Overview

Figure 1 Na²⁺ alginate is extruded through a needle device

Alginates are present as structural components in both the cell walls of brown algae and the capsules of soil bacteria. However, commercially available alginate is mainly extracted from algae. The polysaccharides find a broad application in various fields: in textile printing, in food industry or in research. The chemical features of alginates allow immobilization of macromolecules and cells, thus, the compound is commonly used in biotechnology, biomedicine and pharmacy^[24]. In our project we encapsulated bacteria in alginate beads so as to ensure local separation of the different units (here strains) and directional communication between them. These prerequisites are required for controlled pattern formation.

Properties

Figure 2 The green spots are E. coli colonies inside an alginate bead

Na²⁺ alginate is a viscous liquid, however, upon addition multivalent ions such as Ca²⁺ cross-linking of the polysaccharides occurs. Thus gelling of alginate can be achieved by the addition of a Ca²⁺. For encapsulation the cells or macromolecules are added to Na²⁺ alginate and subsequently immobilized during the gelling process. In fact, the encapsulation process is mild and compatible with most living cells. The high porosity of the ionically cross-linked polysaccharide lattice allows diffusion of nutrients and other substances into and out of the bead. This property of Ca²⁺ alginate allows cultivation of bacteria inside beads and does not prevent communication via small molecules between colonies of different beads. Substances such as phosphate or EDTA are sequestrating Ca²⁺ and thus destabilizing the alginate gel^[25]. This fact should be considered when choosing the cultivation medium.

Production

Figure 3 Beat production. Alginate droplets are gelling in the CaCl₂ solution in the beaker placed under the needle device

Bacteria are resuspended and diluted in NaCl-solution (0.9 % in H₂O) so as to achieve the desired cell density. Here, we aimed at a comparably high concentration of 10⁷ bacteria per bead (3 mm diameter). The resuspension was added to alginate (2.5%) to reach a alginate concentration of 2%. The viscous solution is filled into a syringe containing an appropriate needle device and extruded at a constant, slow velocity. Ideally, the droplets should fall form a height of approximately 30 cm into a 100 mM CaCl₂ solution. In the CaCl₂ solution gelling of the alginate droplets will occur instantaneously. To avoid excessive salt stress for the bacteria the beads should be transferred to a 10 mM CaCl₂ solution.

A more detailed protocol can be found here.

Loading the Chip

The cell phone light facilitates to locate the beads loaded in the PDMS chip

The beads are better visible in liquid when light shines from the side. So it is easier to load the the chip with help of a cell phone light. An inoculation loop with a diameter of around 2 mm can be used to conveniently transfer the beads.