Team:NJAU China/Background

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<h1 id="my_h1"><a href="#">IGEM</a></h1>
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           <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China">Home</a></li>
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                    <a class="navbar-brand" href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/">NJAU_China</a></div>
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                  <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Background">Background</a></li>
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    <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Wet Lab">Wet Labs</a></li>
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                     <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Modeling">Model</a></dd>
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                    <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Protocol/Notebooks">Protocol/Notebooks</a></dd>
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    <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Judging">Protocol/Notebooks</a></li>
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                     <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Biobricks">Biobricks</a></dd>
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  <li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Practice<span
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-
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-
    <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Biobricks">Collaboration</a></li>
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          <li id="prctice_li"><a href="#">Practice</a>
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  <li class="dropdown"><a href="#" class="dropdown-toggle" data-toggle="dropdown">Acknowledgement<span
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                <dl id="prctice">
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                                class="caret"></span></a>
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                    <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/iGEM and Synthetic Biology Exhibition">Exhibitions and Workshops</a></dd>
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<ul class="dropdown-menu" role="menu">
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                    <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Questionnaire Survey">Questionnaire Survey</a></dd>
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                    <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Collaboration">Collaboration</a></dd>
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    <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Biobricks">Outside Campus</a></li>
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                </dl>
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          <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Team">Team</a></li>
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          <li id="ackonwledgement_li"><a href="#">Acknowledgement</a>
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                    <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Inside Campus">Inside Campus&Arrtibutions</a></dd>
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                    <dd><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Outside Campus">Outside Campus</a></dd>
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            <p>Fast quad-core processor up to 1.5 GHz—2x the speed and over 3x the graphics performance of previous generation Fire HD for quicker apps and smooth videos
 
-
                Beautiful 6" HD display—Crisp, vivid HD display (252 ppi / 1280x800) with over a million pixels—perfect for apps, movies, TV, games, photos, and more
 
-
                Front and rear cameras—Take photos or capture videos in 1080p HD with a rear-facing camera or Skype with a front-facing camera
 
-
                No more worrying about storage space—Get free, unlimited cloud storage for all Amazon content and photos taken with your Fire devices
 
-
                Best selection of digital content—Enjoy over 33 million movies, TV shows, songs, books, Android apps and games—including Facebook, Netflix, Minecraft, and more</p>
 
-
 
-
            <p>he Fire HD 6 goes anywhere with its pocketable design–featuring a beautiful 6" HD display, 2x faster quad-core processor, and unsurpassed reliability in its class.
 
-
                Powerful quad-core processor up to 1.5 GHz
 
-
 
-
                The new quad-core processor consists of two high-performance 1.5 GHz cores and two lower-power 1.2 GHz cores running simultaneously for optimal load balancing and power efficiency. With over 2x the speed and over 3x the graphics performance of the previous generation Fire HD, the new quad-core processor ensures faster app launch times, smooth games and videos, and better overall performance.
 
-
                Designed for portability
 
-
 
-
                Fire HD 6 is the ultimate pocket-sized tablet with a smaller profile, thinner bezel, and lighter weight design than the previous generation Fire HD.
 
-
 
-
                Beautiful 6" HD display
 
-
 
-
                Fire HD 6 features a 1280x800 high definition LCD display with over a million pixels (252 ppi) and a brighter display for vibrant colors and whiter whites. Enjoy a great viewing experience at all angles through an innovative combination of IPS (in-plane switching) technology and advanced polarizing filter. Compare to 7-inch Fire HD
 
-
                Incredible reliability
 
-
 
-
                Fire HD features a Gorilla Glass display, reliable design, and unsurpassed reliability in its class.</p>
 
-
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        <div class="tab-pane" id="lB">
 
-
            <p>Great for the whole family—Create unique profiles and set screen time limits for kids with Amazon FreeTime. Coming soon, link two Amazon accounts and share books, games, apps, and Prime Instant Video content across all devices in the household
 
-
                Stay connected and productive—Fast web browsing, email and calendar support including Gmail and Outlook. Plus, edit and view Office documents
 
-
                Try Kindle Unlimited for free—Choose from over 700,000 titles and thousands of audiobooks for $9.99/month. Try 30 days for free. Learn more
 
-
                In addition to Free Two-Day Shipping, Prime members can stream tens of thousands of Prime Instant Video titles and over a million songs with Prime Music at no additional cost. Learn more</p>
 
-
      <h3>Display  6" high definition touchscreen; 1280x800 resolution at 252 ppi, video playback up to 720p, with IPS (in-plane switching) technology and advanced polarizing filter
 
-
          Size 6.7" x 4.1" x 0.4" (169 mm x 103 mm x 10.7 mm)
 
-
          Weight  10.1 ounces (290 grams)
 
-
          Actual size and weight may vary by configuration and manufacturing process
 
-
          CPU & RAM    Quad-Core: 2 @ 1.5 Ghz + 2 @ 1.2 GHz , with 1 GB of RAM
 
-
          Storage  8 GB (4.5 GB available to user) or 16 GB (11.6 GB available to user) of internal storage
 
-
          Battery Life Up to 8 hours of reading, surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching video, and listening to music. Battery life will vary based on device settings, usage, and other factors such as web browsing and downloading content. Actual results may vary
 
-
          Charge Time  Fully charges in under 6 hours using the micro-USB power adapter included in the box, or slightly longer with other micro-USB power adapters that you may already have
 
-
          Wi-Fi Connectivity  Single-antenna Wi-Fi. Supports public and private Wi-Fi networks or hotspots that use the 802.11b, 802.11g, or 802.11n standard with support for WEP, WPA, and WPA2 security using password authentication; does not support connecting to ad-hoc (or peer-to-peer) Wi-Fi networks
 
-
          4G Connectivity  N/A
 
-
          Ports    SlimPort enabled USB 2.0 (micro-B connector) port to connect to an HDTV or VGA monitor with an adapter or to a PC/Macintosh computer, or to charge your device with the included power adapter
 
-
          Audio    3.5 mm stereo jack and integrated speaker with Dolby Digital Plus
 
-
          Content Formats Supported    Kindle (AZW), KF8, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, PRC natively, Audible Enhanced format (AAX), DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP, Dolby Digital (AC-3), Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3), non-DRM AAC, MP3, MIDI, PCM/WAVE, OGG, WAV, M4V, MP4, AAC LC/LTP, HE-AACv1, HE-AACv2, MKV, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, HTML5, CSS3, 3GP, VP8 (WEBM)
 
-
          Sensors  Accelerometer, gyroscope
 
-
          Camera Specs VGA Front-facing Camera. 2.0 MP rear-facing HD camera
 
-
          Location Services    Location-based services via Wi-Fi
 
-
          Available Colors Black, White, Cobalt, Magenta, Citron
 
-
          Additional Features  External volume controls, built-in Bluetooth with support for A2DP compatible s</h3>
 
-
            <h3>Display 6" high definition touchscreen; 1280x800 resolution at 252 ppi, video playback up to 720p, with IPS (in-plane switching) technology and advanced polarizing filter
 
-
                Size    6.7" x 4.1" x 0.4" (169 mm x 103 mm x 10.7 mm)
 
-
                Weight  10.1 ounces (290 grams)
 
-
                Actual size and weight may vary by configuration and manufacturing process
 
-
                CPU & RAM  Quad-Core: 2 @ 1.5 Ghz + 2 @ 1.2 GHz , with 1 GB of RAM
 
-
                Storage 8 GB (4.5 GB available to user) or 16 GB (11.6 GB available to user) of internal storage
 
-
                Battery Life    Up to 8 hours of reading, surfing the web on Wi-Fi, watching video, and listening to music. Battery life will vary based on device settings, usage, and other factors such as web browsing and downloading content. Actual results may vary
 
-
                Charge Time Fully charges in under 6 hours using the micro-USB power adapter included in the box, or slightly longer with other micro-USB power adapters that you may already have
 
-
                Wi-Fi Connectivity  Single-antenna Wi-Fi. Supports public and private Wi-Fi networks or hotspots that use the 802.11b, 802.11g, or 802.11n standard with support for WEP, WPA, and WPA2 security using password authentication; does not support connecting to ad-hoc (or peer-to-peer) Wi-Fi networks
 
-
                4G Connectivity N/A
 
-
                Ports  SlimPort enabled USB 2.0 (micro-B connector) port to connect to an HDTV or VGA monitor with an adapter or to a PC/Macintosh computer, or to charge your device with the included power adapter
 
-
                Audio  3.5 mm stereo jack and integrated speaker with Dolby Digital Plus
 
-
                Content Formats Supported  Kindle (AZW), KF8, TXT, PDF, unprotected MOBI, PRC natively, Audible Enhanced format (AAX), DOC, DOCX, JPEG, GIF, PNG, BMP, Dolby Digital (AC-3), Dolby Digital Plus (E-AC-3), non-DRM AAC, MP3, MIDI, PCM/WAVE, OGG, WAV, M4V, MP4, AAC LC/LTP, HE-AACv1, HE-AACv2, MKV, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, HTML5, CSS3, 3GP, VP8 (WEBM)
 
-
                Sensors Accelerometer, gyroscope
 
-
                Camera Specs    VGA Front-facing Camera. 2.0 MP rear-facing HD camera
 
-
                Location Services  Location-based services via Wi-Fi
 
-
                Available Colors    Black, White, Cobalt, Magenta, Citron
 
-
                Additional Features External volume controls, built-in Bluetooth with support for A2DP compatible s</h3>
 
-
        </div>
 
-
    </div>
 
-
 
 +
<!------------------------------------------->
 +
<div id="my_contents">
 +
<p>Copper has existed on earth since the birth of this planet, which is an essential element for creatures because of its special chemical property and function. Besides, as a critical material, it has been utilized by human for a long time as large amount of copper is mined, processed and applied to our life. However, many a "copper-made" is abandoned nowadays, which leads to the accumulation of copper ion in fresh water and other places, resulting in jeopardizing the copper cycle on earth. Once the concentration reaches a high level then it will become destructive and cannot be cleared by ecosystem itself, causing the phenomenon what we called “copper contamination”.</p>
 +
    <h1>Copper is indispensable for life.</h1>
 +
    <p>Generally, the chemical property of copper was embodied by transformation between its redox states, Cu(II)and Cu(I).The redox potential Cu(II)/Cu(I)determined copper can easily oxidized some substrates such as superoxide, phenols<sup> [1] </sup>.And that’s why several enzymes involving in some vital processes such as photosynthesis, respiration adopt copper to transfer electrons. Moreover some arthropods and molluscs even utilizes a kind of copper protein, hemocyanin, to deliver deoxygen instead of known hemoglobin.</p>
 +
    <h1>The copper contamination.</h1>
 +
    <p>Today, from a spoon to a skyscraper, the uses of copper is extending everywhere. For meeting the increasing demand of copper in the world, the massive copper ores are mined every year [Figure 2.1.1].</p>
 +
    <div style="text-align:center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/25/FH1.png" /></div>
 +
    <p>And most copper is mined as copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite.Those type of mines are more likely to produce acid mine drainage (AMD) which refers to the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines [Figure 2.1.2].</p>
 +
<div style="text-align:center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/F2.png" /></div>
 +
    <p>The specific process of generating AMD includes three chemical reactions:</p>
 +
    <p>The oxidization of pyrite which is iron-sulfide is primary contributor to AMD, the major process is:</p>
 +
    <p>2FeS<sub>2</sub>(s) + 7O<sub>2</sub>(g) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l) = 2Fe<sup>2+</sup>(aq) + 4SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup>(aq) + 4H<sup>+</sup>(aq)</p>
 +
    <p>The ferrous iron (II) generated from oxidization of pyrite is oxidized to ferric iron(III).<p>
 +
    <p>4Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + O<sub>2</sub> (g) + 4H<sup>+</sup> (aq) = 4Fe<sup>3+</sup>(aq) + 2H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</p>
 +
    <p>And another process happens simultaneously with oxidization of pyrite and need to be catalyzed by microbes.</p>
 +
    <p>FeS<sub>2</sub> (s) + 14Fe<sup>3+</sup> (aq) + 8H<sub>2</sub>O(l) = 15Fe<sup>2+</sup> (aq) + 2 SO<sub>4</sub><sup>2−</sup> (aq) + 16H<sup>+</sup> (aq)</p>
 +
    <p>Those reactions jointly lower the PH of water and produce soluble ferric iron(III),and finally the acid mine drainage emerges [Figure 2.1.3].</p>
 +
    <div style="text-align:center"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/96/F3.png" /></div>
 +
    <p>Associating with water and air, the metal mines where the ore is sulfide mineral or comprises pyrite can easily produce the highly acidic effusion. Usually the predominant metal ion isn’t iron but copper, zinc. The most common ore mined is chalcopyrite which is a copper-iron-sulfide and occurs with a range of other sulfides. Thus, copper mines are primary crime of AMD.</p>
 +
    <h1>Copper tolerance of <i>E.coli</i>.</h1>
 +
    <p>Massive mining and extensive using of copper results in serious contamination to environment, and then copper contamination threaten the balance of the whole ecosystem. Even the low concentration of copper is toxic to the organism  <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Wet_Labs"><b>(Look at our algae experiment.)</b></a></td></p>
 +
    <p>But there is an exception, <i>Escherichia coli</i> ,which has several sophisticated and powerful systems to maintain the copper homeostasis so it can survive in skyhigh concentration <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:NJAU_China/Wet_Labs"><b>(Look at our MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)experiment)</b></a></td>. Basing on this characteristic of <i>E.coli</i>, we start to design an bio-machine to solve the problem of copper contamination effectively.</p>
 +
    <h3>Refrences:</h3>
 +
    <p>[1] Rensing, C., & Grass, G. (2003). Escherichia coli mechanisms of copper homeostasis in a changing environment. FEMS microbiology reviews,27(2‐3), 197-213.</p>
 +
    <p>All Pictures come from Wikipedia.</p>
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Latest revision as of 23:07, 17 October 2014

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Copper has existed on earth since the birth of this planet, which is an essential element for creatures because of its special chemical property and function. Besides, as a critical material, it has been utilized by human for a long time as large amount of copper is mined, processed and applied to our life. However, many a "copper-made" is abandoned nowadays, which leads to the accumulation of copper ion in fresh water and other places, resulting in jeopardizing the copper cycle on earth. Once the concentration reaches a high level then it will become destructive and cannot be cleared by ecosystem itself, causing the phenomenon what we called “copper contamination”.

Copper is indispensable for life.

Generally, the chemical property of copper was embodied by transformation between its redox states, Cu(II)and Cu(I).The redox potential Cu(II)/Cu(I)determined copper can easily oxidized some substrates such as superoxide, phenols [1] .And that’s why several enzymes involving in some vital processes such as photosynthesis, respiration adopt copper to transfer electrons. Moreover some arthropods and molluscs even utilizes a kind of copper protein, hemocyanin, to deliver deoxygen instead of known hemoglobin.

The copper contamination.

Today, from a spoon to a skyscraper, the uses of copper is extending everywhere. For meeting the increasing demand of copper in the world, the massive copper ores are mined every year [Figure 2.1.1].

And most copper is mined as copper sulfides such as chalcopyrite.Those type of mines are more likely to produce acid mine drainage (AMD) which refers to the outflow of acidic water from metal mines or coal mines [Figure 2.1.2].

The specific process of generating AMD includes three chemical reactions:

The oxidization of pyrite which is iron-sulfide is primary contributor to AMD, the major process is:

2FeS2(s) + 7O2(g) + 2H2O(l) = 2Fe2+(aq) + 4SO42−(aq) + 4H+(aq)

The ferrous iron (II) generated from oxidization of pyrite is oxidized to ferric iron(III).

4Fe2+ (aq) + O2 (g) + 4H+ (aq) = 4Fe3+(aq) + 2H2O(l)

And another process happens simultaneously with oxidization of pyrite and need to be catalyzed by microbes.

FeS2 (s) + 14Fe3+ (aq) + 8H2O(l) = 15Fe2+ (aq) + 2 SO42− (aq) + 16H+ (aq)

Those reactions jointly lower the PH of water and produce soluble ferric iron(III),and finally the acid mine drainage emerges [Figure 2.1.3].

Associating with water and air, the metal mines where the ore is sulfide mineral or comprises pyrite can easily produce the highly acidic effusion. Usually the predominant metal ion isn’t iron but copper, zinc. The most common ore mined is chalcopyrite which is a copper-iron-sulfide and occurs with a range of other sulfides. Thus, copper mines are primary crime of AMD.

Copper tolerance of E.coli.

Massive mining and extensive using of copper results in serious contamination to environment, and then copper contamination threaten the balance of the whole ecosystem. Even the low concentration of copper is toxic to the organism (Look at our algae experiment.)

But there is an exception, Escherichia coli ,which has several sophisticated and powerful systems to maintain the copper homeostasis so it can survive in skyhigh concentration (Look at our MIC(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)experiment). Basing on this characteristic of E.coli, we start to design an bio-machine to solve the problem of copper contamination effectively.

Refrences:

[1] Rensing, C., & Grass, G. (2003). Escherichia coli mechanisms of copper homeostasis in a changing environment. FEMS microbiology reviews,27(2‐3), 197-213.

All Pictures come from Wikipedia.