Team:Goettingen/project overview/fungal infections

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        <h3>Project</h3>
 
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        <ul>
 
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        <li><a href="https://2014.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Team:Goettingen/project_overview">Background</a></li>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview#global_burden">The global burden of fungal infections</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview#fungal_inf">Fungal infections</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview#fungal_inf">Current diagnostic tools</a></li></ul>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview">Our project!</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview">Further perspectives</a></li>
 
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<ul>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview#global_burden">Diagnosis</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="project_overview#fungal_inf">Therapeutics</a></li></ul>
 
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        <li><a href="project_gallery">Gallery</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="project_drylab">Dry lab</a></li>
 
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<li><a href="project_wetlab">Wet lab</a></li>
 
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<h2 id="fungal_inf">Fungal infections and current diagnostic tools</h2>
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      <h1>Background</h1><br /><br />
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      <h2>Fungal infections</h2><br />
<p>The most common fungal infections are superficial skin, nails and mucosal infections, which are caused in most cases by fungi of the genus <i>Candida</i>. These infections are usually not life threatening and have such common manifestations as athlete's foot and vulvovaginal candidiasis.</p>
<p>The most common fungal infections are superficial skin, nails and mucosal infections, which are caused in most cases by fungi of the genus <i>Candida</i>. These infections are usually not life threatening and have such common manifestations as athlete's foot and vulvovaginal candidiasis.</p>
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<p>According to Brown, <i>et al</i>., (2012), more than 90% of the reported deaths caused by fungi are associated with species from four genera: <i>Cryptococcus</i>, <i>Candida</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Pneumocystis</i>, but epidemiological data for fungal infections is poor, as these infections are often misdiagnosed and there is a lack of accurate data from the developing world.</p><br />
<p>According to Brown, <i>et al</i>., (2012), more than 90% of the reported deaths caused by fungi are associated with species from four genera: <i>Cryptococcus</i>, <i>Candida</i>, <i>Aspergillus</i> and <i>Pneumocystis</i>, but epidemiological data for fungal infections is poor, as these infections are often misdiagnosed and there is a lack of accurate data from the developing world.</p><br />
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<h3>Endemic dimorphic fungosis</h3><br />
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<h3>Endemic dimorphic mycoses</h3><br />
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<p> The following map is an adaptiation of the information presented in Brown, <i>et al</i>., (2012), where the authors make some comments regarding the quality of that information: 1) the data is extrapolated from a few and geographically localized studies and 2) accurate data is lacking from the developing world and the calculations may underestimate the true values of the presented statistics.</p><br />
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<p> The following map is an adaptation of the information presented in Brown, <i>et al</i>., (2012), where the authors make some comments regarding the quality of that information: <br /> <br />1) The data is extrapolated from a few and geographically localized studies <br /><br /> 2) accurate data is lacking from the developing world and the calculations may underestimate the true values of the presented statistics.</p><br />
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<p><center><b>Hover your pointer over the colored circles to see the data</b></center></p><br />
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       {name: '<b>Disease:</b> Penicilliosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Penicillium marneffei</i><br><b>Region:</b> Southeast Asia<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: >8,000', latitude: 10.1333, longitude: 102.7000, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
       {name: '<b>Disease:</b> Penicilliosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Penicillium marneffei</i><br><b>Region:</b> Southeast Asia<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: >8,000', latitude: 10.1333, longitude: 102.7000, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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       {name: '<b>Disease: </b>Histoplasmosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Histoplasma capsulatum</i><br><b>Region:</b> Midwestern United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~25,000', latitude: 40.5, longitude: -85, radius: 25, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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       {name: '<b>Disease: </b>Histoplasmosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Histoplasma capsulatum</i><br><b>Region:</b> Midwestern United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~25,000', latitude: 40.5, longitude: -85, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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       {name: '<b>Disease:</b> Coccidioidomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Coccidioides immitis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Southwestern United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~25,000', latitude: 39, longitude: -115.5, radius: 25, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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       {name: '<b>Disease:</b> Coccidioidomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Coccidioides immitis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Southwestern United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~25,000', latitude: 39, longitude: -115.5, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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{name: '<b>Disease:</b> Blastomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Blastomyces dermatitidis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Midwestern and Atlantic United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>3: ~3,000', latitude: 37, longitude: -80, radius: 3, fillKey: 'gt51'},
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{name: '<b>Disease:</b> Paracoccidioidomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Brazil<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~4,000', latitude: -15.7833, longitude: -47.8667, radius: 4, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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{name: '<b>Disease:</b> Blastomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Blastomyces dermatitidis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Midwestern and Atlantic United States<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b> ~3,000', latitude: 37, longitude: -80, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt51'},
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{name: '<b>Disease:</b> Paracoccidioidomycosis<br><b>Pathogen:</b><i> Paracoccidioides brasiliensis</i><br><b>Region:</b> Brazil<br><b>Est. life-threatening infections per year</b>: ~4,000', latitude: -15.7833, longitude: -47.8667, radius: 8, fillKey: 'gt50'},
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<h3>Opportunistic invasive mycoses</h3><br />
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<p>Opportunistic mycoses affect those patients with a compromised immune system, such as AIDS patients and patients taking immmuno-suppressants, particularly those patients that were intervened with a solid transplantation. The following interactive graphic is also an adaption of the information presented in Brown <i>et al</i>., (2012).</p><br />
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<p>From top to bottom, the data on the upper-right corner is the following: 1) Disease name, 2) The causative organism  3) Mortality rates (% in infected populations) and 4) Estimated number of life threatening infections per year worldwide.</p><br />
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<h2>Our project: paving the way for new diagnostic and therapeutic tools</h2>
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  Our aim is to develop a diagnostic technique capable of detecting the presence of fungal pathogens in  a sample collected from a patient. Briefly, our approach is as follows. Through a yeast two-hybrid assay we will select a set of peptides that show affinity towards surface proteins from different fungi (<i>Aspergillus nidulans</i>, <i>A. fumigatus</i>, <i>Candida albicans</i> and <i>C. glabrata</i>). After confirming the interaction between the surface proteins and a given peptide, we intend to attach a molecule to the peptide marker. In our project, this molecule will be a fluorescent protein, but in principle can also be an immune system activator which is then recognized by the immune cells or other chemical moiety that adds novel functionalities or increases the peptide stability. In comparison to antibodies or antibody fragments, peptides are small, easily synthesized, modified less expensively and show higher diffusion rates in tissues. We expect our method to be faster, more accurate and cheaper than other existing methods. Other laboratories may follow our approach to generate and refine their own peptides with specificity towards their proteins of interest.
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<h2>References</h2><br />
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<ol>
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<li>1. Brown <i>et al</i>., (2012), Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections, <i>Sci Transl Med</i>, Vol. 4, Issue 165.</li>
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Latest revision as of 11:08, 2 October 2014

Project

3/15

Background



Fungal infections


The most common fungal infections are superficial skin, nails and mucosal infections, which are caused in most cases by fungi of the genus Candida. These infections are usually not life threatening and have such common manifestations as athlete's foot and vulvovaginal candidiasis.


Invasive fungal infections, on the other hand, have unacceptably high mortality rates. Patients with a compromised immune system -such as AIDS patients and post-transplantation patients taking immunosupresants- are at special risk as they don't have the usual barriers that prevent invasive infections in healthy individuals.


According to Brown, et al., (2012), more than 90% of the reported deaths caused by fungi are associated with species from four genera: Cryptococcus, Candida, Aspergillus and Pneumocystis, but epidemiological data for fungal infections is poor, as these infections are often misdiagnosed and there is a lack of accurate data from the developing world.


Endemic dimorphic mycoses


The following map is an adaptation of the information presented in Brown, et al., (2012), where the authors make some comments regarding the quality of that information:

1) The data is extrapolated from a few and geographically localized studies

2) accurate data is lacking from the developing world and the calculations may underestimate the true values of the presented statistics.


Hover your pointer over the colored circles to see the data




Opportunistic invasive mycoses


Opportunistic mycoses affect those patients with a compromised immune system, such as AIDS patients and patients taking immmuno-suppressants, particularly those patients that were intervened with a solid transplantation. The following interactive graphic is also an adaption of the information presented in Brown et al., (2012).


From top to bottom, the data on the upper-right corner is the following: 1) Disease name, 2) The causative organism 3) Mortality rates (% in infected populations) and 4) Estimated number of life threatening infections per year worldwide.


Hover your pointer over the colored circles to see the data






References


  1. 1. Brown et al., (2012), Hidden Killers: Human Fungal Infections, Sci Transl Med, Vol. 4, Issue 165.


3/15

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