Background

Historical Background

For centuries, humans have fascinated over silk. The earliest known production of the material dates back to the Yangshao period as early as 3000 B.C. Over the years, the process of sericulture, the growth of silkworms to rear silk, has evolved time and time again. Silk as a material was at its height during the famed Silk Road period, where the lucrative Chinese silk trade dominated much of transcontinental trade. Long after, however, the idea behind silk processing still remains the same: growing silkworms, from which silk is extracted, cleaned and further processed. For our project, we intend to take this a few steps further: instead of growing silkworms in factories, we want bacteria to be our microbial factories, producing silk proteins as it would any other.

Biochemistry of Silk

The mechanical properties of spider silk are a result of its primary amino acid sequence. Although the amino acid sequences for various types of spider silk are well documented, it is still relatively unknown how these amino acids aggregate and contribute to the strength and stability of silk. Silk proteins are composed of repeats of short amino acid sequences (approximately 33 amino acids). These repeats can be referred to as monomers. Each monomer consists of a glycine rich stretch, followed by an alanine rich stretch. It is hypothesized that these hydrophobic alanines form beta sheet crystals with other silk proteins, and contribute to the strength of the silk fibers. The glycine stretches are thought to form alpha helices and contribute to the flexibility of the protein. This monomer sequence is repeated many times in one protein, and allow for strong interactions with other silk proteins. These simple motifs repeated over and over are the key to the formation of one of the strongest materials known to man.

Applications

Silk is a naturally strong and flexible material, and so it is a unique fiber that can be used in applications that require the normally contradicting qualities of tremendous strength and low weight. It could be woven into thick cables for heavy industrial use or into fabrics for ballistic protection. Silk not only has amazing properties in its strength and elasticity, it is a highly versatile material that can exist in many different forms. For example, its ability to exist as a hydrogel combined with its natural biocompatibility and controlled rate of biodegradation make it a good material for use as an in vivo tissue scaffold. Silk scaffolds could also exist as mesh woven from fibers and used for skin grafts and bandages.

Projects

Customizing Silk

Modifying the genetic structure of silk can create a diverse new range of biomaterials.

With spider silk as our basis, we started to experiment with the genetic structure of silk. We rearranged portions of the repetitive DNA code to see how it affected the strength, elasticity, and spinning capabilities using Golden Gate Cloning and Iterative Capped Assembly. Click this text to learn about this portion of our project in-depth.

Functionalizing Fibers

By attaching various proteins, we can create silk with specific applications.

Glowing silk is an idea that appeals both to the scientific and artistic worlds. It is a proof of concept for the scientists, demonstrating how we are able to functionalize silk fibers, and an interesting new material to work with for the artists. This method can be applied to different kinds of proteins with different functions as well, but every idea has to start small. To see how we attached GFP to our silk constructs, click this text.

Spinning Silk

Engineering our silk is only half the work, creating a tangible product is the rest.

After some stumbles in the beginning of summer when our makeshift rotary jet spinner failed to work, we decided to look into different methods of spinning synthetic fibers. We tested extrusion with a syringe pump, which gave us very thin, fragile fibers. Click this text to jump into the action and watch fibers take shape from solution.