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Introduction

A common strategy for investigating molecular and cellular biological questions is the use of fusion proteins and to control the functions of these proteins in a spatial and temporal manner. Instead of manipulating proteins on the genomic level, we aimed at editing proteins post-translationally. By using our intein toolbox, one is able to fuse proteins and/or protein tags , as well as reconstitute the function by complementing two formerly split halves of a single protein, and thereby recreate the function of the protein. Mechanistically, the reconstitution of split proteins is identical with the fusion of different proteins to their tags.

To demonstrate the restoration of function of a formerly split protein, we choose a set of fluorescent proteins, whose function can, when properly reassembled, easily be read out using their florescence. Split fluorescent proteins are rarely used in the context of intein splicing. However they are widely applied in bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) assays [1]. This approach is based on the complementation between fragments of fluorescent proteins that reconstitute its fluorescence when brought into proximity by associated interacting proteins.

Cloning and Methods

Selection of Split Sites

It is important to select the correct site to splite the fluorescent protein, so that the reconstitution of the fluorescent properties is possible. Therefore, we selected split sites according to previous published research, where the splice sites are mostly in flexible parts connection the β - barrels of the fluorophore. Additionally to fluorescent proteins we choose to create two versions of split luciferases. A list of all designed constructs are depicted in the following table:

Originally we were going to evaluate the reconstitution of all created constructs by screening the signal to noise ratio using the FACS. Noise can occur due to the possibility of reconstitution of two seperated halves without a splicing reaction, a feature used in the BiFCs assays. Unfortunately, for time reasons we focused solely on the reconstitution of sfGFP and mRFP (link). We chose the sfGFP to prove the principle of activation by the restoration of the protein halves and to characterize the splicing reaction of the NpuDnaE intein via FACS analysis and Western Blot technique.

Figure 1) Cloning Strategy for the bicistronic expression of the two parts of split sfGFP

GFP_N was amplified from BBa_K1362173, CPEC overhangs and the NpuDnaE_N were in the PCR primer. NpuDnaE_C was amplified from BBa_K1362171 with Oligos beinhalten CPEC overhangs and the GFP_C. Both PCR products were cloned in a biscistronic expression backbone using CPEC.

Cloning strategy

Since our assembly construct with two insertion sites (LINK) was not ready at this point, we choose to follow a fast track cloning strategy to initiate trans- splicing of the split sfGFP. Therefore, we cloned the N-terminal protein part in front of the N- partial split intein NpuDnaE and the C-terminal GFP part (65-225) downstram of the C- portion of the intein using CPEC .The N- and C-terminal parts of GFP were cloned in a bicistronic expression backbone to allow expression from the same promoter via standard biobrick cloning. Also, non-splicing variants were generated by changing the essential cysteine at the N-terminal part of the N-intein to glycine (C > G) and the serine and asparagine in the C-intein to alanine and glycine (SA > AG). In order to splice, the inteins need a cysteine at the amino acid position where the splicing reaction will occur. In this case, the splicing product will harbour a cysteine at amino acid position 65. To ensure that the inserted cystein does not interfere with the fluorescence of the reconstituted sfGFP, we cloned a positive control of sfGFP by insertion of the cystein using mutagenesis PCR. The two inserts for the N-terminal part resulted in sfGFP_N that includes amino acid 1 to 65 and the split intein NpuDnaE_N, altogether reaching a size of 940 bp. Respectively, the C-terminal construct consists of NpuDnaEC-sfGFPc (65-225) with a size of 1074 bp. Subsequently the constructs were cloned on the same plasmid to allow bicistronic expression.

Fluorescence measurement

We expressed the split sfGFP construct with the various controls in BL21(DE3). 5ml cultures were inoculated with 500 µl of an overnight culture and induced with 1mM as soon as the cultures reached the OD600 of 0.8. The cultures incubated at 37 °C for further 4 hours. Subsequently the fluorescence was measured in a TECAN plate reader and the FACS. To ascertain the best excitation and emission wavelength in the plate reader we tested several excitation and emission wavelengths. The excitation at 475 nm and emission at 512 nm turned out to be most suitable for sfGFP. Every FACS run analyzed 100000 events. To validate our results we conducted several assays with a series of biological replicates following the same experimental layout. (Figure 2) 300 µl of each sample were taken to measure the fluorescence in the plate reader on a black 96 well plate and a 1:1000 dilution of the original culture was prepared for the FACS measurements. The laser settings were adjusted at 488 nm excitation and 497 - 522 nm emission range. The samples were loaded as described in the illustration below. Besides the in vivo expression and splicing reaction, also a mixture of N- and C-terminal split GFP-NpuDnaE in vitro was scheduled. In order to conduct a Western Blot the cells were harvested by centrifugation for 5 min at 3270 rcf at 4 °C. Subsequently they were re-suspended in 500 µl PBS on ice and sonicated for 2 min at 50% power on ice. The samples were centrifuged at 18000 rcf for 10 min and the supernatant was re-suspended in 500 µl PBS on ice. For the Western Blot and Coomassie Gels, the samples were mixed with 100 µl 5x Lämmli-Buffer and 10 µl were loaded on the SDS-Gel.

Figure 2) Experimental Layout

Cultures were grown to OD 0.8, followed by 4 hours of induction with 1mM IPTG. Those samples were subsequently analyzed by SDS Gels or by measureing the fluorescence by plate reader or the FACS.

Results

To proof our idea of reactivating protein function by using inteins to fuse split parts we decided to use fluorescent proteins. Fluorescent proteins are widely used, and the read out is simple. After expression of the sfGFP halves and split inteins, either as separated N- and C- terminal constructs or combined on one plasmid, the fluorescence was meassured via plate reader and FACS.

Figure 3) Successful ''in vivo'' restorarion of Fluorescence

Fluorecence values detected at a 475nm exitation and a 512 nm emission wavelength for a period of 6 hours after induction. Split halves and splicing controls show no fluorescence. Simultaneous expression of the split parts leads to strong increase of fluorescence.

After 4 hours of expression, one can see a clear fluorecent signal within in vivo samples with both, the N - and C - terminal parts of sfGFP, showing that resotration of fluorescence is possible (Figure 3). Unfortunately, fluorescence can not be observed in in vitro samples, indicating that no splicing reaction took place. The in vivo fluorescent signal is stronger in the supernatant than in the pellet. However, it is not as strong then the sfGFP control. The fluorescent signal of reconstituted sfGFP is about a 100x stronger then the negative controls, when only a single part of sfGFP, or a non splicing variant is expressed. The mixture of N- and C- terminal construct in vitro after lysis of the cells revealed no fluorescence, indicating that no splicing reaction took place.

However we were missing an essential control in this experiment. In this experiment, we could not show the in vivo fluorescent signal when both nonsplicing parts of sfGFP are expressed. This control is required, since there is the possibility that both parts of the protein come in close proximity to each other and form the complete protein independent of a splicing event.

In course of the experiments we focused on the read-out via FACS, since this approach promises a more precise evaluation of fluorescence in single cell resolution. Prior to each FACS experiment, the machine had to be adjusted. One one hand, the gain was adjusted to the strongest fluorescent sample, the positive control, and the correct subpopulation of events had to be selected, a process termed Gating. The front scatter depicts the size of the event, the size scatter granualarity. A proper gating is mandatory to assure meassuring single bacteria, instead of aggregated bacteria or debris (Figure 4A).

Figure 4) FACS

'''A''': Exemplary Gating of the sample. Front Scatter depicts the size, Site Scatter Granualarity of each counted event. '''B'''

The FACS data is showing a clear spectral shift towards the green fluorescence range for the splicing construct compared to the non-splicing control (Figure 4B). Likewise the single halves do not show fluorescence on their own. However after 4 hours of induction the splicing product does not reach the same amount of fluorescence as the sfGFP.

Since the fluorescent signal in both, the plate reader and the FACS, can be misleading, due to the possible reconstitution without splicing, we decided to verify our results by Western Blot. Prior to blotting, the proteins are denaturated. Thus, non spliced sfGFP would denature and appear as two separate parts on the blot, whereas irreversible spliced sfGFP would appear as single band. We could detect the single parts, as well as the reconstituted sf GFP by the attached HIS - Tag.

The Western Blot of the expressed constructs shows a significant amount of GFP reconstitution. In the first third line a band at around 20 kDa is clearly visible and resembles the sfGFPN-NpuDnaEN (N) and its non-splicing counterpart (N*). The second and fourth line display a band at around 30 kDa, which shows the NpuDnaEc-sfGFPc (C) and its non-splicing counterpart (C*), respectively. The sample including sfGFP generates a fat band at around 30 kDa. The splicing construct attains a very prominent band of same size, anyhow it is still clearly distinguishable from the NpuDnaEc- sfGFPc band below. Another short band appears at around 10 kDa. This could be one of the spliced inteins, for example the NpuDnaEc intein with its 11 kDa. After the splicing reaction the inteins are present detached of each other.

Figure 5) Irreversible restoration of sfGFP

Western Blot with His-antibody. Single parts and the non splicing controls are not sufficient to form a reconstituted sfGFP. Only expression of both parts lead to restoration of sfGFP.

Since a characterization of the intein splicing reaction in terms of time resolution is easily possible using our approach of split fluorescent proteins, we also gathered FACS data and samples for the Western Blot at different time points. The FACS data reveal that … In figure 6 the reconstitution of sfGFP during the splicing process is visible. After one hour there is not yet any band of sfGFP detectible. However the splicing process enormously increases between two and four hours after IPTG induction. Unfortunately we did not see a splicing product after 6 hours after IPTG induction. The bands of sfGFPN-NpuDnaEN and NpuDnaEc-sfGFPc are clearly visible; anyhow there is no splicing after 6 to 10 hours.

Figure 6) Irreversible restoration of sfGFP

Western Blot with His-antibody. Single parts and the non splicing controls are not sufficient to form a reconstituted sfGFP. Only expression of both parts lead to resortation of sfGFP.

Discussion

In our FACS and plate reader data we were able to nicely show the reconstitution of fluorescence by NpuDnaE intein trans- splicing. The fluorescence increases significantly above the background that is produced by the non-splicing co-expressed control. The split sides within the protein seems to be very important for this approach and the suggested split region for the other fluorescent proteins and luciferases still needs to be tested in the context of intein splicing. It seems very conspicuous that the C-terminal NpuDnaEc-sfGFPc construct is always expressed in much higher amounts compared to the N-terminal construct, although both share one promoter (bicistronic expression) and occupy identical ribosomal binding sides. This is most probably the reason why the splicing reaction seems incomplete on the Western Blot. Since there is an excess of the C-terminal portion the amount of splicing reaction is determined by the access of N-terminal construct. This could be avoided by adjusting the expression levels using distinct promoters and ribosomal binding sides. Another crucial question is the missing splicing reaction after 6 hours of IPTG induction in the time series of sfGFP reconstitution. It still needs to be clarified, if this is due to mistakes by the experimenter or attributed to biological causes. The bands that do not show the splicing product exhibit a higher amount of sfGFPN-NpuDnaEN, indicating that the splicing reaction itself probably does not take place. The reconstitution of fluorescent proteins resembles a nice approach to prove the principle of fusion and activation of proteins by intein splicing. The split fluorescent proteins reveal an easy read-out, which can be beneficial for large screening applications. In our attempt to control intein splicing by light, we used this approach to screen for LOV-mutants.

References

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[2] Jach, G., Pesch, M., Richter, K., Frings, S., & Uhrig, J., F. An improved mRFP1 adds red to bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Nature Methods, 3, 597-600 (2006).

[3] Furman, J., L., Badran, A., H., Shen, S., Stains, C., I., Hannallah, J., Segal, D., J., Ghosh, I. Systematic evaluation of split-fluorescent proteins for the direct detection of native and methylated DNA. Bioorg Med Chem Lett, 19(14), 3748-3751 (2009).

[4] Oyawa, T., Takeuchi, M., Kaihara, A., Sato, M., Umezawa, Y. Protein splicing-based reconstitution of split green fluorescent protein for monitoring protein-protein interactions in bacteria: improved sensitivity and reduced screening time. Anal. Chem, 73, 5866-5874 (2001).

[5] Aranko, A., S., Oeemig, J., S., Kajander, T., & Iwai, H. Intermolecular domain swapping induces intein-mediated protein alternative splicing. Nat. Chem. Bio., 9, 616-622 (2013).

[6] Ozawa, T., Kaihara, A., Sato, M., Tachihara, K., Umezawa, Y. Split luciferase as an optical probe for detecting protein- protein interactions in mammalian cells based on protein splicing. Anal. Chem, 73, 2516-2521 (2001).

[7] Kim, S. B., Ozawa, T., Watanabe, S., Umezawa, Y. High- throughput sensing and noninvasive imaging of protein nuclear transport by using reconstitution of split renilla luciferase. PNAS, 101, 11542–11547 (2004).