Team:Carnegie Mellon/Ethics

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Bioethics

When conducting biological experiments, it is imperative that scientists and researchers conduct themselves in an ethical and responsible manner. According to Michigan State University, bioethics is the discussion surrounding how scientists, researchers, and the general public must conduct themselves in regards to biological issues. In recent decades, bioethics has brought about significant changes in regards to the treatment of the sick and the manner in which biological research is conducted. For example, it is imperative that any participant in a research trial or any patient in a clinical setting be informed of what is being done to their body by the scientist or doctor in charge in terms that the participant can understand. This is because in order to consent to a particular course of action, a person must be informed of the risks, less he/she be taken advantage of.

In regards to the sensing of estrogenic molecules, there are a variety of ethical issues which must be considered. For one, announcing that a particular body of water has detectable levels of estrogenic molecules opens up a lot of potential privacy issues. For example, our sensor might potentially be used in a college dorm bathroom. The sensor could report the presence of birth control and thus compromise the privacy of the individuals using the restroom. Another potential issue is the fact that the results from the sensor could put farms at risk, as many times runoff from farms is a source for estrogenic activators. Thus, without ethical standards to guide the usage of the sensor it can be used in ways which are detrimental to the general public.

Sources

Michigan State University, Center for Ethics and Humanities in the Life Sciences. http://www. bioethics.msu.edu/about/whatisbioethics

Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. http://www.bioethics.gov/ education

Impact on the Environment

“Any change in the gender ratio or abnormality in reproductive tissue can adversely affect a population of fish, potentially reducing it with each generation”. During the summers of 2001 and 2003, a group led by University of New Brunswick ecotoxicologist Karen Kidd performed a study in which they spiked the water of a Canadian lake with the type of estrogen that is found in birth control pills. The purpose of the study was to determine how the hormone would impact the number of aquatic animals. The hormone was added at a level of six parts per trillion, which is similar to levels that have been found in treated sewage water. The male fish that were tested had some female sex tissue, regardless of size or type of fish. The lake’s population of the common Fathead minnow decreased from thousands to almost zero. The estrogen disrupted the minnow’s reproductive abilities so much that the population quickly plummeted.

Between 1999 and 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled 139 surface waters throughout the U.S. Through this study, it was determined that 80% of those waters contained endocrine disrupting chemicals, most of them being estrogens.

In 2004, researchers collected and studied a sample of white sucker fish in Boulder, Colorado. The results of this study showed that there were five times more female fish than males, and about half of the male fish had female tissue. The entire population was sterile.

Sources

K. Kidd, P. Blanchfield, K. Mills, V. Palace, R. Evans, J. Lazorchak, R. Flick. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. October 27, 2006.

Impact on Human Development

A similar trend has been witnessed in human beings; factors such as lower sperm counts in men, lower testosterone levels than in past generations, rising rates of infertility, and more females being born than males, demonstrate that the estrogenic compounds present in our water supply may be harming the environment as well as human beings.

Research has not yet shown a direct link between our water supply and feminization in humans, but studies exposing trends of feminization may point to a need to look further into the issue. There is plenty of indirect evidence showing that estrogen in drinking water is impacting human health. Therefore, there may be a current need for more research on what estrogenic compounds, which are not currently filtered out of drinking water, is really doing to human beings and whether changes on how our water is handled need to be made.

While drinking bottled water or unfiltered tap water is deemed safe by policy controlling what water is safe for us to drink, US government and state policies do not currently require any testing or provide any safety limits for drugs such as estrogen in water. Although water providers believe the levels of these compounds to be safe, extensive research on the effects of decades of exposure has not yet been conducted.

There is increasing evidence that endocrine disruptors in the environment may be interfering with our bodies’ hormonal messenger system. The hormonal messenger system is incredibly complex and carefully regulated. There are a number of ways in which chemicals such as estrogens can disrupt the endocrine system. They can mimic or block the chemicals that are naturally found in the body, alter hormonal levels, and therefore affect the functions that these hormones control. The less direct interferences these compounds have include altering the body’s ability to produce hormones, interfering with the ways the hormones travel through the body, and changing the numbers of receptors.

Sources

L. Racz and R. Goel. Fate and removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater. November 6, 2009.

Impact on the Economy

The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a joint study which calls for more research to fully understand the relationship between endocrine disrupting chemicals and specific disorders and diseases. The study’s report has indicated that with the assistance of better testing methods, potential disease risks could be reduced, thus significantly improving public health.

“Chemical products are increasingly part of modern life and support many national economies, but the unsound management of chemicals challenges the achievement of key development goals, and sustainable development for all,” said UN Under Secretary-General and UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner. Steiner explained how investing in new testing methods could be a great benefit to the current understanding of the costs of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. It would also assist in maximizing benefits, reducing risks, and providing more intelligent options which would aid in a transition to a green economy.

Sustainably managing water resources requires financial resources, technical competence, and governance. It has been said that Switzerland “stands at the forefront of water protection worldwide”. They have made plans for river restoration and control of micropollutant discharge from wastewater treatment plans, and this is something that the U.S. would need to follow in order to move toward a green economy and reduce endocrine disrupting chemicals in drinking water.

Sources

United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP News Centre http://www.unep.org/NEWSCENTRE/default.aspx?DocumentID=2704&ArticleID=9403

Swiss Federal Administration, The Federal Authorities http://www.admin.ch/aktuell/00089/index.html?lang=en&msg-id=54364

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@@ Line 101: / Line 101: @@
 <center><font size="5" color="FFBF00"><b>Bioethics</b></font></center>
 <BR>
-<hr>
+<p align="justify">When conducting biological experiments, it is imperative that scientists and researchers conduct themselves in an ethical and responsible manner. According to Michigan State University, bioethics is the discussion surrounding how scientists, researchers, and the general public must conduct themselves in regards to biological issues. In recent decades, bioethics has brought about significant changes in regards to the treatment of the sick and the manner in which biological research is conducted. For example, it is imperative that any participant in a research trial or any patient in a clinical setting be informed of what is being done to their body by the scientist or doctor in charge in terms that the participant can understand. This is because in order to consent to a particular course of action, a person must be informed of the risks, less he/she be taken advantage of.</p>
-<center><font size="5" color="FFBF00"><b>Safety</b></font></center>
+<p align="justify">In regards to the sensing of estrogenic molecules, there are a variety of ethical issues which must be considered. For one, announcing that a particular body of water has detectable levels of estrogenic molecules opens up a lot of potential privacy issues. For example, our sensor might potentially be used in a college dorm bathroom. The sensor could report the presence of birth control and thus compromise the privacy of the individuals using the restroom. Another potential issue is the fact that the results from the sensor could put farms at risk, as many times runoff from farms is a source for estrogenic activators. Thus, without ethical standards to guide the usage of the sensor it can be used in ways which are detrimental to the general public. </p>
 <BR>
+<p align="left"><b>Sources</b></p>
+<p align="left">Michigan State University, Center for Ethics and Humanities in the Life Sciences. http://www. bioethics.msu.edu/about/whatisbioethics</p>
+<p align="left">Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. http://www.bioethics.gov/ education</p>
 <hr>
 <center><font size="5" color="FFBF00"><b>Impact on the Environment</b></font></center>
 <BR>
+<p align="justify">“Any change in the gender ratio or abnormality in reproductive tissue can adversely affect a population of fish, potentially reducing it with each generation”. During the summers of 2001 and 2003, a group led by University of New Brunswick ecotoxicologist Karen Kidd performed a study in which they spiked the water of a Canadian lake with the type of estrogen that is found in birth control pills. The purpose of the study was to determine how the hormone would impact the number of aquatic animals. The hormone was added at a level of six parts per trillion, which is similar to levels that have been found in treated sewage water. The male fish that were tested had some female sex tissue, regardless of size or type of fish. The lake’s population of the common Fathead minnow decreased from thousands to almost zero. The estrogen disrupted the minnow’s reproductive abilities so much that the population quickly plummeted.</p>
+<p align="justify>The study performed by the University of New Brunswick ecotoxicologists is crucial in understanding the environmental impact of estrogenic compounds in water. If nearly an entire ecosystem’s fish population can die out or become feminized from exposure to estrogen, this means that ecosystems as a whole are potentially in danger. When a species population is in danger of elimination due to inability to reproduce, this threatens the entire ecosystem. Species feed off of one another; for instance, if a bird population that eats fish cannot eat because the fish die out, they will experience a drop in population as well. This could also lead to any species that the fish typically eat growing exponentially in population, thus disturbing the natural balance of the ecosystem.</p>
+<p align="justify">Between 1999 and 2000, the U.S. Geological Survey sampled 139 surface waters throughout the U.S. Through this study, it was determined that 80% of those waters contained endocrine disrupting chemicals, most of them being estrogens.</p>
+<p align="justify">In 2004, researchers collected and studied a sample of white sucker fish in Boulder, Colorado. The results of this study showed that there were five times more female fish than males, and about half of the male fish had female tissue. The entire population was sterile.</p>
+<p align="left"><b>Sources</b></p>
+<p align="left"> K. Kidd, P. Blanchfield, K. Mills, V. Palace, R. Evans, J. Lazorchak, R. Flick. Collapse of a fish population after exposure to a synthetic estrogen. October 27, 2006.</p>
 <hr>
 <center><font size="5" color="FFBF00"><b>Impact on Human Development</b></font></center>
 <BR>
+<p align="justify">A similar trend has been witnessed in human beings; factors such as lower sperm counts in men, lower testosterone levels than in past generations, rising rates of infertility, and more females being born than males, demonstrate that the estrogenic compounds present in our water supply may be harming the environment as well as human beings.</p>
+<p align="justify">Research has not yet shown a direct link between our water supply and feminization in humans, but studies exposing trends of feminization may point to a need to look further into the issue. There is plenty of indirect evidence showing that estrogen in drinking water is impacting human health. Therefore, there may be a current need for more research on what estrogenic compounds, which are not currently filtered out of drinking water, is really doing to human beings and whether changes on how our water is handled need to be made.</p>
+<p align="justify">While drinking bottled water or unfiltered tap water is deemed safe by policy controlling what water is safe for us to drink, US government and state policies do not currently require any testing or provide any safety limits for drugs such as estrogen in water. Although water providers believe the levels of these compounds to be safe, extensive research on the effects of decades of exposure has not yet been conducted.</p>
+<p align="justify"><p alignAccording to the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, endocrine disruptors are chemicals that may interfere with the body’s endocrine system and produce adverse developmental, reproductive, neurological, and immune effects in both humans and wildlife. Endocrine disruption is thought to be caused by a number of substances. These substances include pharmaceuticals, dioxin and dioxin-like compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls, DDT and other pesticides, and plasticizers like bisphenol A. Endocrine disruptors can be found in everyday products such as cosmetics and detergents. Estrogen and estrogenic compounds in contaminated water are a vital source of endocrine disruptors.</p>
+<p align="justify">There is increasing evidence that endocrine disruptors in the environment may be interfering with our bodies’ hormonal messenger system. The hormonal messenger system is incredibly complex and carefully regulated. There are a number of ways in which chemicals such as estrogens can disrupt the endocrine system. They can mimic or block the chemicals that are naturally found in the body, alter hormonal levels, and therefore affect the functions that these hormones control. The less direct interferences these compounds have include altering the body’s ability to produce hormones, interfering with the ways the hormones travel through the body, and changing the numbers of receptors.</p>
+<p align="left"><b>Sources</b></p>
+<p align="left"> L. Racz and R. Goel. Fate and removal of estrogens in municipal wastewater. November 6, 2009.</p>
 <hr>
 <center><font size="5" color="FFBF00"><b>Impact on the Economy</b></font></center>
 <BR>
+<p align="justify">The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) conducted a joint study which calls for more research to fully understand the relationship between endocrine disrupting chemicals and specific disorders and diseases. The study’s report has indicated that with the assistance of better testing methods, potential disease risks could be reduced, thus significantly improving public health. </p>
+<p align="justify">“Chemical products are increasingly part of modern life and support many national economies, but the unsound management of chemicals challenges the achievement of key development goals, and sustainable development for all,” said UN Under Secretary-General and UNEP Executive Director Achim Steiner. Steiner explained how investing in new testing methods could be a great benefit to the current understanding of the costs of exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals. It would also assist in maximizing benefits, reducing risks, and providing more intelligent options which would aid in a transition to a green economy. </p>
+<p align="justify">Sustainably managing water resources requires financial resources, technical competence, and governance. It has been said that Switzerland “stands at the forefront of water protection worldwide”. They have made plans for river restoration and control of micropollutant discharge from wastewater treatment plans, and this is something that the U.S. would need to follow in order to move toward a green economy and reduce endocrine disrupting chemicals in drinking water. </p>
+<BR>
+<p align="left"><b>Sources</b></p>
+<p align="left">United Nations Environment Programme, UNEP News Centre http://www.unep.org/NEWSCENTRE/default.aspx?DocumentID=2704&ArticleID=9403</p>
+<p align="left">Swiss Federal Administration, The Federal Authorities http://www.admin.ch/aktuell/00089/index.html?lang=en&msg-id=54364</p>
 <hr>