Team:Goettingen/project overview/fungal infections

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        <h3>Project</h3>
 
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        <ul>
 
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        <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview">Background</a></li>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview">The global burden of fungal infections</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/fungal_infections">Fungal infections</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/current_tools">Current diagnostic tools</a></li></ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/project">Our project!</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/perspectives">Further perspectives</a></li>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/diganosis">Diagnosis</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/therapeutics">Therapeutics</a></li></ul>
 
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      <h1>Background</h1><br /><br />
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      <h2>Fungal infections</h2><br />
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<p>The most common fungal infections are superficial skin, nails and mucosal infections, which are caused in most cases by fungi of the genus <i>Candida</i>. These infections are usually not life threatening and have such common manifestations as athlete's foot and vulvovaginal candidiasis.</p>
 +
<br /><p>Invasive fungal infections, on the other hand, have unacceptably high mortality rates. Patients with a compromised immune system -such as AIDS patients and post-transplantation patients taking immunosupresants- are at special risk as they don't have the usual barriers that prevent invasive infections in healthy individuals.</p><br />
 +
<p>According to Brown, <i>et al</i>., (2012), more than 90% of the reported deaths caused by fungi are associated with species from four genera: <i>Cryptococcus</i>, <i>Candida</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Pneumocystis</i>, but epidemiological data for fungal infections is poor, as these infections are often misdiagnosed and there is a lack of accurate data from the developing world.</p><br />
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<h3>Endemic dimorphic mycoses</h3><br />
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<p> The following map is an adaptation of the information presented in Brown, <i>et al</i>., (2012), where the authors make some comments regarding the quality of that information: <br /> <br />1) The data is extrapolated from a few and geographically localized studies <br /><br /> 2) accurate data is lacking from the developing world and the calculations may underestimate the true values of the presented statistics.</p><br />
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      {name: '<b>Disease:</b> Penicilliosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Penicillium marneffei</i><br><b>Region:</b> Southeast Asia<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: >8,000', latitude: 10.1333, longitude: 102.7000, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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      {name: '<b>Disease: </b>Histoplasmosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Histoplasma capsulatum</i><br><b>Region:</b> Midwestern United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~25,000', latitude: 40.5, longitude: -85, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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      {name: '<b>Disease:</b> Coccidioidomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Coccidioides immitis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Southwestern United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~25,000', latitude: 39, longitude: -115.5, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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{name: '<b>Disease:</b> Blastomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Blastomyces dermatitidis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Midwestern and Atlantic United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b> ~3,000', latitude: 37, longitude: -80, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt51'},
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{name: '<b>Disease:</b> Paracoccidioidomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Brazil<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~4,000', latitude: -15.7833, longitude: -47.8667, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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<br /><br />
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<h3>Opportunistic invasive mycoses</h3><br />
 +
<p>Opportunistic mycoses affect those patients with a compromised immune system, such as AIDS patients and patients taking immmuno-suppressants, particularly those patients that were intervened with a solid transplantation. The following interactive graphic is also an adaption of the information presented in Brown <i>et al</i>., (2012).</p><br />
 +
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<p>From top to bottom, the data on the upper-right corner is the following: 1) Disease name, 2) The causative organism  3) Mortality rates (% in infected populations) and 4) Estimated number of life threatening infections per year worldwide.</p><br />
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<br /><br />
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<h2>References</h2><br />
 +
<ol>
 +
<li>1. Brown <i>et al</i>., (2012), Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections, <i>Sci Transl Med</i>, Vol. 4, Issue 165.</li>
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</ol>
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        <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/project_gallery">Gallery</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/project_drylab">Dry lab</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/project_wetlab">Wet lab</a></li>
 
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        </ul>
 
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      <h1 >Background</h1>
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      <h2 id="global_burden">The global burden of fungal infections</h2>      <br />
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    <p>Fungal pathogens are a major public health threat with significant global effects which, surprisingly, is not being addressed as it should. Globally, around 1.5 million people die each year of invasive fungal infections and the number of people who die each year from the top 10 invasive fungal diseases is at least equal to those dying from tuberculosis or malaria. Moreover, the mortality rate of invasive fungal infections is usually greater than 50%.</p><br><p>In contrast, funding for medical mycology is highly underrepresented, accounting for 1.4-2.5% of the total of what the Wellcome Trust, the U.K. Medical Research Council and the U.S. National Institutes of Health spent in 5 years during the late 2010s. This underrepresentation could be just an effect of the number of applications for funding in the area, but even so, the need for an increased awareness and engagement by funding institutions and researchers is no less urgent: the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools is critical to improve the situation of high-risk patients.</p>
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Latest revision as of 11:08, 2 October 2014

Project

3/15

Background



Fungal infections


The most common fungal infections are superficial skin, nails and mucosal infections, which are caused in most cases by fungi of the genus Candida. These infections are usually not life threatening and have such common manifestations as athlete's foot and vulvovaginal candidiasis.


Invasive fungal infections, on the other hand, have unacceptably high mortality rates. Patients with a compromised immune system -such as AIDS patients and post-transplantation patients taking immunosupresants- are at special risk as they don't have the usual barriers that prevent invasive infections in healthy individuals.


According to Brown, et al., (2012), more than 90% of the reported deaths caused by fungi are associated with species from four genera: Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis, but epidemiological data for fungal infections is poor, as these infections are often misdiagnosed and there is a lack of accurate data from the developing world.


Endemic dimorphic mycoses


The following map is an adaptation of the information presented in Brown, et al., (2012), where the authors make some comments regarding the quality of that information:

1) The data is extrapolated from a few and geographically localized studies

2) accurate data is lacking from the developing world and the calculations may underestimate the true values of the presented statistics.


Hover your pointer over the colored circles to see the data




Opportunistic invasive mycoses


Opportunistic mycoses affect those patients with a compromised immune system, such as AIDS patients and patients taking immmuno-suppressants, particularly those patients that were intervened with a solid transplantation. The following interactive graphic is also an adaption of the information presented in Brown et al., (2012).


From top to bottom, the data on the upper-right corner is the following: 1) Disease name, 2) The causative organism 3) Mortality rates (% in infected populations) and 4) Estimated number of life threatening infections per year worldwide.


Hover your pointer over the colored circles to see the data






References


  1. 1. Brown et al., (2012), Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections, Sci Transl Med, Vol. 4, Issue 165.


3/15

Retrieved from "http://2014.igem.org/Team:Goettingen/project_overview/fungal_infections"