Team:SCUT/HP/Magazine/iGEM Bilingualism

From 2014.igem.org

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Scientists Move Closer to Inventing Artificial Life<br>科学家真的做出了人造生命?
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清凉夏夜,送你一支荧光雪糕<br>The Amazing Fluoresce Ice Cream
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It is reported that an international team has inserted a man-made chromosome into brewer's yeast, producing a life form that thrives and successfully passes the designer genes on to its offspring.
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British boutique ice cream maker Lick Me I'm Delicious (yes, that is the company's real name) recently released a glow-in-the-dark ice cream that uses a luminescent protein from glowing jellyfish. The idea? Lick the ice cream and calcium-activated proteins react by glowing, thanks to differences in your mouth's warmer pH level and the ice cream's more neutral pH.
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据报道,一支由各国科学家组成的科研队伍近日将人造染色体成功导入啤酒酵母(我们常喝的青岛啤酒、珠江啤酒都是由靠这种重要的可食用菌发酵产生的哦!!!)内,创造出了可以独立健康成长并可将改造后的基因传给子孙后代的一种生命体形式。这一实验结果意味着人类在创造生命的路途上迈出了重要的第一步。下面我们就来具体看看这一全新生命体是如何被创造出来的。
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英国精品雪糕制造商Lick Me I'm Delicious(舔我~我超好吃的哦~ ~(≧▽≦)/~)上市了一款能在黑暗中发光的雪糕。这款雪糕中添加了取自发光水母的发光蛋白,此外,我们的唾液成弱碱性,在舔雪糕的时候,使pH值升高,从而使钙激活蛋白发光。在你舔雪糕的时候,你就会发现雪糕越来越亮啦!(好神奇有木有!)
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Chromosomes are the packages for genes. In plants, animals, and fungi like yeast, they are contained within a cell nucleus, which simpler microbes like bacteria do not have. People have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and yeasts have 16. Best known for their role in baking bread and brewing beer, yeasts share about a third of their genes with people.
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Be forewarned: a scoop will set you back about $220 in sweet change. Turns out jellyfish protein isn't exactly cheap. But no worries: Charlie Harry Francis, the food scientist who invented the treat, assures foodies that it's safe for consumption.
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要提醒大家的是,你需要花费220刀才能吃到这种发光的甜甜的雪糕球,因为提取水母蛋白的成本很高。另外,我们也不必担心食品安全问题,食品科学专家Charlie Harry Francis,同时也是荧光雪糕的发明者,已经确定这种雪糕对消费者来说百分之百安全。
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染色体是基因的集中体。在植物、动物和真菌等真核生物中,染色体存在于细胞核中;而在简单低等的原核生物如细菌,染色体和细胞核都是不存在的。相对于人类的23对染色体,用于酿酒和制作面包的酵母只有16对,并且酵母基因的三分之一都是人类基因中可以找到的。
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The glowing frozen dessert made us wonder about other instances of luminescence out there. Green fluorescent proteins used in studies aren't just the stuff of mad scientist dreams: it earned the inventor glowing praise and a Nobel Prize in 2008.
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这种冷光蛋白也不仅仅只是用于制作酷炫雪糕。绿色荧光蛋白应用于科研邻域早就不是痴人说梦,荧光蛋白的发现者和改造者赢得了2008年的诺贝尔奖。
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Now fluorescent proteins have been already widely used in many scientific research fields, especially in biology. In iGEM, fluorescent proteins are usually used as reporters. What are reporters? The answer is that in synthetic biology, they are often used as a mechanism to display information. For example, fluorescent proteins cause a cell to fluoresce when excited with light of a particular wavelength. What’s more, the iGEM team of Tokyo Tech once used fluorescent proteins to create a pen whose ink is the different genetically engineered bacteria. The bacteria can express different fluorescent proteins so that people can use it to draw many colorful paintings.
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(Pic 1 The budding yeast is just like roast photo with delicious sausage.
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如今,荧光蛋白已经广泛用于科学研究的各个领域,尤其是生物学领域。在iGEM中,荧光蛋白常常用作报告指示器(reporter)。什么是reporter?在合成生物学中,reporter就是可以直观显示信息的一种机制。例如,在特定波长的光的激发下,荧光蛋白就会使其所在细胞发出荧光,从而能起到定位指示的作用。除此之外,东京工业大学的iGEM队伍曾经利用不同的荧光蛋白,将其基因导入工程细菌中,从而设计并制造出了一支细菌荧光笔,并且画出一些彩色的图画,从而使荧光蛋白第一次应用到了艺术领域,可谓独具匠心。
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图为正在出芽的啤酒酵母,看起来像不像一个土豆盖着许多片烤香肠呢?
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嘿嘿,是不是又饿了^_^)
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Tolerant of genetic tinkering, yeast played a role in a previous synthetic biology breakthrough, when scientists led by J. Craig Venter assembled the first artificial bacterial genome inside yeast cells in 2009. And man-made DNA strips cooked up inside yeasts, so-called yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs), have been used to make gene maps for decades. Yeast was one of the first organisms to have its entire genome sequenced, in 1996.
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(上图中,从a-f依次为黄色、蓝色、绿色、橘黄色、红色以及红黄绿三色混合起来的荧光蛋白。)
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由于对基因改造有很好的耐受性,酵母在以往合成生物学的重大突破中都扮演了很重要的角色。2009年,以J.Craig Venter为首的科学家们在酵母细胞中组建了第一个人工细菌基因。另外,酵母中的某些DNA被人工敲除(使酵母中原有的一些可以表达的基因沉默不能表达,从而抑制相关生物功能),改造成为酵母人造染色体(YAC),多年来都被用作构建基因图谱。1996年,酵母成为第一个被全部测序的有机体。
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Reporters are frequently used to quantify the strength or activity of upstream gene expression parts. Reporters, when fused in frame to other protein coding sequences, can also be used to identify where a protein is located in a cell or organism, which is fully reflected in this year’s project of Team SCUT. Our Team will use the cherry,yellow,blue,green and cyan fluorescent proteins to indicate whether our target proteins reach the right positions of the cell. 
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The new study's "synIII" artificial chromosome implanted into brewer's yeast builds on this legacy. It crowns a seven-year "Build a Genome" project that involved more than 60 biologists in its assembly.
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Reporters常用于测定上游基因原件的表达强度或是活性,当reporters和其他蛋白融合在一起时,可以用于确定蛋白在细胞或是组织中的位置。这一作用在今年我们SCUT队伍的项目中有充分的体现。我们将利用红色、黄色、蓝色、绿色以及蓝绿色的荧光蛋白去指示到底我们的目标蛋白有没有到达细胞中的正确位置上。
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这项将“synIII”人造染色体植入啤酒酵母中的研究全部建立在上述基础上。它被称为“7年构建一个基因组”项目,共有60多位生物学家参与它的构建。
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Essentially, the study researchers created a stripped-down, but still functional, third chromosome of brewer's yeast, which contains about 2.5 percent of the organism's total genes.
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“This is a major step towards being able to design completely novel organisms," says Todd Kuiken of the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C. "The research team has created what some might call the first synthetic cell that was designed, built and reproduced without a host cell present," he says.
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“这是迈向设计出全新生物体的重要一步。“华盛顿特区Woodrow Wilson国际学者中心的Todd Kuiken说,“研究小组已经创造出第一个合成细胞,它能够不需要宿主细胞的存在而自主设计、构建和复制。”
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Still awaiting scientists is the assembly of a complete artificial genome: man-made versions of all the chromosomes in a plant or animal.
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仍有待科学家们完成的是一个完整的人造基因组的组装构建:所有动植物的人造基因组
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Ideally, synthetic biology will produce microbes with specific genetic codes embedded to cheaply churn out renewable fuels or medicines such as the antimalarial drug artemisinin.
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科学家的理想是,合成生物学能够创造出植入特定基因的工程菌,这些工程菌可以廉价生产出可再生燃料和像抗疟药青蒿素这样的高成本药物。
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Revision as of 22:42, 17 October 2014

清凉夏夜,送你一支荧光雪糕
The Amazing Fluoresce Ice Cream

British boutique ice cream maker Lick Me I'm Delicious (yes, that is the company's real name) recently released a glow-in-the-dark ice cream that uses a luminescent protein from glowing jellyfish. The idea? Lick the ice cream and calcium-activated proteins react by glowing, thanks to differences in your mouth's warmer pH level and the ice cream's more neutral pH.

英国精品雪糕制造商Lick Me I'm Delicious(舔我~我超好吃的哦~ ~(≧▽≦)/~)上市了一款能在黑暗中发光的雪糕。这款雪糕中添加了取自发光水母的发光蛋白,此外,我们的唾液成弱碱性,在舔雪糕的时候,使pH值升高,从而使钙激活蛋白发光。在你舔雪糕的时候,你就会发现雪糕越来越亮啦!(好神奇有木有!)

Be forewarned: a scoop will set you back about $220 in sweet change. Turns out jellyfish protein isn't exactly cheap. But no worries: Charlie Harry Francis, the food scientist who invented the treat, assures foodies that it's safe for consumption. 要提醒大家的是,你需要花费220刀才能吃到这种发光的甜甜的雪糕球,因为提取水母蛋白的成本很高。另外,我们也不必担心食品安全问题,食品科学专家Charlie Harry Francis,同时也是荧光雪糕的发明者,已经确定这种雪糕对消费者来说百分之百安全。

The glowing frozen dessert made us wonder about other instances of luminescence out there. Green fluorescent proteins used in studies aren't just the stuff of mad scientist dreams: it earned the inventor glowing praise and a Nobel Prize in 2008. 这种冷光蛋白也不仅仅只是用于制作酷炫雪糕。绿色荧光蛋白应用于科研邻域早就不是痴人说梦,荧光蛋白的发现者和改造者赢得了2008年的诺贝尔奖。

Now fluorescent proteins have been already widely used in many scientific research fields, especially in biology. In iGEM, fluorescent proteins are usually used as reporters. What are reporters? The answer is that in synthetic biology, they are often used as a mechanism to display information. For example, fluorescent proteins cause a cell to fluoresce when excited with light of a particular wavelength. What’s more, the iGEM team of Tokyo Tech once used fluorescent proteins to create a pen whose ink is the different genetically engineered bacteria. The bacteria can express different fluorescent proteins so that people can use it to draw many colorful paintings.

如今,荧光蛋白已经广泛用于科学研究的各个领域,尤其是生物学领域。在iGEM中,荧光蛋白常常用作报告指示器(reporter)。什么是reporter?在合成生物学中,reporter就是可以直观显示信息的一种机制。例如,在特定波长的光的激发下,荧光蛋白就会使其所在细胞发出荧光,从而能起到定位指示的作用。除此之外,东京工业大学的iGEM队伍曾经利用不同的荧光蛋白,将其基因导入工程细菌中,从而设计并制造出了一支细菌荧光笔,并且画出一些彩色的图画,从而使荧光蛋白第一次应用到了艺术领域,可谓独具匠心。

(上图中,从a-f依次为黄色、蓝色、绿色、橘黄色、红色以及红黄绿三色混合起来的荧光蛋白。)

Reporters are frequently used to quantify the strength or activity of upstream gene expression parts. Reporters, when fused in frame to other protein coding sequences, can also be used to identify where a protein is located in a cell or organism, which is fully reflected in this year’s project of Team SCUT. Our Team will use the cherry,yellow,blue,green and cyan fluorescent proteins to indicate whether our target proteins reach the right positions of the cell.

Reporters常用于测定上游基因原件的表达强度或是活性,当reporters和其他蛋白融合在一起时,可以用于确定蛋白在细胞或是组织中的位置。这一作用在今年我们SCUT队伍的项目中有充分的体现。我们将利用红色、黄色、蓝色、绿色以及蓝绿色的荧光蛋白去指示到底我们的目标蛋白有没有到达细胞中的正确位置上。