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| {{:Team:USTC-China/partials/header}} | | {{:Team:USTC-China/partials/header}} |
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| + | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a0/Ustc-2014-project-banner.jpg" class="ustc-banner"/> |
| <div id="main" class="row"> | | <div id="main" class="row"> |
| <div class="large-3 columns" id="side-navbar"> | | <div class="large-3 columns" id="side-navbar"> |
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| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/imaging">Imaging </a> | + | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/ecoliphotography">E.coli Photography</a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/motion">Motion Control </a> | + | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/cimager">C. imager</a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/conjugation">Conjugation </a> | + | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/rna-rec">RNA Logic Gates & Recombinase</a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/killswitch">Kill switch </a> | + | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/killswitch">Kill Switch</a> |
- | </li>
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- | <li>
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- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/rnalogic">RNA logic control </a>
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| </li> | | </li> |
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| <li> | | <li> |
- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/results">Results </a> | + | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/results">Results</a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
| <li> | | <li> |
- | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/parts">Parts </a> | + | <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:USTC-China/project/parts">Parts</a> |
| </li> | | </li> |
| </ul> | | </ul> |
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| <div class="large-9 columns" id="content-page"> | | <div class="large-9 columns" id="content-page"> |
- | <div class="title"><h1>Imaging with Colors</h1> | + | <div class="title"><h1>Background</h1> |
| <div data-magellan-expedition="fixed"> | | <div data-magellan-expedition="fixed"> |
| <dl class="sub-nav"> | | <dl class="sub-nav"> |
- | <dd data-magellan-arrival="heliographyearilestphotographing"><a herf="#heliographyearilestphotographing">Heliography</a></dd> | + | <dd data-magellan-arrival="heliographyearilestphotographing"><a href="#heliographyearilestphotographing">Heliography</a></dd> |
- | <dd data-magellan-arrival="daguerreotypeearilestwidelyused"><a herf="#daguerreotypeearilestwidelyused">Daguerreotype</a></dd> | + | <dd data-magellan-arrival="daguerreotypeearilestwidelyused"><a href="#daguerreotypeearilestwidelyused">Daguerreotype</a></dd> |
- | <dd data-magellan-arrival="filmfasterandeasiler"><a herf="#filmfasterandeasiler">Film</a></dd> | + | <dd data-magellan-arrival="filmfasterandeasiler"><a href="#filmfasterandeasiler">Film</a></dd> |
- | <dd data-magellan-arrival="chargecoupleddeviceccdsensordigitization"><a herf="#chargecoupleddeviceccdsensordigitization">Charge-coupled</a></dd> | + | <dd data-magellan-arrival="chargecoupleddeviceccdsensordigitization"><a href="#chargecoupleddeviceccdsensordigitization">Charge-coupled</a></dd> |
- | <dd data-magellan-arrival="biologicallightimagingsystem"><a herf="#biologicallightimagingsystem">Biological Light Imaging System</a></dd> | + | <dd data-magellan-arrival="biologicalphotography"><a href="#biologicalphotography">Biological Photography</a></dd> |
| </dl> | | </dl> |
| </div> | | </div> |
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| <h2 data-magellan-destination="heliographyearilestphotographing">Heliography - Earliest Photographing</h2> | | <h2 data-magellan-destination="heliographyearilestphotographing">Heliography - Earliest Photographing</h2> |
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- | <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/35/Nice_Oldest_Photograph_1825.jpg" class="th"/></p> | + | <p><figure align="center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/35/Nice_Oldest_Photograph_1825.jpg" class="th"/> |
| + | <figcaption>Fig.1</figcaption> |
| + | </figure></p> |
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| <p>Heliography, which means 'sun drawing', was developed by a French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1765-1833). This was widely regarded as the origin of permanent photographs from nature in history. Firstly, workers need to prepare Bitumen of Judea, a kind of natural asphalt which could become less soluble when it had been left exposed to light dissolved in lavender oil that let hardened areas remained. Then coated it onto metal. After that, let the metal put out in direct sunlight. Finally, using solvent to rinse away the unhardened bitumen so that the picture will kept on the board everlastingly.</p> | | <p>Heliography, which means 'sun drawing', was developed by a French inventor Joseph Nicéphore Niépce (1765-1833). This was widely regarded as the origin of permanent photographs from nature in history. Firstly, workers need to prepare Bitumen of Judea, a kind of natural asphalt which could become less soluble when it had been left exposed to light dissolved in lavender oil that let hardened areas remained. Then coated it onto metal. After that, let the metal put out in direct sunlight. Finally, using solvent to rinse away the unhardened bitumen so that the picture will kept on the board everlastingly.</p> |
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| <h2 data-magellan-destination="daguerreotypeearilestwidelyused">Daguerreotype - Earilest Widely Used</h2> | | <h2 data-magellan-destination="daguerreotypeearilestwidelyused">Daguerreotype - Earilest Widely Used</h2> |
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- | <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg" class="th"/></p> | + | <p><div align="center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/27/San_Francisco-1853.jpg" class="th"/></div> |
| + | <figcaption>Fig.2</figcaption> |
| + | </figure></p> |
| <p>Daguerreotype, the first imaging technology to come into widespread use, was named after his father Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851), a painter who introduced the technology in 1839. To photograph a picture contains several procedures:</p> | | <p>Daguerreotype, the first imaging technology to come into widespread use, was named after his father Louis-Jacques-Mandé Daguerre (1787-1851), a painter who introduced the technology in 1839. To photograph a picture contains several procedures:</p> |
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- | <ol>
| + | <ol> |
| <li>Manufacture a plate formed on a highly polished silver surface with copper substrate.</li> | | <li>Manufacture a plate formed on a highly polished silver surface with copper substrate.</li> |
| <li>Eliminate all contamination and tarnish using a buff with rotten stone or velvet and then swab the surface with nitric acid. </li> | | <li>Eliminate all contamination and tarnish using a buff with rotten stone or velvet and then swab the surface with nitric acid. </li> |
- | <li>Let the silver surface exposed to halogen fume, normally idoine fume. </li> | + | <li>Let the silver surface exposed to halogen fume, normally iodine fume. </li> |
| <li>Carry the plate to the camera in a light-tight plate holder, then expose to the picture in proper time and finally artist will get latent image. </li> | | <li>Carry the plate to the camera in a light-tight plate holder, then expose to the picture in proper time and finally artist will get latent image. </li> |
| <li>Develop the latent image by heated mercury fume in a purpose-made developing box. </li> | | <li>Develop the latent image by heated mercury fume in a purpose-made developing box. </li> |
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| <h2 data-magellan-destination="filmfasterandeasiler">Film - Faster and Easiler</h2> | | <h2 data-magellan-destination="filmfasterandeasiler">Film - Faster and Easiler</h2> |
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- | <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/89/Undeveloped_film.png" class="th"/></p> | + | <p><div align="center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/89/Undeveloped_film.png" class="th"/></div> |
| + | <figcaption>Fig.3</figcaption> |
| + | </figure></p> |
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| <h2 data-magellan-destination="chargecoupleddeviceccdsensordigitization">Charge-coupled device (CCD) Sensor - Digitization</h2> | | <h2 data-magellan-destination="chargecoupleddeviceccdsensordigitization">Charge-coupled device (CCD) Sensor - Digitization</h2> |
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- | <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/94/ArgusCCD.jpg" class="th"/>
| + | <p> <div align="center"> <img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/94/ArgusCCD.jpg" class="th"/></div> |
| + | <figcaption>Fig.4</figcaption> |
| + | </figure></p> |
| <p>Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor was invented in 1969 at AT&T Labs by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith who were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for physics for their invention of this imaging semiconductor circuit. The pixels in this device are represented by p-doped MOS capacitors. The CCD sensor contains a photoactive region, which is an epitaxial layer of silicon, and a transmission region made of shift register. The operation mechanism is as follow. Firstly, capture imaging pictures in photoactive region. Then the photoactive region will accumulate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity at that location. After that, the transmission region will receive the signal and dump into a charge amplifier. Later, the charge signal will be converted into voltage and at last the information will be sampled, digitized and stored. </p> | | <p>Charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor was invented in 1969 at AT&T Labs by Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith who were awarded the 2009 Nobel Prize for physics for their invention of this imaging semiconductor circuit. The pixels in this device are represented by p-doped MOS capacitors. The CCD sensor contains a photoactive region, which is an epitaxial layer of silicon, and a transmission region made of shift register. The operation mechanism is as follow. Firstly, capture imaging pictures in photoactive region. Then the photoactive region will accumulate an electric charge proportional to the light intensity at that location. After that, the transmission region will receive the signal and dump into a charge amplifier. Later, the charge signal will be converted into voltage and at last the information will be sampled, digitized and stored. </p> |
- | <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg" class="th"title="" />
| + | <p><div align="center"> <img src="http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/37/Bayer_pattern_on_sensor.svg" class="th"title="" /> </div> |
| + | <figcaption>Fig.5</figcaption> |
| + | </figure></p> |
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| <p>As for colorful CCD sensor, Bryce Bayer, working at Eastman Kodak, invented Bayer filter, a color filter array for arranging red-green-blue (RGB) color filters on a square grid of photo-sensors. A single square is composed of four pixels: one filtered red, one for blue and two for green, making colorful digital imaging possible.</p> | | <p>As for colorful CCD sensor, Bryce Bayer, working at Eastman Kodak, invented Bayer filter, a color filter array for arranging red-green-blue (RGB) color filters on a square grid of photo-sensors. A single square is composed of four pixels: one filtered red, one for blue and two for green, making colorful digital imaging possible.</p> |
| <p>To be brief, the creation of CCD sensor directly guided the design of digital camera so that users could store, edit and delete pictures as they wish, which opens a brand new world for photographing and design.</p> | | <p>To be brief, the creation of CCD sensor directly guided the design of digital camera so that users could store, edit and delete pictures as they wish, which opens a brand new world for photographing and design.</p> |
- | <a name"biologicallightimagingsystem"></a> | + | <a name="biologicalphotography"></a> |
- | <h2 data-magellan-destination="biologicallightimagingsystem">Biological Light Imaging System</h2> | + | <h2 data-magellan-destination="biologicalphotography">Biological Photography</h2> |
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- | <h3 id="blackwhiteimaging">Black-White Imaging</h3> | + | <h3 id="blackwhitephotograpy">Black-White Photography</h3> |
- | <p>Can you imagine? Enginerring <em>Escherichia coli</em> is able to see light! The work was published in Nature in 2005. Scientists constructed a circuit allowing <em>E. coli</em> to sense light and export chemicals that make the medium black. Thus, we will see the lawn of bacteria to function as a biological film with high-definition( about 100 megapixels per square inch). The light receptor Cph8 is a chimaera containing the photoreceptor from Cph1(green) and the histidine kinase and response-regulator from EnvZ-ompR(orange). With an adding circuit which is able to convert Haem into phycocranobilin(PCB), another part of the photoreceptor, red light drives the light sensor to a state in which autophosphorylation is inhibited and darkness leads to the expression of LacZ. LacZ catalyses the formation of a stable, insoluble, black precipitate from S-gal.</p> | + | <p>Can you imagine? Engineering <em>Escherichia coli</em> is able to see light! The work was published in Nature in 2005. Scientists constructed a circuit allowing <em>E. coli</em> to sense light and export chemicals that make the medium black. Thus, we will see the lawn of bacteria to function as a biological film with high-definition( about 100 megapixels per square inch). The light receptor Cph8 is a chimaera containing the photoreceptor from Cph1(green) and the histidine kinase and response-regulator from EnvZ-ompR(orange). With an adding circuit which is able to convert them into phycocyanobilin(PCB), another part of the photoreceptor, red light drives the light sensor to a state in which autophosphorylation is inhibited and darkness leads to the expression of LacZ. LacZ catalyses the formation of a stable, insoluble, black precipitate from S-gal.</p> |
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- | <p><https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/98/Imaging.jpg" class="th"/></p> | + | <p><div align="center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4a/Ellington.png" class="th"/></div> |
| + | <figcaption>Fig.6</figcaption> |
| + | </figure></p> |
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| <p>However, are bacteria able to see the light and produce a colorful picture with high-definition? we human need color. We would be miserable when seeing the beautiful world withour light, so do bacteria. Consequently, this year what we are attempting to do is to let bacteria feel colorful lights and make a colorful world for us and for them:)</p> | | <p>However, are bacteria able to see the light and produce a colorful picture with high-definition? we human need color. We would be miserable when seeing the beautiful world withour light, so do bacteria. Consequently, this year what we are attempting to do is to let bacteria feel colorful lights and make a colorful world for us and for them:)</p> |
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- | <p><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/View_Colorfully.png" class="th"/></p>
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| </div> | | </div> |
| </div> | | </div> |