Team:Bielefeld-CeBiTec/Results/Modelling/erster/test/123

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<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Bielefeld-CeBiTec/Results/Modelling"> Modelling </a>
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<h1>Modelling</h1>
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<h2>Introduction</h2>
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Mathematical modelling is essentiell to understand complex biological systems (Klipp et al., 2009). The analysis of isolated biological components is supplemented by a systems biology approach since ten years ago (Chuang et al., 2010). Mathematical modelling is used to combine biological results (Kherlopian et al., 2008). Modelling is also a way to gain results without carrying out experiments in a laboratory. The behaviour of a system can be simulated to get results which cannot be derived from simply looking at the given system (Klipp et al., 2009).
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The most important aim of any modelling approach is the reduction of complexity. The given biological reality is often very divers and variable. Therefor it is important to identify the major rules and principles which can describe a system.
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<h2>Stoichiometric analysis</h2>
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We calculated the stoichiometric relations of all substances involved in our complex reaction network (fig. x). Starting with the electrons which are transported into the system by mediators we calculated the resulting production of all other molecules. The results are shown in figure XXX and listed below.
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[Grafik mit Zahlen an Interaktionen in Pathway]
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Fig.X: stoichiometric relations of all substances
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In theory there are XXXX electrons needed for the production of one molecule isobutanol if CO<sub>2</sub> is used as sole carbon source. Our calculation does not involve the house keeping metabolism of <i>E. coli</i> which consumes lots of energy for its survival. The number of consumed electrons per produced isobutanol molecule is therefor much higher. The applied electric power can be converted into a number of electrons by the following equation: 1 A = 1 C * s<sup>-1</sup> = 6.2415065 * 10<sup>18<sup> electrons.
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<h2> Dynamic modelling </h2>
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First of all it was our aim to predict the production of isobutanol. Our model should give information about the optimal concentration of each enzyme in the isobutanol production pathway. The next aim was the prediction of isobutanol production in a carbon dioxide fixing cell.
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The complete system is shown in figure 1. This complex network of reactions was reduced to the system shown in figure 2. This reduced version was used for modelling.
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      <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/53/Bielefeld-CeBiTec_14-10-14_complete_metabolic_system.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/53/Bielefeld-CeBiTec_14-10-14_complete_metabolic_system.jpg" width="750px"></a><br>
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      <font size="2" style="text-align:left;">
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<b>Figure 1</b>: Complete metabolic network of reactions which describes our project. </font>
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      <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Bielefeld-CeBiTec_14-10-14_reduced_metabolic_system.jpg" target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Bielefeld-CeBiTec_14-10-14_reduced_metabolic_system.jpg" width="750px"></a><br>
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<b>Figure 2</b>: Reduced metabolic network of reactions which were selected for modelling. </font>
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<h3>Isobutanol production pathway</h3>
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We started our modelling work by reading publications about the isobutanol production pathway <a href="#atsumi2008">(Atsumi et al., 2008</a> and <a href="#atsumi2010"> Atsumi et al., 2010)</a>. The first modelling approach was a system of differential equations using Michealis-Menten kinetics. This was published as the best approach if reaction kinetics are not known (REFERENZ EINFÜGEN). All needed V<sub>max</sub> and K<sub>M</sub> values were colleted from the literature and from databases like <a href=“http://www.genome.jp/kegg/“>KEGG</a>, <a href=“http://biocyc.org/“>biocyc</a> and <a href=“http://www.brenda-enzymes.org/“>BRENDA </a>(table 1).
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<b>Table1:</b> This table shows all enzymatic parameters which were used for our first model.
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<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="background-color:transparent">
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<th>Enzyme</th>
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<th>V<sub>max</sub></th>
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<th>K<sub>M</sub> [mM]</th>
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<th>Reference</th>
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<td>AlsS</td> <td></td> <td>13.6</td> <td><a href="#atsumi2008">Atsumi et al., 2008</a></td>
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<td>IlvC</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td>
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<td>IlvD</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td>
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<td>KivD</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td>
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<td>AdhA</td> <td></td> <td>385.1</td> <td><a href="#atsumi2010">Atsumi et al., 2010</a></td>
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The starting concentrations for different metabolites were also taken from the literature and from different databases (table 2).
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<b>Table2:</b> This table shows all metabolite concentrations which were used for our first model. The metabolite concentration was set to zero, if no published value was available.
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<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="background-color:transparent">
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<th>Metabolite</th>
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<th>Concentration [mM]</th>
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<th>Reference</th>
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<td>Pyruvate</td> <td>10</td> <td><a href="#yang2000">Yang et al., 2000</a></td>
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<td>2-Acetolactate</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td>
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<td>2,3-Dihydroxyisovalerate</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td>
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<td>2-Ketoisovalerate</td> <td>-</td> <td>-</td>
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<td>Isobutyraldehyde</td> <td>0.6</td> <td></td>
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<td>Isobutanol</td> <td>variable</td> <td>-</td>
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</table>
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<div id="text">
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We implemented the system of differential equations in matlab (link to source code) and created first results (fig. 3).
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      <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6b/Bielefeld-CeBiTec_14-10-14_modelling_1.png" target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6b/Bielefeld-CeBiTec_14-10-14_modelling_1.png" width="750px"></a><br>
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<b>Figure 3</b>: Predicted changes in metabolic concentration over time. </font>
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To improve our prediction we decided to switch from V<sub>max</sub> and K<sub>M</sub> to k<sub>cat</sub> and the amount of the different enzymes (table 3). The amount of expressed proteins could differ depending on the distance of the coding sequence downstream of the promotor. Different values can be used to simulate the usage of promotors of different strength. This approach also allows the modelling of different growth states. The growth is represented by an increase in the amount of enzyme.
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<b>Table3:</b> This table shows all k<sub>cat</sub> values which were used for modelling of the isobutanol production pathway. k<sub>cat</sub> was set to 10, if no published value was available.
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<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="background-color:transparent">
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<th>Enzyme</th>
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<th>k<sub>cat</sub></th>
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<th>Reference</th>
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<td>AlsS</td> <td>121</td> <td><a href="#atsumi2008">Atsumi et al., 2008</a></td>
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<td>IlvC</td> <td></td> <td></td>
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<td>IlvD</td> <td></td> <td></td>
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<td>KivD</td> <td></td> <td></td>
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<td>AdhA</td> <td>0.9</td> <td><a href="#atsumi2010">Atsumi et al., 2010</a></td>
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</table>
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The modelling results indicated that the concentration of IlvD is limiting the isobutanol production. This bottle neck could be removed by overexpression of the corresponding coding sequence. This could be achived by using a strong promotor and RBS in front of this coding sequence.
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<h3>Carbon dioxide fixing reacions</h3>
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The next model improvement was the addition of some of the carbon fixing reactions and the pathway leading to pyruvate. We used k<sub>cat</sub> values for all relevant steps (fig.2 and table 4).
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<b>Table4:</b> This table shows all kcat values of enzymes involved in CO2-fixation and the pathway leading to pyruvate.
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<table width="100%" border="1" cellpadding="5" style="background-color:transparent">
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<th>Enzyme</th>
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<th>k<sub>cat</sub></th>
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<th>Reference</th>
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<td>PrkA</td>         <td>72.6</td> <td>0.09</td> <td><a href="#wadano1998">Wadano et al., 1998</a>,<a href="#kobayashi2003">Kobayashi et al., 2003</a></td>
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<td>RubisCO</td> <td>20 (estimated)</td> <td>0.02 (estimated)</td> <td><a href="#lan1991">Lan and Mott, 1991</a>,<a href="#sage2002">Sage, 2002</a></td>
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<td>Pgk</td> <td>480</td> <td>1 (estimated)</td> <td><a href="#fifis1978">Fifis and Scopes., 1978</a></td>
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<td>GapA</td> <td>-</td> <td>0.5</td> <td><a href="#zhao1995">Zhao et al., 1995</a></td>
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<td>GpmA</td> <td>490 (in <i>S.cerevisiae</i>)</td> <td>0.15</td> <td><a href="#fraser1999">Fraser et al., 1999</a>,<a href="#white1992">White and Fothergil-Gilmore, 1992</a></td>
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<td>Eno</td> <td>17600</td> <td>0.1</td> <td><a href="#spring1972">Spring and Wold, 1972</a>, <a href="#albe1990">Albe et al., 1990</a></td>
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<td>PykF</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td>
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  <h6>References</h6>
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<li id="atsumi2008">
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<div class="element" style="margin_10px 10px 10px 10px; padding:10px 10px 10px 10px">
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Atsumi, Shota, Taizo Hanai, und James C. Liao. „Non-Fermentative Pathways for Synthesis of Branched-Chain Higher Alcohols as Biofuels“. <a href="http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v451/n7174/full/nature06450.html">Nature</a> 451, Nr. 7174 (3. Januar 2008): 86–89. doi:10.1038/nature06450.
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Atsumi, Shota, Tung-Yun Wu, Eva-Maria Eckl, Sarah D. Hawkins, Thomas Buelter, und James C. Liao. „Engineering the isobutanol biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli by comparison of three aldehyde reductase/alcohol dehydrogenase genes“. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2802489/">Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology</a> 85, Nr. 3 (Januar 2010): 651–57. doi:10.1007/s00253-009-2085-6.
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Yang, Y. T., G. N. Bennett, und K. Y. San. „The Effects of Feed and Intracellular Pyruvate Levels on the Redistribution of Metabolic Fluxes in Escherichia Coli“. <a href="http://bioc.rice.edu/bennetlab/references/ref40-sdarticle.pdf">Metabolic Engineering</a> 3, Nr. 2 (April 2001): 115–23. doi:10.1006/mben.2000.0166.
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Wadano, Akira, Keisuke Nishikawa, Tomohiro Hirahashi, Ryohei Satoh, und Toshio Iwaki. „Reaction Mechanism of Phosphoribulokinase from a Cyanobacterium, Synechococcus PCC7942“. <a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1023%2FA%3A1005979801741">Photosynthesis Research</a> 56, Nr. 1 (1. April 1998): 27–33. doi:10.1023/A:1005979801741.
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Kobayashi, Daisuke, Masahiro Tamoi, Toshio Iwaki, Shigeru Shigeoka, und Akira Wadano. „Molecular Characterization and Redox Regulation of Phosphoribulokinase from the Cyanobacterium Synechococcus Sp. PCC 7942“. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12668773/">Plant & Cell Physiology</a> 44, Nr. 3 (März 2003): 269–76.
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Lan, Yun, und Keith A. Mott. „Determination of Apparent Km Values for Ribulose 1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase (Rubisco) Activase Using the Spectrophotometric Assay of Rubisco Activity“. <a href="http://www.plantphysiol.org/content/95/2/604.abstract">Plant Physiology</a> 95, Nr. 2 (2. Januar 1991): 604–9. doi:10.1104/pp.95.2.604.
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Sage, Rowan F. „Variation in the K(cat) of Rubisco in C(3) and C(4) Plants and Some Implications for Photosynthetic Performance at High and Low Temperature“. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11886880">Journal of Experimental Botany</a> 53, Nr. 369 (April 2002): 609–20.
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Fifis, T., und R. K. Scopes. „Purification of 3-Phosphoglycerate Kinase from Diverse Sources by Affinity Elution Chromatography“. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=fifis+1978">The Biochemical Journal</a> 175, Nr. 1 (1. Oktober 1978): 311–19.
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Zhao G, Halbur T, Pankratz DC. Colonization of oropharynx and nasal cavity of CDCD pigs by a nontoxigenic strain of Pasteurella multocida type D. <a href="https://www.aasv.org/shap/abstracts/abstract.php?v3n3p113">J Swine Health Prod</a> 1995;3(3):113-115.
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Fraser, H. I., M. Kvaratskhelia, und M. F. White. „The Two Analogous Phosphoglycerate Mutases of Escherichia Coli“. <a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10437801">FEBS Letters</a> 455, Nr. 3 (23. Juli 1999): 344–48.
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Latest revision as of 19:10, 16 October 2014


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