage Problem

Chemical Control Method

Because of the hazard of insects, human beings have come up with lots of idea to kill these harmful insects. In the 15th century, people used heavy metals such as Arsenic, Mercury and Plumbum to kill harmful insects, which was a catastrophe to the environment. Pesticides became more powerful along with the technology. In the 20th century, the agriculture developed rapidly just because of the evolution of pesticides. But the pesticides are not only fatal to the insects but also harmful to the human beings. People found this problem after several decades. The toxin of the pesticides will remain in creatures by the food chain, and enters human body eventually.


Fig. 1-1-3 Human health and environmental cost from pesticides in the United States is estimated at $9.6 billion.

Damage to Human Body

Pesticides includes herbicides, insecticides, fungicides, rodenticides which will kill weeds, insects, fungus, rodents, and others. The use of toxic pesticides to manage pest problems has become a common practice around the world. However, pesticides cause serious human health hazards, ranging from short-term impacts such as headaches and nausea to chronic impacts like cancer and reproductive harm. There are also many researches reveal that exposuring to pesticides will disrupt the endocrine system, the reproductive system, and embryonic development.

Damage to The Environment

Pesticides pollute the environment such as threatening biodiversity and weakening the natural systems. Pesticides have led to abnormal massive mortality of America's honeybees. The populations of bees have dropped by 29% to 36% each year since 2006. To our amazement, approximately 1/3 of the food we eat depends on bees for pollination!

Some scientists believe that amphibians and bats have become more susceptible to deadly disease because their immune systems are weakened by pesticides. What's more, one kind of pesticides called herbicide, which can give a male frog a sex change. Genetically, the frogs are still males, but morphologically they are completely female and they can even mate successfully with other males and lay viable eggs. Pesticides also contaminate waterways and endangered fish and birds, causing ecological damage.

Biological Control Method

Since most chemical control methods are poisonous to the environment, humans began to look for alternative ways. One of the most well known example is bacillus thuringiensis (Bt), which can efficiently kill insects with its crystal proteins. However, recent researches have shown that more and more insects have been resistant to this kind of protein.



Chemical control method have caused fetal environmental damage and insects have grown resistant to both the chemicals substances and Bt. It is, however, not too late to improve this situation. We can create an agricultural evolution with our new method!

Fig. 1-1-4 Comparison of both solutions.




Pheromone trap is currently the most novel method to solve the insect damage problem. What's more, pheromone is a pollution-free substance that is produced by the insects, meaning that insects cannot resist it. That's why we take biological synthesis of pheromone in E.coli to solve the problem.

Novel and Efficient Ways to Solve Insect Damage Problem -

The Pheromone Trap

Introduction of Pheromones

A pheromone is a secreted or excreted chemical factor that triggers a social response among members of the same species. Pheromones are capable of acting outside the body of the secreting individual to impact the behavior of the receiving individuals.

There are many kinds of pheromones such as alarm pheromones, food trail pheromones, sex pheromones, and many others that affect behavior or physiology.

Sex pheromones are an important factor in finding a mating partner. When a female releases chemicals, the mating search is initiated, and the male moths begin their upwind motion toward their potential partner. Pheromones that have the ability to propel long-distances and are emitted by the females abdominal glands in most cases.



How to Make Pheromones？

There are 2 main ways to make pheromones. One through chemical synthesis, the other one through biosynthesis approach.

Chemical Synthesis Approach Used in Factory to Mass Produce Pheromone

It is difficult to make pheromone by chemical synthesis approach. This approach requires many kinds of chemical compound which may cause some pollution to the environment. Furthermore, the control of reacting condition may consume a lot of energy. An example of chemical synthesis approach: Leafroller moth, Bonagota cranaodes.

Fig. 1-2-1 If we want to produce the pheromone of Leafroller moth and Bonagota cranaodes by chemical synthesis approach, we have to buy some expensive equipments to control the conditions.And it may produce some toxic byproduct.

Biosynthesis Pathway in Insects

Biosynthesis approach requires the cooperation of different enzymes, which is too complicated for E.coli to carry out. In addition, E.coli lacks Glycoproteins that can do posttranslational modification. Therefore, it is nearly impossible for E.coli to produce pheromones biosynthetically.

Fig. 1-2-2 If we want to produce the pheromone of Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar. We have to pass at least four complicated pathways. That will be high loading for E.coli, and it may also cause low efficiency of producing pheromone.

Difficulty and Disadvantage of Pheromone Production

As mentioned above, pheromone is too complicated to be produced either artificially or bio-synthetically. Although the cost of artificial chemically synthesis can be lowered through massive production, the environmental damage it causes is fatal. With that said, we decided to find an easier and better way to reach our goal.

Idealist Method of Solving Insect Damage Problem - PBAN

To solve the impossibility of biosynthesizing pheromone with E.coli, we still managed to find another feasible way. As mentioned above, our method should be pollution-free, efficient, insect resistance-free, and cheap. Combining all these advantageous elements, we introduce you PBAN. Click the photos to learn more!


  • Cabbage Moth
    Mamestra brassicae
  • Cotton bollworm
    Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner）
  • Oriental Leafworm Moth
    Spodoptera litura
  • Red imported fire ant
    Solenopsis invicta
  • Yellow fever mosquito
    Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypyi
  • Black cutworm
    Agrotis ipsilon
  • Gypsy Moth
    Lymantria dispar
  • Leafrollers
    Statherotis leucaspis Meyrick
  • Silkworm
    Bombyx mori
Mamestra brassicae

Spread:This moths has a natural range across Europe, Asia, and North Africa.

Characteristics:The larva is green, khaki, grey-brown or brown with dark spots(1)(2)(3). The topside is darker than the bottom side and a yellow or light brown stripe goes round the middle portion by the spots.

Damage:The caterpillar of this species is seen as a pest for commercial agriculture. Often referred to as the "imported cabbageworm" they are a serious pest to cabbage and other mustard family crops. It can also be a pest of cultivated brassicas and sweet peas, but it feeds on a wide range of other plants.

Control: Organic controls(4) for cabbage worms include handpicking, excluding them with row cover barriers, or treating with a Bt pesticide. Cabbage worms are found throughout North America, and more than one species may be found in the same garden.


Helicoverpa armigera （Hubner）

Spread:The pink bollworm has spread to cotton-growing regions throughout the world.

Characteristics: The larva is green, khaki, grey-brown or brown with dark spots(5). The topside is darker than the bottom side and a yellow or light brown stripe goes round the middle portion by the spots(32).

Damage: The cotton bollworm is a highly polyphagous species.[6] The most important crop hosts are tomato, cotton, pigeon pea, chickpea, sorghum and cowpea. Other hosts include groundnut, okra, peas, field beans, soybeans, lucerne, Phaseolus spp., other Leguminosae, tobacco, potatoes, maize, flax, Dianthus, Rosa, Pelargonium, Chrysanthemum, Lavandula angustifolia, a number of fruit trees, forest trees and a range of vegetable crops(6).

Control: Cultural controls, with the exception of the use of Bt cotton and the use of mating disruption and sprays of the Entrust formulation of spinosad are acceptable to use on organically grown cotton(7).


Spodoptera litura

Spread:Widely distributed in Asia and Oceania.

Asia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, India, Iran, Japan, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Nepal, North Korea, Oman, Pakistan, Philippines, Singapore, South Korea, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Vietnam. Oceania: Australia, Guam, New Caledonia, New Zealand, Micronesia, Papua New Guinea,

Samoa, other Pacific islands. United States: Hawaii(8).

Characteristics: Adult moths measure between 15-20 mm (0.59-0.79 inches) in length and have a wingspan of 30-38 mm (1.18-1.5 inches). Forewings are gray to reddish-brown, with a complex pattern of creamy streaks and paler lines along the veins. Hind wings are grayish-white with grayish-brown margins. Males have a blue-grey band from the upper corner (apex) to the inner margin of each forewing. Larvae have bright yellow stripes along the back and the sides. Larval color varies from pale green to dark green(9)(31).

Damage: Oriental Leafworm Moth Spodoptera litura is a Noctuid moth which is considered as an agricultural pest. It is also known as the Cluster caterpillar, Cotton leafworm, Tobacco cutworm, and Tropical armyworm. It has a very wide host range of over 120 plant species, including: lettuce, cabbage, beetroot, peanuts, geranium, cotton, banana, fuchsias, acacia, African oil palm, amaranth, alfalfa, strawberry, sorghum, sugarcane, tomatoes, asparagus, apple, eggplant, beet, beans, broccoli, elephants ear, horsetail she oak, corn, flax, lantana, papaya, orange, mango, leek, among many others.

Control: The use of Bacillus thuringiensis (BT) may effectively control this pest. Other forms of biological, horticultural, and cultural control that have been studied include: planting near derris and garlic plants, breeding resistant plants from wild plants for example groundnuts from wild groundnuts, breeding resistant plants using bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis genes, using a Baculovirus, using the nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, and using the fly Exorista japonica(10).

Solenopsis invicta

Spread:The red imported fire ant, a eusocial species, are far more aggressive than most ant species. Animals, including humans, often encounter them by inadvertently stepping on one of their mounds, which causes the ants to swarm up the legs, attacking en masse. The ants respond to pheromones released by the first ant that attacks, thereafter stinging in concert(12).

Characteristics: Fire ants are red and black in coloration and, like all insects, they are protected by a hard exoskeleton and have six legs. Worker ants have round heads with mandibles, an armored thorax midsection and an abdomen, made up of the pedicle and the gaster. The head is typically copper brown in color. In addition to their mandibles, fire ant workers also possess an abdominal stinger(11)(29).

Damage: They are considered to be a pest, not only because of the physical pain they can inflict, but also because their mound-building activity can damage plant roots, lead to loss of crops(12).

Control: Hot water Pouring hot water on the mounds is effective and environmentally friendly, but may require 3 or 4 applications to kill the colony. Water should be at least scalding hot, but does not need to be boiling. This works best when you use 3 to 4 gallons of water in each application. WARNING: Hot water kills grass and shrubbery and may cause severe burns if spilled. Liquid nitrogen: it could be the most effective and most environmental friendly method to eradicate the species(30)(13).

Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti

Spread:The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases. The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax. The mosquito originated in Africa, but is now found in tropical and subtropical regions throughout the world(14).

Characteristics: The mosquito can be recognized by white markings on its legs and a marking in the form of a lyre on the thorax.

Damage: The yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti, is a mosquito that can spread the dengue fever, chikungunya, and yellow fever viruses, and other diseases(15).

Control: Empty water from containers such as flower pots, birdbaths, pet water dishes, cans, gutters, tires and buckets regularly to disrupt the mosquito breeding cycle. Consider using an insect repellent, be sure to follow the label directions for applying the repellent. For help selecting a mosquito repellent, try our Insect Repellent Locator(16).

Agrotis ipsilon

Spread: This Caterpillar can be found, as various species, through be serious foliage feeders on some crops such as peanuts.hout North America.

Characteristics: Cutworms common in Georgia fields are black (Agrotis ipsilon (Ashmed)), granulate (Agrotis subterranea (Fabricius)) and variegated cutworm (Peridroma saucia(Hubner)). These are moths in the family Noctuidae. Full-grown cutworm larvae are 1.5 to 2 inches long. Coloration will vary among species, but all tend to be stout-bodied caterpillars with four sets of prolegs. They have the tendency to curl into a ball when disturbed(17).

Damage: Almost any plant can be attacked in the seedling stage. Cotton and certain vegetables sometimes have stand reductions(17).

Control: Bacillus thuringiensis, a widely available caterpillar-killing bacterium,is a very effective control for climbing cutworms as well as for the surface feeders(18).

Lymantria dispar


Spread: It has a range which covers Europe, Africa, and North America(19).

Characteristics:Gypsy moth caterpillars change appearance as they grow. Young caterpillars are black or brown and about ¼ inch (0.6 cm) in length. As they grow, bumps develop along their backs along with coarse, black hairs. Each of the 11 sections of a developed caterpillar will have two coloured spots, the first five pairs, blue, and the last six, red. Mature caterpillars can be as long as 2 ½ inches (6.35 cm)(20).

Damage: It is classified as a pest, and its larvae consume the leaves of over 500 species of trees, shrubs and plants. The gypsy moth is one of the most destructive pests of hardwood trees in the eastern United States.he gypsy moth was considered a nuisance just ten years after their release. It included an account of all the trees being defoliated, caterpillars covering houses and sidewalks and that the caterpillars would rain down upon residents. The first outbreak occurred in 1889. An eradication program was begun in 1890.

Control: Tanglefoot Pest Barrier or Sticky Tree Bands can be placed around tree trunks to help curtail the caterpillars movement into and out of the tree canopy. Apply Bacillus thuringiensis, var. kurstaki or Monterey Garden Insect Spray (Spinosad) to the leaves of trees to kill gypsy moth caterpillars(21).

Statherotis leucaspis Meyrick

Spread: The obliquebanded leafroller (OBLR) is native to and widely distributed throughout temperate North America(22).

Characteristics: hatched larvae have a yellowish green body and a black head and thoracic shield. Mature larvae are 20 to 25 mm in length and the head and thoracic shield may be either black or various shades of brown(23).

Damage: Leafrollers, the larvae of certain tortricid moths, often feed and pupate within the protection of rolled-up leaves. Several species can cause problems on fruit and ornamental trees in California. The fruittree leafroller, Archips argyrospila, is the most common leafroller pest in landscapes throughout the state. It occurs on many ornamental trees—including ash, birch, California buckeye, box elder, elm, locust, maple, poplar, rose, and willow—and is particularly damaging to deciduous and live oaks. It also attacks numerous fruit and nut trees including almond, apple, apricot, caneberries, cherry, citrus, pear, plum, prune, quince, and walnut(24).

Control: Several parasites attack OBLR larvae but do not adequately control the pest. Apply sprays during June to kill the first summer brood adults and newly hatching larvae(24).

Bombyx mori

Spread: the place where farmers want to feed.

Characteristics : It is entirely dependent on humans for its reproduction and does not occur naturally in the wild(26).

Damage: None

Control: Not necessary


Reference
  1. Cabbage Moth - Caterpillar". Habitas.org.uk. Retrieved 2014-08-11.
  2. Interesting (To Us) Photos From The Garden". Meades.org. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
  3. RXwildlife Sightings » Blog Archive » More Emergence". Rxwildlife.org.uk. 2009-06-03. Retrieved 2011-08-11.
  4. Practice Organic Cabbage Worm Control for a Chemical-Free Garden, by Barbara Pleasant, March 25, 2013
  5. 2003-2009 Project «Interactive Agricultural Ecological Atlas of Russia and Neighboring Countries. Economic Plants and their Diseases, Pests and Weeds
  6. Report of a Pest Risk Analysis Helicoverpa armigera, Hübner, 1808
  7. UC IPM Pest Management Guidelines: Cotton, http://ucanr.edu/sites/ipm/pdf/pmg/pmgcotton.pdf
  8. Michigan State University’s invasive species factsheets(Oriental leafworm Spodoptera litura) , http://www.ipm.msu.edu/uploads/files/Forecasting_invasion_risks/orientalLeafworm.pdf
  9. Effect of tetra hydroxyl-ρ-benzoquinone on growth and metamorphosis of Spodoptera litura Fabr. (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae, Sujata Magdum , Seema Gupta
  10. Espinosa, A. and A.C. Hodges University of Florida, Spodoptera litura, BUGWOODWiki, http://wiki.bugwood.org/Spodoptera_litura.
  11. OROKIN, Fire Ant Anatomy, http://www.orkin.com/ants/fire-ant/fire-ant-anatomy
  12. Wikipedia, Red imported fire ant http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_imported_fire_ant
  13. Organic Gardening.com/learn-and-grow/fire-ant-control
  14. Cram101 Textbook Reviews, Life: The Science of Biology 8th Edition
  15. Wikipedia, Aedes aegypti , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aedes_aegypti
  16. National Pesticide Information Center, Mosquito Control Methods
  17. BugwoodWiki , Cutworms, by Dr. Steve L. Brown, Dr. Will Hudson
  18. Eliminate Cutworms Using Natural Pest Control By Susan Glaese March/April 1987
  19. Wikipedia, Lymantria dispar dispar , http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lymantria_dispar_dispar
  20. FACT SHEET : GYPSY MOTH, http://www.metro-forestry.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/02/FactSheet_Gypsy-Moth.pdf
  21. Planet Natural, GYPSY MOTH
  22. Larry P. Pedigo, G. David Buntin, Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture
  23. L. A. Hull, D. G. Pfeiffer & D. J. Biddinger, Apple Direct Pests
  24. IPM, obliquebanded leafroller, http://www.nysipm.cornell.edu/factsheets/treefruit/pests/oblr/oblr.asp
  25. UC IPM Online, Leafrollers on Ornamental and Fruit Trees, Publication 7473 September 2010
  26. Tan Koon San, Dynastic China: An Elementary History
  27. Pogue, Michael. "A review of selected species of Lymantria Huber [1819]". Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team. Retrieved September 14, 2012.
  28. Laurence Mousson, Catherine Dauga, Thomas Garrigues, Francis Schaffner, Marie Vazeille & Anna-Bella Failloux (August 2005). "Phylogeography of Aedes (Stegomyia) aegypti (L.) and Aedes (Stegomyia) albopictus (Skuse) (Diptera: Culicidae) based on mitochondrial DNA variations". Genetics Research
  29. M. S. Ascunce et al., “Global Invasion History of the Fire Ant Solenopsis invicta”, Science, vol. 331, no. 6020, pp. 1066 - 1068, 2011
  30. Scientists suggest fighting fire ants with ice By Chiu Yu-Tzu / STAFF REPORTER
  31. Capinera, J.L. 1999. Fall armyworm Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
  32. Helicoverpa Diapause Induction and Emergence Tool Introduction to the Helicoverpa armigera Genome Project Helicoverpa armigera Genome Project updates on InsectaCentral Helicoverpa Genome Project database on-line Lepiforum Funet Taxonomy Fauna Europaea
  33. Authored by W. H. Reissig. Published by the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, A Division of the New York State College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, A Statutory College of the State University, Cornell University, Ithaca. Funded in part by an Extension Service-USDA, IPM Grant.


PBAN ( Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide )

PBAN (Pheromone Biosynthesis Activating Neuropeptide) is a kind of peptide that can activate biosynthesis of pheromones of the targeted insects. Once a PBAN binds with the G-protein coupled receptor located at an insect’s pheromone gland, it will send a signal to activate kinase and phosphatase, which in turns activate other enzymes that participate in the biosynthesis of insect sex pheromones. These pheromones are eventually emitted.(34)

In nature, female insects such as moths release PBAN to stimulate the synthesis of pheromones in order to attract male moths during mating. PBAN can also facilitate the release of non-sex pheromones such as trail pheromones for ants.

Fig. 1-2-3 Working mechanism of PBAN.

Features of PBAN

1. Species-Specific: PBAN is species-specific just like pheromones, meaning that every kind of insect produces specific PBAN that only binds with it's targeted receptor, resulting in the production of a particular pheromone.

2. Small Simple Peptide: The coding sequence for a PBAN is only around 100 base pairs. To E.coli 100 base pairs is totally within its working capacity. And therefore, E.coli can be our low-cost PBAN factory. By synthesizing the DNA sequences for different PBAN into our factory, we can even produce a variety of PBANs. In addition, this factory is totally environmental friendly, unlike any pesticide we have seen.　

3. Insects' own secretion: Because PBAN is a insect's own secretion, insects could not form resistance it. In addition, it can easily trigger pheromone production by coming in contact with its receptor.

Our Main Idea

We plan to produce PBANs and make them come in contact with the target insect. The target insect will then start producing pheromones and attract more of the target insects for us.

PBAN Can Indeed Lead to Pheromone Production

Before we could employ PBAN to accomplish our goals, we need to solve few problems. First, we had to confirm that whether an insect can take in vitro PBAN and allow it to function. From “Pheromonotropic Activity of Naturally Occurring Pyrokinin Insect Neuropeptides (FXPR-Lamide) in Helicoverpa zea” of ELSEVIER(36), this method has been proven possible. In this experiment, 0.05 pmol to 200 pmol of PBAN had been injected in to corn earworm and the amount of pheromone produced had been measured. The result (Fig.1-2-4) showed that PBAN produced by insects itself can effectively increase the production of pheromone. The maximized amount of pheromone production was reached with only "2 pmol" of PBAN. This experiment means as long as PBAN enters the body of target insect, it is much more possible that PBAN can stimulate the production of pheromone！

Fig. 1-2-4 Effect of dose of Hez-PBAN on stimulation in vivo pheromonotropic activity in vitrugin females of H. zea (bars indicate SEM. n=8). This figure shows PBAN can efficiently stimulate pheromone production in just few amount ( 10 pmol ).

Problem of Being Degraded by Peptidase

The only problem if we want to use PBAN is that PBAN would be degraded quickly in a insect’s body. In order to solve this problem, we search some former papers and we found another paper from ELSEVIER, “Enhanced oral availability/pheromonotropic activity of peptidase-resistant topical amphiphilic analogs of pyrokinin/PBAN insect neuropeptides.”(35) In this experiment, Heliothis virescens was the experimental insect and amphiphilic analogs of pyrokinin/PBAN were used instead of natural PBAN. This way, the analog can resist peptidase, as shown in the graph below. The amount natural PBAN decreases quickly while the analogs degrades slowly (Fig.1-2-5). However, we found the amphiphilic analogs of pyrokinin/PBAN peptide have many special artificial modification, which means E.coli. absolutely can not produce this artificial PBAN which can easily resist peptidase. Thus, we have to make more brain storming to think how to use PBAN even if it can be degraded by peptidase.

Fig. 1-2-5 Stability of the natural pyrokinin/PBAN analog LPK, and the peptidase-resistant pyrokinin/PBAN analogs Hex-Phe-Thr-Hyp-Trp-Gly-NH2 and Hex-Phe-Thr-Oic-Trp-Gly-NH2 to hydrolysis by peptidases bound to corn earworm (H. zea) Malpighian tubule tissue. Measurement of the amount of remaining peptide was made by HPLC at 30, 60, and 120 min. The data points represent the means of at least three replicates.

Solution ( Inspired by Paper, Led to Our Design )

These results above sounded not good for us, but there was other experiment interested us in the same research, researchers also conducted oral test with artificial PBAN/pyrokinin analogs (Fig.1-2-6), in this experiment, they fed moths with sugar solution which contained their PBAN analogs, and measure the amount of pheromone produced over time. ( Blank：natural PBAN in low concentration ) This result provoked our inspiration, although natural PBAN can’t be maintained for a long time in moth’s body, we could solve this problem by simply feeding moths with high concentration PBAN continually.

Fig. 1-2-6 Amount of pheromone, relative to the maximum pheromone amount induced by injected PBAN, produced by Hyp-analog and Oic-analog, 1.5, 3, 4, and 6 h following oral administration.Dotted line at 100% denotes maximal pheromone production of injected PBAN (positive control). This figure shows a very important information that blank ( natural PBAN in low concentration：50 pmol ) have few effects of stimulating pheromone production. Thus, we decide to try to feed the female target insects with high concentration PBAN continuously as our project main idea.

Thus, as long as female moths suck the high concentration PBAN solution continuously. PBAN in the moths’ body will be replenished continually even if peptidase degradation. Then, PBAN will have high possibility of being absorbed into moths’ body from the digestive system and succeed in stimulating pheromone gland. Thus, if we feed the target female insects with high concentration PBAN solution continuously, the female insects will produce pheromone for us, which theoretically solves the problem that PBAN can not maintain for a long time in the insects’ body. As to how we produce PBAN and apply our concept to capture wanted harmful insects, we will explain in the following.

How We Are Going to Use PBAN?

Fig. 1-2-7 Our Project Overview.

In our project, we will biologically synthesize PBAN with our E.coli. We store the PBAN inside a trapping device (check this out at our Device page). In the device, there will be appropriate lighting and nutrient sources that will attract insects.

Once an insect is attracted into our device and ingests the nutrient sources we provide, it will also inevitably come in contact with our PBAN. As the PBAN works and activates the pheromone synthesis of the attracted insect, more of this species of insect’s counterparts will be attracted and later captured.

Owing to the first feature mentioned above, PBAN are species-specific, which means that it doesn't matter if other kind of insect fly into our device and eat PBAN, because the insects we don't want to catch will not be stimulated by PBANs to produce pheromone; our PBAN are only for what we want to catch, and we are sure that our method won't affect other kinds of insects.

Reference
  1. Ada Rafaeli, Pheromone biosynthesis activating neuropeptide (PBAN): Regulatory role and mode of action, ELSEVIER, General and Comparative Endocrinology 162 (2009) 69–78.
  2. Ronald J. Nachmana, Peter E.A. Teal, Allison Strey, Enhanced oral availability/pheromonotropic activity of peptidase-resistant topical amphiphilic analogs of pyrokinin/PBAN insect neuropeptides, ELSEVIER, Peptides 23 (2002) 2035–2043.
  3. RELLA L. ABERNATHY, RONALD J. , PETER E. A. TEAL, OKITSUGU YAMASHITAS AND JAMES H. TUMLINSON, Pheromonotropic Activity of Naturally Occurring Pyrokinin Insect Neuropeptides (FXPRLamide) in Helicoverpa zea, ELSEVIER, Peptides, Vol. 16, No. 2, pp. 215-219, 1995.


Biobrick Design

Basic Biobrick Design to Use Our PBAN

Fig.1-3-1 This is our basic design of biobrick.

We searched the DNA sequences of the PBANs from many kinds of insects on NCBI, then contrasted to the amino sequences from papers so that we can select the DNA fragments which directly correspond to gland-stimulating function. By ligating the constitutive promoter (J23101), ribosome binding site (B0034) and PBAN DNA sequence with a terminator (J61048) at last (we delimit this sequence as basic part), we were able to make E.coli directly produce these PBANs continusely instead of the original complex process of PBAN biosynthesis in insects.

Best Potential of Our PBAN Biobrick - Multifunctional

Fig. 1-3-2 Best Potential of Our PBAN Biobrick - Multifunctional.

We can assemble these basic parts together because the base pairs of these basic parts are small. We can assemble different basic parts which contain different PBAN DNA sequences to resolve different pest problems. Therefore, our biobrick design can be customized to different pest problems. For instance, there is a farm damaged by 3 kinds of moths: Lymantria dispar, Spodoptera litura and Mamestra brassicae. What we only have to do is ligating the PBAN DNA sequence of 3 basic parts into one plasmid and let the E.coli to express these PBAN for us. After these three kinds of moth ingest these three kinds of PBANs. Subsequently, these 3 species of moths will produce their own pheromones to attract the same species. Brief to say, our PBAN basic part can assemble together with any combination method in infinite possibility.

For much more creative ideas, each PBAN basic part can use different promoter, RBS and terminator to make many different regulation. Thus, our PBAN basic part can not only assemble together but also make different regulations ( use different promoters or RBS ) on each PBAN gene. Thus, our PBAN biobrick really have infinite potential!

Device

Fig. 1-4-1 Our blue light pyramidal device.

Introduction

Since insects behave widely different to the gravity force, we design a device which could catch specific kind of insect species that we want. For example, Agrotis ypsilon (Rottemberg) and Spodoptera litura falls into the kind of moth that have negative geotaxis. So we made a trap with accessible pathway at the bottom. Once an insect enters the device, it could only go up and be trapped inside the pyramid. However, after field investigation, we found some insects still escape from the device. Then we came out with a new version trap with doubled layers, inner shell and outer shell.



Assembling Process

Before the detail description of how we design our device, we can show you a simple animation of the assembling process of our device. As you can see, our device is very easy to use. Just assemble the outer shell, inner shell ( containing PBAN ) and tenon together and we can complete our device.Then, you can put the device to any where you want to attract the harmful insects.

　　　　　　　　




Mechanism

　　　　　　　　　　　　

As you can see, we divide our design chart into two parts－exterior and interior. The exterior is just like the appearance of pyramid, and the interior is used to equip PBAN. At first, we turn on the blue light to attract the target harmful insects. When the target female insects we want be caught and eat our PBAN, they will release pheromone, and attract the same species. Even we turn off the blue light, our device can attract many target male insects because the female insects inside our device is still in rut and release sex pheromone to attract their mates. After the harmful insects go into our device, the design of our device will take advantages of their characteristic. Insects always fly high to escape so they will be stuck in our device.




Device Design

More detail information about how we design our pyramidal device can download the file below.

    Device_Design_Download

    Process to Assemble Our Device & Main Idea of Our Device Design


    Outer Shell：

    Fig. 1-4-3 Outer Shell Real Product.
    Fig. 1-4-4 Outer Shell Schematic Diagram.


    　We shaped the device into a pyramid. Its special layout also enriches the device with mysterious colors.

    1. Outer shell is composed of 4 triangular acrylic planes which has a trapezoid entrance to let bugs in and release the smell of pheromone produced by the insects which eat our PBAN.


    Inner Shell：

    Fig. 1-4-5 Inner Shell Real Product.
    Fig. 1-4-6 Inner Shell Schematic Diagram.


    　Similar to the outer one, inner shell are also composed of 4 trapezoid planes and removable from the base. The only different part is that its top is not sealed in order to contain the captured insects.

    1. There would be a PBAN solution placed at the bottom.

    2. A blue LED light bulb will be installed around the top of the inner shell plane to attract the first female insect.


    Latch：

    Fig. 1-4-7 Latch Real Product.
    Fig. 1-4-8 Latch Schematic Diagram.


    A part to stabilize the pyramid.

    1. Stabilize 4 corners of the bottom.

    2. To make sure the outer shell can combine with the inner one tightly.






    Advantages

    1. We successfully trap the targeted female moth in our device, forcing them releasing sex pheromone by our PBAN to attract more same-kind insects.

    2. Inner shell is removable so it’s easier to add new PBAN solution.

    3. Compared to conventional light bulb, LED bulb is much brighter and conserves more energy. It could powered by battery so it’s also easier to establish.

    4. The PBAN system can run day and night. Its function won’t be affected by sunlight.

    5. Pyramid is good at looking and can enriches the entire device with a technological feeling.

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