http://2014.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Contributions/R.Ashley&feed=atom&limit=50&target=R.Ashley&year=&month=2014.igem.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T01:29:16ZFrom 2014.igem.orgMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/biosTeam:Cornell/team/bios2014-10-16T03:51:42Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<li class="active"><a href="#team">Team Members</a></li><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Team Members</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wetlab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
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Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
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Afrikaans filler text, because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to Drylab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
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<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
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Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
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His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
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<br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
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So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
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When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her she'll be smiling. Make sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/biosTeam:Cornell/team/bios2014-10-16T03:51:17Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wetlab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text, because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to Drylab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
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Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
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His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her she'll be smiling. Make sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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Angenent Lab<br />
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Luo Lab<br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading">Team</h2><br />
<p class="lead">Cornell iGEM benefits from the contributions of nearly 30 undergraduate members and a number of graduate and faculty advisors. Our diverse, student-run team represents twelve majors and five colleges within Cornell University. </p><br />
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<h3>Profile</h3><br />
<p> Our official iGEM team information.</p><br />
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<p> Say hello to the team!</p><br />
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<h3>Gallery</h3><br />
<p>See our team in action.</p><br />
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<h3>Sponsors</h3><br />
<p>See who has supported our research this year.</p><br />
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<h3>Attributions</h3><br />
<p>Meet our advisors.</p><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel, is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources [EPA paper, source 2]. The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite [(NiFe)9S8] accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally [source 4,5]. Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br><br>Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br><br>Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br><br>Est. average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day [AUS sources 7,8] Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water [AUS source 4]. Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis. [AUS sources 16-18]<br><br><br />
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<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
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<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
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Extreme Cases:<br />
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<li> Coma </li><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>Sampleton, New South Wales, Australia:</b>In 2004 Sampleton, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of Sampleton are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of Sampleton was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in Sampleton appears to have no health risks.<br><br><br />
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Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic. [2]<br><br><br />
[2]Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. <http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf>.<br />
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<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
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<h1>NixA</h1><br />
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The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[1]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[2]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
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<ol><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
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<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.</li><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Human Practices</h1><br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential and uncertainty: despite our passion for the fields, we were largely new to the field of synthetic biology and environmental engineering, let alone iGEM. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we grew to become intellectually familiar and developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole. <br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that (1) contributed and congealed with the work our team was undertaking, (2) had meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and (3) was innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. As such, we: engaged in extensive outreach; learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling; launched a new social media platform called Humans and SynBio in collaboration with teams from across the world; put together a survey to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology; built a Comprehensive Environmental Assessment, following up on our efforts from previous years; facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a portfolio of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies; reached out to iGEM teams to collect water samples for testing; and considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work writ large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
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This year we aimed to include an HPrac component that had global impact, was modular and adaptable, and that served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operate, enhancing their relationship with each other. To this end we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of the streets, subways, and salons of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has achieved a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees. <br />
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To create our project, we built a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
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After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology. <br />
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We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating! <br />
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<h1>CT Scan</h1><br />
To get a closer look at the internal structure of our hollow fiber reactor and to monitor the durability of the fibers after heavy filtration we got a Computed Tomography (CT) scan of the reactor with the help of Cornell's Biotechnology Resource Center Imaging Center. We are very concerned with how the fiber material holds up to use as we don't want the filter to be compromised and for our cells to escape into the environment. This technique could be used to determine the life-span and suggested replacement times of such systems.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Material Design</h1><br />
The box has been tested to last for over 5 months in our project for 2012. Since it is meant to be used outside in the field, the box must be durable and water proof in order to filter the polluted water and safeguard the electronics from the environment. The box is also self-sustaining in a sense that a solar panel is used to provide electricity for the electronics and that it can endure the environment as it may be placed by a river to sequester some of the heavy metals from the river.<br />
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<h1>Flow Rate Testing</h1><br />
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In order to determine our requirements for the pump, we tested the flow rate through a setup with the prefilter and fiber reactor. Since the fiber reactor membranes are extremely delicate, we had to make sure our pump could overcome the system’s high resistance without causing any leaks. Initially, this was quite difficult, since we had to prime the system with water for the pump to work at all. The prefilter does not outlet any water until it is completely full. We were able to solve this by connecting the inlet to a separate water source and using hydrostatic head to carefully fill each component. We then matched the fiber reactor’s maximum pressure rating to the pump’s outlet pressure based on the current from the power supply. <br />
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<h1>Luria Broth Testing</h1><br />
If LB remains in the fiber reactor for too long, foreign matter may start to grow and contaminate the filter. To prevent this from happening, a test was conducted to see how long it took for LB to flow out of the fiber reactor. Solutions of LB and tonic water of varying concentrations were run through the fiber reactor, and the amount of solution that came out of the filter, as well as the concentration of solution, were measured. This was done by using tonic water, which fluoresces under UV light because it contains quinine. Overall, it was determined that the amount of LB remaining in the fiber reactor after inoculation is negligible and will not lead to contamination. <br />
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The system contains the following:<br />
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Collecting Drum (12”x12”)<br />
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Waterproof Pelican Case (2’x3’)<br />
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Pump<br />
Solar DC Hot Water Circulation Pump<br />
Voltage & Current: 12 V, 0.8 A<br />
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Solar panel<br />
Model #: SPCC-15W <br />
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Battery<br />
Model #: LPG12-100<br />
Power Rating: 100 Ah/1200 Whr<br />
Voltage: 12 V<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Functional Requirements</h1><br />
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Filter Out Heavy Metals</h4><br />
Our system needed to allow diffusion of heavy metal ions across a filter boundary without letting the genetically engineered cells out into the environment. To satisfy this requirement, we bought a hollow fiber reactor with a molecular weight cut-off (MWCO) of 5 kd @ 50%, effectively isolating the E.coli cells (0.7-1.4 micrometers) from the outlet<sup>[1]</sup>, while allowing diffusion of smaller molecules such as ions across the membrane of the fibers.<br />
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Isolated System</h4><br />
The entire filter system is housed in a watertight box to prevent contaminants from entering. To filter out debris that could enter via the collection bucket, a carbon filter is placed in the system before the fiber reactor. This ensures that only water with microscopic contaminants enters the fiber reactor. Thus, the system is as isolated from the outside environment as possible. <br />
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Effective Flow Rates</h4> <br />
A carbon water filter was added before the hollow fiber reactor in order to filter out large particles and debris that would clog the hollow fiber reactor and to purify the water of certain compounds which would harm the cells. Entering water needed to have an initial flow rate that would allow it to pass through both filters while still allowing time for heavy metal diffusion across the fiber reactor membrane and uptake by the cells. The pump was placed before the carbon fiber in order to move it effectively through the carbon fiber and still have a slow flow rate through the fiber reactor. <br />
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Saturation Detection</h4><br />
A subsystem of reporter constructs was set up inside the box in order to detect when the metallothionein in the fiber reactor is saturated with heavy metals and the cells need replacing. The constructs consisted of a chromoprotein, amilCP, downstream from a specific heavy metal inducible promoter. When the metallothioneins became concentrated, the cells turn visibly blue, indicating that the cells need to be replaced.<br />
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Maintenance</h4> <br />
Our system is powered by a high capacity car battery that is recharged by a compact solar panel. Since our flow requirements are not high, the system can last for up to 2 weeks without any sunlight at all. With several hours of sunlight a day, the system can retain charge for months at a time. Combined with the tough, weatherproof design, this allows our system to purify water fully autonomously for very long periods. <br />
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<h1>References</h1><br />
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<li>Nelson DE, Young KD. Penicillin binding protein 5 affects cell diameter, contour, and morphology of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2000 Mar182(6):1714-21 p.1719</li><br />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">Lead it Go</span></h2><br />
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Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
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Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
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Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
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<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>Overview of the background material for the project</p><br />
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<p>Summary of our wet lab work</p><br />
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<p>Summary of our dry lab work</p><br />
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<p>Examples of our human practices efforts</p><br />
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<p>Discussion of possible developments for the project</p><br />
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<p>Important safety information</p><br />
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<p>Weekly summaries of our wet lab and dry lab work</p><br />
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<h3>Team</h3><br />
<p>Details about our team and advisors</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/teamTeam:Cornell/team2014-10-16T02:56:40Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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</div><br />
<div class="col-md-5"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading">Team</h2><br />
<p class="lead">Cornell iGEM benefits from the contributions of nearly 30 undergraduate members and a number of graduate and faculty advisors. Our diverse, student-run team represents twelve majors and five colleges within Cornell University. </p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h3>Profile</h3><br />
<p> Our official iGEM team information.</p><br />
</div><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_su_tina.jpg"><br />
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<h3>Bios</h3><br />
<p> Say hello to the team!</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Gallery</h3><br />
<p>See our team in action.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Joseph_Bio.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Sponsors</h3><br />
<p>See who has supported our research this year.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/attributions"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Shiavaunarcher.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Attributions</h3><br />
<p>Meet our advisors.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:CornellTeam:Cornell2014-10-16T02:54:34Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px;">We're going to save the world <span class="text-muted">Because we are awesome</span></h2><br />
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<h3>Project</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e2/Cornell_CIBT.jpg" alt="..."><br />
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<h3>Outreach</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/60/Cornell_IMG_4991_small.jpg" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Notebook</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<a href="#"><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_team2014.jpg" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Team</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:CornellTeam:Cornell2014-10-16T02:54:10Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h3>Outreach</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<h3>Notebook</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<a href="#"><br />
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<h3>Team</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:CornellTeam:Cornell2014-10-16T02:53:31Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px;">We're going to save the world <span class="text-muted">Because we are awesome</span></h2><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="thumbnail home"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Project</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<h3>Outreach</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
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<h3>Notebook</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a href="#"><br />
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<h3>Team</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:CornellTeam:Cornell2014-10-16T02:52:41Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px;">We're going to save the world <span class="text-muted">Because we are awesome</span></h2><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="row"><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Project</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png" alt="..."><br />
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<h3>Outreach</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
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<h3>Notebook</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a href="#"><br />
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<h3>Team</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:50:32Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">Lead it Go</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e0/Cornell_Onondaga_Lake_Park.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_WP_20140923_003.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/10/Cornell_humans7.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/cc/Cornell_buoy.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5a/Cornell_ecoli.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:44:46Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/58/Cornell_water1.jpg" ><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-7"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">I want chocolate</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e0/Cornell_Onondaga_Lake_Park.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_WP_20140923_003.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/10/Cornell_humans7.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/cc/Cornell_buoy.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5a/Cornell_ecoli.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:43:38Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
<html><br />
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<div class="row featurette"><br />
<div class="col-md-5" style="margin-top:30px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/58/Cornell_water1.jpg" ><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-7"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">I want chocolate</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_WP_20140923_003.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/10/Cornell_humans7.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/cc/Cornell_buoy.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5a/Cornell_ecoli.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:42:59Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
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<div class="col-md-5" style="margin-top:30px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/58/Cornell_water1.jpg" ><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-7"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">I want chocolate</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_WP_20140923_003.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/10/Cornell_humans7.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/cc/Cornell_buoy.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:42:14Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
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<div class="row featurette"><br />
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<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/58/Cornell_water1.jpg" ><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-7"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">I want chocolate</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_WP_20140923_003.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/10/Cornell_humans7.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:41:08Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.project').addClass('active');<br />
$('li.p_over').addClass('active');<br />
});<br />
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row featurette"><br />
<div class="col-md-5" style="margin-top:30px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/58/Cornell_water1.jpg" ><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-7"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">I want chocolate</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_WP_20140923_003.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/projectTeam:Cornell/project2014-10-16T02:40:36Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.project').addClass('active');<br />
$('li.p_over').addClass('active');<br />
});<br />
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row featurette"><br />
<div class="col-md-5" style="margin-top:30px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/58/Cornell_water1.jpg" ><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-7"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin: 0px;">Project <span class="text-muted">I want chocolate</span></h2><br />
<p><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants, including lead, mercury, and nickel, can enter water supplies through a number of methods, including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, these metals have the ability to cause environmental and health problems, such as acute toxicity at high concentrations and carcinogenicity with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are much more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste.<br />
<br><br><br />
Our team plans to combat heavy metal pollution by improving existing biological filtration methods and developing a novel system for lead remediation. To this end, we are engineering bacterial strains that will simultaneously express heavy metal transport proteins and metallothioneins, a class of low-molecular-weight proteins with high binding affinities for various heavy metals. The heavy metal transport proteins are specific to certain metals and will cause rapid intake of these ions. The metallothioneins will then bind to these ions intracellularly and permanently sequester them. After filtration, the respective heavy metals can be isolated by recollecting the cells from the filter. In addition to developing these strains, our dry lab team plans to develop a hollow fiber reactor with several chambers, each designed to collect a specific metal. We then plan to test the efficacy of different combinations of filters in series using samples of contaminated waters near a local contaminated site. <br />
<br><br><br />
Previously, research groups have developed such filtration systems for some of the most harmful heavy metals. One of our faculty advisors at Cornell, Dr. David Wilson, has developed such systems for mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. Additionally, we will be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Background</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Wetlab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Drylab</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Human Practices</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Future Applications</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Safety</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/teamTeam:Cornell/team2014-10-16T02:38:16Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.team').addClass('active');<br />
$('li.t_over').addClass('active');<br />
});<br />
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row featurette"><br />
<div class="col-md-7" style="margin-top:25px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_team2014.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-5"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading">Team</h2><br />
<p class="lead">Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper. Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br><br />
<div class="row"> <br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://igem.org/Team.cgi?year=2014" target="_blank"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Profile</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/bios"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_su_tina.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Bios</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/gallery"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/c2/CornellIMG_20140722_114416176.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Gallery</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/sponsors"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Joseph_Bio.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Sponsors</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/attributions"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Shiavaunarcher.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Attributions</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/teamTeam:Cornell/team2014-10-16T02:37:33Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.team').addClass('active');<br />
$('li.t_over').addClass('active');<br />
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row featurette"><br />
<div class="col-md-7" style="margin-top:25px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_team2014.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-5"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading">Team</h2><br />
<p class="lead">Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper. Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br><br />
<div class="row"> <br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://igem.org/Team.cgi?year=2014" target="_blank"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Profile</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/bios"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_su_tina.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Bios</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/gallery"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Gallery</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/sponsors"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Joseph_Bio.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Sponsors</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/attributions"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Shiavaunarcher.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Attributions</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/teamTeam:Cornell/team2014-10-16T02:36:09Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
<html><br />
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$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.team').addClass('active');<br />
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<div class="col-md-7" style="margin-top:25px" ><br />
<img class="featurette-image img-responsive" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Cornell_team2014.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-5"><br />
<h2 class="featurette-heading">Team</h2><br />
<p class="lead">Donec ullamcorper nulla non metus auctor fringilla. Vestibulum id ligula porta felis euismod semper. Praesent commodo cursus magna, vel scelerisque nisl consectetur. Fusce dapibus, tellus ac cursus commodo.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br><br><br />
<div class="row"> <br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://igem.org/Team.cgi?year=2014" target="_blank"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Profile</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/bios"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_su_tina.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Bios</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/gallery"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Shiavaunarcher.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Gallery</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/sponsors"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Joseph_Bio.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Sponsors</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/attributions"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png"><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h3>Attributions</h3><br />
<p>More detail. Stuff stuff stuff stuff.</p><br />
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</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T02:30:08Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters as part of the dry lab portion of our project.<br />
<br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
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<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
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</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class = "row"><br />
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<h1>Results</h1><br />
<ol><br />
<li>BL21 strains with the merT/merP transporters showed increased sensitivity to mercury concentrations as expected. However, there was no inhibition of growth with wild type BL21 or strains with transporters for lead and nickel even at very high metal concentrations. </li> <br />
</ol><br />
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<form action="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury"><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Go to Lead Page"><br />
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<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
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<form action="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel"><br />
<input type="submit" value="Go to Nickel Page"><br />
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<ol start = "2"><br />
<li>Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.</li><br />
</ol><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Go to Mercury Page"><br />
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<input type="submit" value="Go to Lead Page"><br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
</div><br />
<form action="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel"><br />
<input type="submit" value="Go to Nickel Page"><br />
</form><br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Wilson, D. B. Construction and characterization of Escherichia coli genetically engineered for Construction and Characterization of Escherichia coli Genetically Engineered for Bioremediation of Hg 2 ϩ -Contaminated Environments. 2–6 (1997).</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R. & Wilson, D. B. Construction and characterization of an Escherichia coli strain genetically engineered for Ni(II) bioaccumulation. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 5383–6 (2000).</li><br />
<li>Huang, J. et al. Fission yeast HMT1 lowers seed cadmium through phytochelatin-dependent vacuolar sequestration in Arabidopsis. Plant Physiol. 158, 1779–88 (2012).</li><br />
<br><br><br />
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</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.pngFile:Ni small.png2014-10-16T02:19:11Z<p>R.Ashley: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Ni small.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.pngFile:Hg small.png2014-10-16T02:19:02Z<p>R.Ashley: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Hg small.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hpracTeam:Cornell/project/hprac2014-10-16T02:12:42Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Human Practices</h1><br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential and uncertainty: despite our passion for the fields, we were largely new to the field of synthetic biology and environmental engineering, let alone iGEM. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we grew to become intellectually familiar and developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole. <br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that (1) contributed and congealed with the work our team was undertaking, (2) had meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and (3) was innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. As such, we: engaged in extensive outreach; learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling; launched a new social media platform called Humans and SynBio in collaboration with teams from across the world; put together a survey to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology; built a Comprehensive Environmental Assessment, following up on our efforts from previous years; facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a portfolio of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies; reached out to iGEM teams to collect water samples for testing; and considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work writ large. <br />
<br><br><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/igem.org/6/67/IGEMsmall.png" alt="..."><br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
This year we aimed to include an HPrac component that had global impact, was modular and adaptable, and that served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operate, enhancing their relationship with each other. To this end we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of the streets, subways, and salons of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has achieved a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees. <br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
To create our project, we built a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
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After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology. <br />
<br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating! <br />
<br><br><br />
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<hr />
<div></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T02:04:35Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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{{:Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/header}}<br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br> <br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters as part of the dry lab portion of our project.<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class = "row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1d/Cornell_mercury_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Mercury Page</a></p><br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/57/Cornell_Lead_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/lead" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Lead Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li></li><br />
<li></li><br />
<li></li><br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T02:04:19Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.p_wet_over').addClass('active');<br />
});<br />
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<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br> <br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters as part of the dry lab portion of our project.<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class = "row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1d/Cornell_mercury_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Mercury Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/57/Cornell_Lead_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/lead" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Lead Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li></li><br />
<li></li><br />
<li></li><br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T02:03:02Z<p>R.Ashley: Undo revision 261055 by R.Ashley (talk)</p>
<hr />
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{{:Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/header}}<br />
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<br><br />
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</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br> <br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters as part of the dry lab portion of our project.<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class = "row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1d/Cornell_mercury_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Mercury Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/57/Cornell_Lead_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/lead" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Lead Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T02:02:29Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
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<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br> <br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters as part of the dry lab portion of our project.<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class = "row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1d/Cornell_mercury_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Mercury Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/57/Cornell_Lead_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/lead" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Lead Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T02:00:43Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
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<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br> <br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters (see drylab).<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class = "row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1d/Cornell_mercury_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Mercury Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/57/Cornell_Lead_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/lead" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Lead Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlabTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab2014-10-16T01:59:55Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
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<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Idea</h1><br />
Mercury, nickel, and lead were targeted for sequestration by our strain of bacteria by utilizing the efficient binding properties of the pea metallothionein and specificity of the respective metal transport proteins, merT/merP<sup>1</sup>, nixA<sup>2</sup>,and CBP4. First, the yeast metallothionein<sup>3</sup> as well as each of the three heavy metal transport proteins were biobricked. Then, our wetlab sub team combined the parts to develop functional composite constructs. The idea of utilizing of metallothioneins in parallel with metal transporters for sequestration has been studied in depth for mercury and nickel. However, this idea has never been investigated for lead primarily due to a lack of characterization of the lead transporter. <br />
<br><br> <br />
To test the sequestration efficiency of each metal, E.coli BL21-A1 was transformed with the pea metallothionein as well the respective metal transporter for the targeted metal. <br />
The sequestering strains can be placed into fiber reactors to develop functional sequestering filters (see drylab).<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-3"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/91/Protein.PNG" alt="..." width="400px"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Components</h1><br />
<center><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/1/16/Componenttable.PNG/800px-Componenttable.PNG" alt="..."></center><br />
<br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Experiments</h1><br />
The growth rates of the sequestering strain were measured using spectrophotometry. In addition, two methods were used to determine heavy metal sequestration efficiency. <br><br><br />
<br />
<ol><br />
<li> A spectrophotometer to analyze and compare the kinetic growth rates of E. coli cultures expressing either the metallothionein, transporter proteins, both metallothionein and transporter, and just the vector backbone, as a control. </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li>We hypothesized that the control culture would be mildly sensitive to growth in metal-containing media, while the cultures with the transport protein would be more sensitive to growth in metal-containing media due to increased access of the heavy metal to cellular machinery. Finally, bacteria transformed with both the metal transporter and metallothionein protein would be the least sensitive in metal-containing media. Each strain was grown in different heavy metal concentrations. </li><br />
</ul><br />
<li>Sequestration efficiency was measured by growing both, the wild type strains as well as sequestering strains in heavy metals of different concentrations. The concentration of heavy metals after growth was measured in two ways: </li><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Nutrient Analysis Lab at Cornell University</li><br />
<li> Using green-fluorescent heavy metal indicator Phen Green</li><br />
</ul><br />
</ol><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
<div class = "row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
Considering cell density, both lead and nickel sequestering strains removed significantly more metal compared with the wild type BL21 strain. The mercury sequestering strain did not sequester significantly more metal compared with the wild type strain.<br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1d/Cornell_mercury_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/mercury" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Mercury Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/57/Cornell_Lead_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/lead" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Lead Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_nickel_per_OD.png" alt="..."><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<p><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/nickel" class="btn btn-primary" role="button">Nickel Page</a></p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Ref 1</li><br />
<li>Ref 2</li><br />
<li>Ref 3</li><br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hpracTeam:Cornell/project/hprac2014-10-16T01:58:34Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/hprac/header}}<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Human Practices</h1><br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential and uncertainty: despite our passion for the fields, we were largely new to the field of synthetic biology and environmental engineering, let alone iGEM. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we grew to become intellectually familiar and developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole. <br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
We set out to create Human Practices components that (1) contributed and congealed with the work our team was undertaking, (2) had meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and (3) was innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. As such, we: engaged in extensive outreach; learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling; launched a new social media platform called Humans and SynBio in collaboration with teams from across the world; put together a survey to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology; built a Comprehensive Environmental Assessment, following up on our efforts from previous years; facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a portfolio of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies; reached out to iGEM teams to collect water samples for testing; and considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work writ large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
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This year we aimed to include an HPrac component that had global impact, was modular and adaptable, and that served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operate, enhancing their relationship with each other. To this end we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of the streets, subways, and salons of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has achieved a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees. <br />
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To create our project, we built a <a href="https://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="http://tinyurl.com/HaSBInvite">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
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After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology. <br />
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We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating! <br />
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</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humansTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/humans2014-10-16T01:53:05Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1> Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
<a href="https://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio?fref=nf">Humans and SynBio</a> is our team's take on the <a href="https://www.facebook.com/humansofnewyork">Humans of New York</a> project that showcases the diversity of people in New York City and their stories. Humans and SynBio aims to display the opinions of the public on synthetic biology, genetic engineering and related topics. We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans and Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating! <br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-1"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Steamboat Landing<br />
<br><br><br />
"I actually found a study a few years ago on E. coli, specifically about the fact that beef can be contaminated very easily. But this study actually showed if you grass-fed your beef you had a much lower incidence, and feeding grain to the animals gave rise to E. coli that was acid resistant." <br />
<br><br><br />
"Because they're not meant to eat corn?" <br />
<br><br><br />
"Yep - there was a even a part of it that said if you stopped feeding them grain the last few weeks before slaughter, the levels of the worst E. coli would actually drop." <br />
<br><br><br />
"Did anybody act on that?" <br />
<br><br><br />
"I'm not sure if anybody did. It's really hard to change the conventional part because we're just so geared to feeding them corn."<br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-2"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Steamboat Landing<br />
<br><br><br />
"Our thoughts on what?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"Synthetic biology, modifying the DNA of organisms to make them do something new or different, that sort of thing."<br />
<br><br> <br />
"That's a tough question." "Yeah, modifying animals or bacteria? Like, this duck for example?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"Yeah, or think of something like Golden Rice."<br />
<br><br><br />
"Well, I think it's kind of like medicine: do we really know what the impacts of all medicines are? I don't know. Do we know if using a certain medicine will be definitively better or will it make something worse in every situation? I don't know. I think that as humans we will always be curious about whether we can can change the world around us to do what we want it to do. But I think it should be done under strictly experimental conditions until all the impacts are observed and noted and until then it shouldn't be applied on any sort of large scale. That's a grey zone because you don't really know when that happens. I don't think the effort here should be about answering a yes-or-no question; effort should be put into seeing if we can experiment in the right way."<br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-3"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
"Coming from a creative writing major, I guess the issue needs to be addressed very heavily and it needs to honestly go a lot higher than it has been in terms of publicity. It's great that you guys are coming here to people and asking them about it, but certainly things like this can definitely be considered on a higher standard. I think it's a very pressing issue and definitely needs to be addressed. It can be brought up pretty much to the college level even down even to the grade schools."<br />
<br><br><br />
"What about a specific application of synthetic biology, like an environmental filter?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"Absolutely! Yeah, I think it's fine. As long as it brings an impact that can definitely be used in a positive way and definitely enhance the communities around and stuff like that, I see no real issues with it."<br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-4"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
"It's bad! It's not natural... But if it is only for the research then it is okay."<br />
<br><br><br />
"It's very cool, it's like great technology, but whenever you do it to food it's probably not very healthy. It's like a coin with two sides."<br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-5"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
[About genetically modified organisms in food]<br />
<br><br><br />
"I'd like to see what the evidence is eventually. I try to avoid things that might be a potential problem, so like you said: buy a lot of organic food, and if it's certified organic food then it's not going to have GMO's in it any way, hopefully."<br />
<br><br><br />
"On the flip side, do you think if GMOs helped solve underfeeding with something like Golden Rice - would that be a benefit?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think so. We are fortunate enough to have choices here, but on the same token, I'd like to see what the evidence is as far as if it is actually beneficial or harmful, as far as the science of it, but I think giving people access to food is important. I don't want people to starve because I want to know what's in what I eat. I'd like to see sort of less politicized evidence-I'd like to see the actual science of it... I'm an evidence-based person, so I want to see what the evidence is."<br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-6"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's<br />
<br><br><br />
[Midway through our conversation]<br />
<br><br><br />
"By the way, I'm a biophysics grad student."<br />
<br><br><br />
"Oh, so what do you think about making a tool by modifying bacteria?" <br />
<br><br><br />
"As long as the strain is not harmful, I don't have a problem with it. And as long as it is following the infectious disease rules, I'm fine with it. So you're not offending me."<br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-7"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's with some radishes<br />
<br><br><br />
"Environmentally, I think I would go for natural things more and I would imagine it would be healthier too. And we know that plants and vegetables, fruits, and trees that we are familiar with have been in existence for thousands of years so we know about them, but this mutation and biology that is being implemented and developed - we don't know anything about it. It's still in the experimental stage and personally I am a nature person - I don't like artificial things. <br />
<br><br><br />
"...I mean if it helps people, ultimately I think it is a good thing. I mean if you go to Africa or some of the less developed countries their goal is really survival they are not thinking about organic versus artificially developed foods. So first you want to meet the basic needs of human beings- help them! - then if you can have the luxury of distinguishing between organic and inorganic foods then I think we would do that. I would go for organic. Like here for example: Cornell, Ithaca." <br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-8"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Ho Plaza, Cornell University<br />
<br><br><br />
"I feel the way most people do, that GMOs are not exactly natural. I believe it is dangerous to rely on genetic engineering to continue producing high quantities of low cost food. However, as a future scientist working with synthetic biology, I can see great opportunities for us to better the world, to fix the problems that humans have caused. That line between right and wrong, is extremely difficult to define and I hope that others will understand that as scientists working to solve many problems, it is hard for us to see that line too. It bothers me that whenever people see: "GMO" they immediately pass it off as something bad or unnatural. There are many reasons why GMOs are used in agriculture-there are too many mouths to feed on this planet - and if it were a choice between starvation and GMO food on the table, which would you choose? If people are so concerned about GMOs being used in farming, then they should encourage small farms and the next generation to pick up farming. It is hands down the most important job in the world-I wish people could understand that." <br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-9"><br />
Ithaca, NY | by Carpenter Hall, Cornell University<br />
<br><br><br />
"Humans have always used animals to do experiments. Like rats, mice, and monkeys...so I wouldn't say that it is a problem. I mean you have to use it with conscience. For me it is fine if you can follow the ethical rules."<br />
<br><br><br />
"I agree with using animals to studies because I think it is important to improve the area - the scientific area - and I think that if you follow the ethical rules to use the animals then everything is fine and we can keep on using animals for science."<br />
<br><br><br />
"Yeah. You have to care about the animals because they are helping you-you are not just using them, they are not your property so you have to treat them well. You have to respect another life."<br />
<br><br><br />
If you could make any animal do something with biological engineering, what would you do?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Well I personally would like to fly so if there is a way to make humans fly, like frogs have that -- to breath under water... I would really like that." <br />
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<div class="humans-text humans-10"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
"I think there is definitely a limitation for where we're going, but for something like this where it improves pollution, I don't see how it is going past that limitation yet."<br />
<br><br><br />
What limitation are you talking about?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Um, I guess in terms of ethics, something that directly effects some type of life, like if it is harming a certain organism, but in this case I just feel like it is benefiting society in general."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you think that line is hard to define? If it is harming the organism, but benefiting society a lot is that still okay?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Definitely because people have different ideas of what life is in general so there are definitely different perspectives of what is right or wrong so I guess it's important to communicate and try to find a good compromise." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-11"><br />
Joseph, OR | Wallowa Lake<br />
<br><br><br />
"I believe that synthetic biology holds promise for either solving or reducing the impact of many of humanities greatest challenges ranging from disease, to famine, to pollution which have so far evaded solution using other technologies…One concern of synthetic biology is that there may be people who would use the technology to the detriment of society. Another possible risk is that something is created that has an unintended affect that goes unnoticed for too long. For those reasons, people involved in the field need to have high ethical standards and rigorous testing of products should be completed prior to release. However, I see the potential benefits of synthetic biology far outweighing the concerns."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you have any concerns regarding genetically modified foods?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think food, which is very personal, can have a high “worry factor” regarding whether it is safe and that something as complex as synthetic biology is difficult for people who are not in the field to understand. People tend to fear what they don’t understand. Perhaps people in the field/industry of synthetic biology could improve their image through education of the public regarding the products they provide." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-12"><br />
Troutdale, OR | Angel's Rest<br />
<br><br><br />
I believe that synthetic biology has many important applications, especially in a world where the population is growing and people are living longer. We are using more resources than ever and I believe that we need to use the tools at our disposal in order to decrease our negative impact on the earth. However, as with any new scientific process or technology, it is important to regulate it and educate people about these forms of synthetic biology. <br />
<br><br><br />
What concerns do you have about genetically modified foods?<br />
<br><br><br />
My concerns lie more in how genetically modified crops are tested and regulated. For example, when I take a prescription medication for a disease, or antibiotic for a bacterial infection, I am aware that the drug has undergone extensive research, including laboratory development, animal trials, and clinical trials before I personally am allowed to take it. It makes me feel safer knowing that these protocols are in place to insure that I am being treated in the safest way possible…Like medication, food is something that we ingest daily, and thus any food, genetically modified or not, needs to fulfill certain safety protocols. Genetically modified foods should go through extensive testing before they are marketed for human consumption because their biology has been altered. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-13"><br />
Oxford iGEM | Oxford, UK.<br />
<br><br><br />
"Should Synthetic Biology be open to everyone?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"Absolutely, synthetic biology should be open to everyone, as in, everyone should have the opportunity to get involved in the actual process of it. However, like with any consumer good it should always be regulated for safety purposes and to avoid any ethical problems. The development background should always be made available to the consumer."<br />
<br><br><br />
"Do you think that GMOs have the capacity to help the problem of overpopulation" <br />
<br><br><br />
"Yes. I think they do. I think the public opinion of GMOs needs to be radically re-educated. I think a lot of people don't understand that it is completely natural occurrences as in DNA is involved in everything we eat. Everything we eat is organic, carbon based, and biologically occurring. Synthetic biology is the manipulation of living things which is what agriculture essentially is just over a much longer time period, and people still view it with a negative stigma." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-14"><br />
Beaverton, OR | Community garden<br />
<br><br><br />
"My opinion of synthetic biology is that it will have a positive impact on the world. I think it will help solve some of the big environmental problems we face such as pollution and depletion of some of our natural resources. I also believe it will be very important in developing new treatments for disease. I think there is lack of public support in this area of research because many people do not know much about it."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you have any concerns regarding genetically modified food?<br />
<br><br><br />
"My concerns with genetically modified foods are that we start producing them for profit only and don’t carefully weigh the potential hazards. I am confident that the genetically modified foods we buy today are safe and have been properly regulated by our government, but I worry that as more and more are developed some governments may not properly regulate them." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-15"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
"What do you think about GMOs?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think that it depends on the situation. I think synthetic biology is definitely something that we can't really turn back from anymore because we are always trying to progress as humans, but I think in a lot of cases we should be really cautious and not use it necessarily just because it's there. When I'm talking about food, a lot of times GMOs aren't really unsafe food, but it's still the idea that we are constantly trying to be better and progress and I think as with anything else, sometimes we should stop.<br><br />
For example they made crops that are herbicide resistant so that they could spray more herbicides onto the crops so that they could grow more, and they really didn't need to grow more of those crops but they would save money if they did, so they did that and now they are spraying more chemicals. So the GMO resistance isn't really bad for us, but it encourages us to do more industrialized farming that isn't really necessary. "<br />
<br><br><br />
"So where is the 'line' between appropriate and inappropriate GMO applications for you?"<br />
<br><br><br />
"I thought that nutrient enriched crops were okay and good in poor countries; I thought that certain pest-resistant crops are neutral. . . ., but then there are other crops that are herbicide resistant and I think that that is too far because you are encouraging the use of more chemicals."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-16"><br />
Montgomery, NJ | Bio classroom with a plant<br />
<br><br><br />
"Do you think synthetic biology, in terms of genetic engineering, is moral or immoral?" <br />
<br><br><br />
"If a child has some sort of congenital disease, I believe it would be moral to alter the disease so that the child wouldn't have to deal with it as an adult or a teenager. But, it would get unethical when you change the way a child looks or his or her personality, if you can even do that. Children are what they are when they are born, and it's unnatural if you try to change that." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-17"><br />
Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
"To me, synthetic biology is artificially playing the genetics of organisms, changing them on the genetic life. I'm pretty neutral towards it. I mean, a lot of artificial organisms have been pretty helpful, so I can't see why we can't do synthetic biology."<br />
<br><br><br />
What's your stance on GMOs - are they more helpful or harmful?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think a lot of different people are using GMOs these days. It actually helps a lot because they make the food bigger, or tastier, or more resistant to diseases. It helps us get the proper amount of food we need to sustain the human population - so I don't see anything wrong with that so long as the process isn't harmful to the environment in any way - which it's not... yet..." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-18"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
"Oh synthetic biology? We talked a little about that in my science class! It's super cool because smart scientists can use synthetic biology to insert jellyfish DNA into pig DNA. Do you know what happens then? The jellyfish DNA is able to make pigs glow. That way, farmers can keep track of their pigs at night time. With this new technology, farmers won't need to worry about losing pigs when it gets dark out!"<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-19"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
What are some moral and ethical concerns?<br />
<br><br><br />
"It could be used as a bioweapon, but it should be regulated enough that this shouldn't be an issue. The most dangerous thing is that it could be potentially dangerous to the researchers, especially if you are introducing new genes in bacteria that have never been observed before. If bacteria are dangerous and spread easily, new types diseases could be potentially created/spread if research isn't careful . There is so much good that could come out of synthetic biology though that as long as they have good regulations, it's fine."<br />
<br><br><br />
What is your dream application of synthetic biology?<br />
<br><br><br />
"It'd be awesome for any sort of medical application. If bacteria could be used to generate power or used as fuel source that'd be cool too." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-20"><br />
KoKo's Korean Restaurant | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
"What do you think the field of computer science could contribute to biology?" <br />
<br><br><br />
"The magic of the computer lies in its ability to remove the limitations of human capability. Whereas in the past our creativity was restricted by what was manually possible, today the computer is enabling discoveries that the mind is simply incapable of making on its own. I believe we will see the computer as an integral part of many of the seminal discoveries within synthetic biology in the next decade. Through the computer’s power in analyzing enormous sets of data and sheer calculating speed we will be able to make connections that were previously unfathomable. The use of DNA as storage and biological computing are fundamentally changing the definition of computers. We are only at the beginning - there are applications of computer science to synthetic biology and vice-versa that no one has yet imagined. There are algorithms to be discovered and research to be done and I will remain optimistic in watching the field grow out of its infancy and mature." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-21"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
Q: What are some ethical concerns you have regarding genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms?<br />
<br><br><br />
A: I think there is something that has to be said with regards to how we are producing at a rate just to meet our population's needs as opposed to the natural rate of growth. For me, personally, I think that fighting nature in the sense that we are with genetic modification can pose a potential concern. That's not to say that I think that science has not done its due diligence with the process. I understand that there is a pressing need to produce at a higher rate, but I think that there are some moral concerns associated with opposing the natural rate. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-22"><br />
Duffield Hall, Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
Engineers hard at work pause to share some thoughts about SynBio <br />
<br><br><br />
"What do you think about GMOs? What is the limit to what you would buy in terms of genetically modified food?" <br />
<br><br><br />
"If it glows" <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-23"><br />
White Mountains, NH<br />
<br><br><br />
Q. What do you think of Gene Therapy?<br />
<br><br><br />
A. "I don’t know if it’s safe or not, but I think it makes sense as a direction to look for medicine, because the more we learn about what causes things to go wrong…the better."<br />
<br><br><br />
Q. What is your opinion of the field of synthetic biology?<br />
<br><br><br />
A. "I don’t have as much of a concern as some other people seem to have. I imagine with people it can be very helpful, with medicine and a lot of bad diseases. I guess it could be used in strange ways too, you know, maybe you can make me into the next Olympian!" <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-24"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Applefest<br />
<br><br><br />
Scientists have recently genetically modified apples so that they can no longer brown, potentially cutting the price of selling sliced apples by 40 percent. What is your opinion on that, or towards genetically modified foods in general?<br />
<br><br><br />
A. "I think on a semantic level, GMOs aren't any different from artificial selection. At a basic level, "genetically modified organisms" could apply to any organism selected for some trait. Traits often come about from mutations and I personally don't see any difference from waiting for nature to mess with DNA and us messing with DNA. I'm sure that there are scientific ways to show that there are issues that come from tinkering around with organisms, but I am also sure that there's evidence to show that it doesn't matter otherwise." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-25"><br />
uOttawa iGEM | Ottawa, Ontario, Canada <br />
<br><br><br />
How would you define synthetic biology?<br />
<br><br><br />
Synthetic biology is the discipline that is going to change the world as we know it. Never before have we been able to design such complex biological machines; this one discipline alone opens to us the possibilities of producing green biofuels, targeting diseases in unprecedented ways, and making other planets habitable - simultaneously. SynBio is one of the most rapidly expanding fields in the world of science, and it's exciting to wonder where we'll be able to take all of this in the upcoming years. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-26"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Libraries<br />
<br><br><br />
What is your opinion on GMO’s?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I wouldn’t buy them. But I actually do because it’s everywhere. Lately I have been trying to buy organic foods because this all seemed to come out of nowhere—it was just last year that I noticed it. So now you can find a lot more products that are non GMO."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you believe that organic foods are in fact better for you?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I hope so, but whenever a trend comes on, like the organic foods, you tend to question if it really is good for you." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-27"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Libraries<br />
<br><br><br />
"It’s basically taking an organism and changing it for a different use than it is already."<br />
<br><br><br />
How do you think synthetic biology can help and/or hurt people?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think it could definitely help in the medical field."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you have any concerns about genetic engineering?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Well there can always be mistakes...like making a squirrel more vicious. Or some other animal that could hurt people. But that would hopefully be in a lab, and unless they let it escape it wouldn’t really affect us that much." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-28"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Libraries<br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think synthetic biology is?<br />
<br><br><br />
"What do I think it is? It’s like the story you were telling me about the strawberries. How there is such a difference between the normal ones that grow out in somebody’s yard and the ones you get when you’re going picking—there’s such a big difference in between them." <br />
<br><br><br />
What is one problem you’d hope to see synthetic biology combat?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Probably the food thing. You know, everybody has different opinions on different types of food. That would be one thing that would be good for somebody to look at and change."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you mean mediating opinions?<br />
<br><br><br />
"It’s like the difference between the organic and the normal food. Just to figure out what people are doing to the normal food. Why people don’t want to eat or buy it." <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/drylab/functionalreqTeam:Cornell/project/drylab/functionalreq2014-10-16T01:47:14Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Functional Requirements</h1><br />
Our system needed to allow diffusion of heavy metal ions across a filter boundary without letting the genetically engineered cells out into the environment. To satisfy this requirement, we bought a hollow fiber reactor with a MWCO of 5kd @ 50%, effectively isolating the E.coli cells(0.7-1.4 micrometers)<sup>[1]</sup> from the outlet, while allowing diffusion of smaller molecules such as ions across the membrane of the fibers. <br />
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Additionally, water needed to have an initial flow rate that would allow it to pass through the filter with the cells completely while still allowing time for the diffusion of any heavy metals across the filter membrane to be taken up by the cells. This was accomplished by placing a pump between the reservoir and the hollow fiber reactor. <br />
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Additional components were added to improve the system, including a carbon water filter before the hollow fiber reactor in order to filter out large particles, which would clog the hollow fiber reactor, and to purify the water of certain compounds which would harm the cells. An additional requirement for the pump in the system was that it had to move water through the large filter first. Also, a battery was required to power the pump. Since this system was modeled to work outside for extended periods of time attached to a factory outlet pipe, a solar panel was used to power a long lasting battery. Finally, a bucket functioned as the reservoir to collect the water from the pipe. <br />
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The system was scaled down slightly for our purposes, since volume of water was not a concern, so only one hollow fiber reactor to house the cells was necessary. <br />
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<h1>References</h1><br />
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<li>Nelson DE, Young KD. Penicillin binding protein 5 affects cell diameter, contour, and morphology of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2000 Mar182(6):1714-21 p.1719</li><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Functional Requirements</h1><br />
Our system needed to allow diffusion of heavy metal ions across a filter boundary without letting the genetically engineered cells out into the environment. To satisfy this requirement, we bought a hollow fiber reactor with a MWCO of 5kd @ 50%, effectively isolating the E.coli cells(.7-1.4micrometers)<sup>[1]</sup> from the outlet, while allowing diffusion of smaller molecules such as ions across the membrane of the fibers. <br />
<br />
Additionally, water needed to have an initial flow rate that would allow it to pass through the filter with the cells completely while still allowing time for the diffusion of any heavy metals across the filter membrane to be taken up by the cells. This was accomplished by placing a pump between the reservoir and the hollow fiber reactor. <br />
<br />
Additional components were added to improve the system, including a carbon water filter before the hollow fiber reactor in order to filter out large particles, which would clog the hollow fiber reactor, and to purify the water of certain compounds which would harm the cells. An additional requirement for the pump in the system was that it had to move water through the large filter first. Also, a battery was required to power the pump. Since this system was modeled to work outside for extended periods of time attached to a factory outlet pipe, a solar panel was used to power a long lasting battery. Finally, a bucket functioned as the reservoir to collect the water from the pipe. <br />
<br />
The system was scaled down slightly for our purposes, since volume of water was not a concern, so only one hollow fiber reactor to house the cells was necessary. <br />
<br><br><br />
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</div><br />
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<h1>References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Nelson DE, Young KD. Penicillin binding protein 5 affects cell diameter, contour, and morphology of Escherichia coli. J Bacteriol. 2000 Mar182(6):1714-21 p.1719</li><br />
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</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/futureworkTeam:Cornell/project/wetlab/futurework2014-10-16T01:35:58Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
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We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
<br><br><br />
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We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
<br><br><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
<br><br><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Future Work</h1><br />
In the future, we hope to continue working with the <i>merT</i>, <i>merP</i>, <i>CBP4</i>, and <i>nixA</i> heavy metal transport genes by incorporating them upstream of the metallothionein gene <i>GST-YMT</i>. Once each heavy metal transport gene is combined with the metallothionein gene, we can transform the high copy bacterial plasmid into <i>E. coli</i>. We will then be able to conduct a series of growth assays between our engineered bacteria and <i>E. coli</i> in the presence of heavy metal contaminated water. <br />
<br><br><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-15"><br />
We also hope to continue working on synthesizing a reporter system. In order to detect the saturation of metallothionein sequestering cultures, we plan on using <i>amilCP</i> behind the nickel/cobalt activated promoter <i>Prcn</i> and the mercury activated promoter <i>PmerT</i>. It would be useful to place <i>amilCP</i> behind a lead activated promoter. This system should be incorporated into the BioBrick backbone and transformed into <i>E. coli</i> reporter cultures. These would theoretically be placed into a second hollow fiber reactor that would be connected downstream to the transporter-metallothionein hollow fiber reactor. Effluent water carrying unsequestered metal ions would induce the reporter culture to express <i>amilCP</i>, producing a gradient of blue. We can then test water samples with different heavy metal concentrations to correlate effluent levels against the cultures’ color gradient.<br />
<br><br><br />
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Notebook</h1><br />
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<li class="active" ><a href="#week1">Week 1</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week2">Week 2</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week3">Week 3</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week4">Week 4</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week5">Week 5</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week6">Week 6</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week7">Week 7</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week8">Week 8</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week9">Week 9</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week10">Week 10</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week11">Week 11</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week12">Week 12</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week13">Week 13</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week14">Week 14</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week15">Week 15</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week16">Week 16</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week17">Week 17</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week18">Week 18</a></li><br />
<li><a href="#week19">Week 19</a></li><br />
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<!-- Wetlab Overview<br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Our main goals were to 1) clone the three metal transport proteins and pea metallothionein, <br />
2) assemble the transport proteins and metallothionein to make our composite constructs,<br />
and 3) monitor sequestration efficiency in our <i>in vivo</i> model using <i>E. coli</i>.<br />
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<!----------------------------- Week 1 --------------------------------------------><br />
<h3 id="week1">Week 1 (June 2 - June 8)</h3><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Transformation efficiency and protocols were tested - heat shock did not work well, and we came to the conclusion to stick with electroporation. <br />
<br />
The first day of wetlab training began on the 7th! We started working on amplification of metallothionein genes - so far nixA and GST-PMT appear to be working.<br />
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<p><br />
Today was the first drylab meeting for the new project! We discussed the mechanics and optimization of general filtration systems. We also started looking for the best way to make hollow fiber reactors the focal point of our filtration system.<br />
</p><br />
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<h3 id="week2">Week 2 (June 9 - June 15)</h3><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Obtained transformants of pA14F and pC14T heat shocks and both E/B and E/D were successfully heat shocked into DH5a. Ran into problems later in the week with heat shocked plates from overgrowth and contamination; switched to electroporating of C+F and E+B.<br />
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<p><br />
We began the design process for our filtration system by choosing our ideal target: runoff streams that feed contaminated water into natural rivers. By basing our assumptions around this, we were able to sketch out some functional requirements for our system, such as minimum flow rate, power consumption, materials, etc. We divvied up the system into subparts to research and report back next week.<br />
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<!----------------------------- Week 3 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week3">Week 3 (June 16 - June 22)</h3><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week we ligated various parts (F+A, F+C, E+B, and E+D), transformed, ran colony PCRs, and submitted them for sequencing. Most of our attempts were unsuccessful either due to failed ligations or contamination. We also made T for future minipreps.<br />
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<p><br />
After researching hollow fiber reactors, we found that our assumptions from the last meeting were too liberal. We scaled down all our numbers around a slower flow rate. We discussed our findings on tubing materials, pipe fittings, power sources, and pump options. We sketched out a rough sketch of our system, which included a pump, multiple fiber reactors, larger filters to prevent debris from entering, and a solar panel and battery as power sources.<br />
</p><br />
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<!----------------------------- Week 4 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week4">Week 4 (June 23 - June 29)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Cloning and troubleshooting continues. E+D, F+C, E+D, E+B4, and E+D11 sequencing results came in negative. The restriction cocktail method was used on F+C and F+A because mRFP kept religating back into the backbone. Plates were successful, but colony PCRs showed they were negative. Repeat cloning. We are facing problems with contamination of lead transporter and R plate. <br />
<br />
Submitting F+C3 for sequencing. We are also working on transforming off the AA and AB kit plate.<br />
</p><br />
<br />
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<li class="media dry"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
After contacting several fiber reactor manufacturers for product quotes, we quickly discovered our hypothetical multi-reactor system was insanely expensive. Since we didn’t want Eric to have to sell an organ to pay for our filtration system, we scaled it down again to a one or two fiber reactor system so it was more feasible.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
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<!----------------------------- Week 5 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week5">Week 5 (June 30 - July 6)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Transformants gave negative signals; many gels lacked proper bands in correct locations. Growth assay looked good for mercury although concentration needs to be increased for nickel.<br />
</p><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Dan Levine, a drylab member from the 2012 Cornell iGEM team, met with us to help plan our project and pass down ancient drylab design wisdom. He had a unique technique for brainstorming, which was to spend five minutes writing down any ideas you have, regardless of how farfetched, and then share them with the rest of the team. This approach worked extremely well. We had an extensive, positive discussion about our project and decided to completely overhaul our original design. The overall structure of our system was changed to some sort of drum to collect contaminated water, which would then be moved to and filtered in an attached box. We also changed the targeted water source to outflow from a factory, which would fall into the collecting drum.<br />
</p><br />
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</li> <br />
</ul><br />
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<!----------------------------- Week 6 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week6">Week 6 (July 7 - July 13)</h3><br />
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<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We gathered the data for an assay testing the growth of cells in different heavy metals. In addition, we ligated each the lead transporter (R), and nickel (AA) and mercury (AB) inducible promoters with H. Unfortunately, our transformations did not seem to work for reasons like incomplete digests and inefficient stocks.<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We found a pump deep in the box of drylab components that have accumulated over the years and decide to test it out. We gutted “the Box” from the 2012 team’s project in order to use it as housing for our own filtration system. Unfortunately, the flow was too slow for us to salvage it for our project, but we decided to order new parts in order to begin assembling our own Box.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 7 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week7">Week 7 (July 14 - July 20)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We are troubleshooting some problems with gel purification and smearing on the gel when we visualize it. Our new stocks of competent cells also appear to be bad. Sequencing of R+H returned a portion of a random promoter region of Enterococcus, so this will have to be remade. We are in the process of creating many different BioBrick parts, such as AB1+H, F, AC+H, AB2+H, AC1S+H, AB2S+H, AC+H, AA + H, which are all at various stages of the cloning process.<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
R was cultured, miniprepped and quantified. R and H were digested, gel purified and quantified. The pSB1C3 backbone was dephosporylated, and the R and H digests were ligated and transformed.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Our first objective is to place the synthesized mercury gene pA14AG into the pSB1C3 backbone. This will be done by digesting pA14AG and pC14H (<i>mRFP</i> in pSB1C3 backbone) with EcoRI and PstI, ligating them, and transforming them. The resulting colonies should contain pA14AG+pC14H (pC14I). pC14I will then be placed upstream of the metallothionein construct pC14AI. This week liquid cultures of pC14H were made from glycerol stock, which were then miniprepped. pA14AG and pC14H were both digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF and gel purified. The gel was good – the pA14AG band was around 800 bp and the pC14H band was around 2000 bp. The concentrations were around 10 ng/μL and they were not worth ligating. Next week we will try re-digesting and re-ligating.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We started out by making glycerol stocks for cultures containing our plasmids pA14AF and pA14AG and miniprepping pA14AF for cloning into the psB1C3 backbone.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The goal of the reporter subteam is to put the reporter (pc14H, which is mRFP) into pc14AA (the nickel inducible promter) and pc14AB (the mercury inducible promoter). Later, we will get a third vector (pc14AC, nixA) that we will also have to put our promoter inside. This week, we made glycerol stocks of pc14AA and pc14AB. We also used glycerol stocks to make cultures of pc14H (mRFP; this is our insert), and later miniprepped these cultures, as well as pre-existing cultures of pc14AA and pc14AB.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week, AH insert was rehydrated and tranformed, to be prepared in the future.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We ordered our fiber reactor! <br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 8 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week8">Week 8 (July 21 - July 27)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p> <br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
T was miniprepped. New plates were made. Cultures of the putative transformants were made, but the transformation proved unsuccessful. R and H cultures were grown and miniprepped, but the concentrations were low. New cultures of R and H were subsequently made. A culture of T was made.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The double digests of pA14AG and pC14H were redone and new pC14H minipreps made. We increased the amount of DNA used in each digest in hopes of increasing the concentration of the gel purified bands. The gel did not turn out well so we had to re-digest. These newly digested pA14AG and pC14H were run on a gel and gel purified. In the meantime, the gel purified pA14AG and pC14H from last week were ligated (even though the concentrations for each were low) to see if the ligation would work. This ligation was transformed but once plated, there was a lawn of cells – it appears the antibiotic had degraded. The most recent digests turned out to have good concentrations so the backbone was dephosphorylated and ligated with the insert. Transformation and plating of this new ligation produced colonies! Colony cells were grown in liquid cultures, miniprepped, digest screened, and sent to sequencing.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We went through numerous iterations of miniprepping pA14AF and pC14H, digesting both with EcoRI and PstI, gel purifying the insert from pA14AF and backbone from pC14H, dephosphorylating the backbone, ligating, and transforming. By the end of the week, one of the transformations yielded colonies! Here’s hoping…<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week we almost completed one iteration of the cloning cycle. We digested, cleaned, and ligated pc14AA, pc14AB, and pc14H. We transformed the ligations for a total of 6 plates plates (4 pc14AA +pc14H and 6 pc14B + pc14H). We were able to culture 3 colonies from each of the pc14AA+pc14H plates for a total of 12 cultures, and we miniprepped these cultures for digest screening.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Miniprepped the cultures made from the colonies of the transformed cells. After multiple digestion attempts with EcoRI and PstI, we decided to stagger our efforts. We were going to start running multiple processes of Miniprep/digestion/ligation to increase our potential for success. By the end of the week, our first ligation samples were ready for heat shocking. Luckily, the heat shocked contained colonies and we crossed our fingers that these colonies contained was we needed.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We received most of our ordered parts earlier this week, including the fiber reactor! We tested the fiber reactor with our new pump, and the flow rate was about 0.2 mL/min. After testing the fiber reactor, we brainstormed orientations for our collecting drum and ideas for how to compactly fit the filter and piping into a protected and accessible casing.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 9 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week9">Week 9 (July 28 - August 3)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
T and S cultures were made and miniprepped. T and R were gel purified. The T digest was dephosphorylated and ligated with R. The S ligation was transformed.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The sequencing did not go well – we think the miniprep might have been contaminated. The minipreps of pC14I were redone and another pA14AG and pC14H ligation was done which we will transform if the sequencing of the new minipreps is again not successful. Sequencing came back as <i><br />
GST-YMT</i> which is not what we were hoping for. Thus, we transformed the new ligation and redid the minipreps of pA14AG which were digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF. When loading dye was added to the digested pA14AG prior to running a gel, the digest turned brown…pA14AG was digested again with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF in two tubes and with EcoRI-HF/SpeI in two tubes but still turned brown when dye was added. We think the EB from the miniprep might have been contaminated and so grew up more pA14AG insert which were miniprepped. The first pA14AG double digest which turned brown was run on a gel. The gel did not look good however, the bands were too long.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week we grew up, miniprepped, and digest screened a couple colonies from the previous week’s pC14H+pA14AF transformation. The bands on the gel looked to be in the correct location, so off to sequencing they go! <br><br />
The rest of the week was spent culturing, miniprepping, and digesting pC14T with EcoRI and SpeI. Our pA14AF EcoRI/SpeI digest will be the insert into the digested pC14T backbone.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Only one of the plates of pc14AB + pc14H had colonies, so we made three cultures and miniprepped them. These minipreps had very low concentrations, so we didn’t digest them, but the minipreps of pc14AA + pc14H from last week had much better concentrations, so we digested them and ran a digest screen. The digest screen was successful, so we submitted a sample for sequencing. The results of the sequencing weren’t what we were looking for, so we cultured a red culture from the plate to prepare for sequencing in order to see if there is a problem with the sequence of the promoter. We miniprepped this RFP culture, and sent it in for sequencing. Meanwhile, we also made overnight ligations of pc14AB + pc14H and transformed them into more cells using heat shock. Unfortunately, nothing grew on the pc14AB + pc14H plates so we threw them out and worked on cleaning and purifying previous pc14AB and pc14H digests.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The colonies were miniprepped and sent in for sequencing… ‘lo and behold, it worked! Our construct was a complete success. The nest construct, AHH, was renamed AI. Our next task is to digest out the T7 promoter, and then subsequently submitted. Cultures of AI were made, then miniprepped. The minipreps were then digested with KpnI to cut out the T7 promoter. Again, we staggered out multiple processes. We are hoping to be able to verify a successful digestion next week with a digest screen. <br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We decided to collaborate with the Outreach group to create a portfolio of future applications for our filtration system. We had a lot of fun brainstorming cool designs, the collective favorite being the idea of a water roomba. The ideas were distributed among the drylab team and each person was tasked with making a CAD model of theirs.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 10 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week10">Week 10 (August 4 - August 10)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Attempts to transform the ligations continued, without much success.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We just realized that the pA14AG culture we had been using was growing in LB without ampicillin, so we grew up another culture overnight, with antibiotic in the LB this time. The pA14AG digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF and with EcoRI-HF/SpeI from last week were run on a gel, the insert bands looked around .7kb so we gel purified. The concentrations were very low – 13 ng/μL for the EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF digests and 5 ng/μL for the EcoRI-HF/SpeI digests. However, the pA14AG digests with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF were still ligated with pC14H from the metallothionein task force group and transformed. Unfortunately, the plates did not have colonies. pA14AG was again miniprepped and double digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF and EcoRI-HF/SpeI. These digests were run on a gel and gel purified. The gel purified pA14AG digests had good concentrations, were ligated to the pC14H backbone, and transformed/plated. There was one colony on this plate – a LB culture was made of this colony in chloramphenicol and will be miniprepped next week. Four colonies were picked from the plate from earlier this week and LB cultures were made. These will also be miniprepped and sent for sequencing to see if we have successfully transformed pC14I.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Sequencing came back for pC14H+pA14AF. Unfortunately it was not correct, so we needed to go back and reclone those. More cultures of pC14T were miniprepped.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We made ligations from the digests of pc14AB and pc14H – however, we transformed them incorrectly and were unable to plate any cells. Because we ran out of ligations, we made more cultures of pc14AA and pc14AB from the glycerol stocks. We also learned that pc14H is a constitutive promoter, meaning that it will always be on (the cells will always turn red, regardless of whether or not heavy metal is present). Because of this, we started working with a new promoter this week – pc14AJ. The new promoter is a constitutive promoter (amcilCP, and it is blue!). We made a glycerol stock of pc14AJ and cultured from this stock. However, we were unable to continue with the minipreps of pc14AA, pc14AB, and pc14AJ until the beginning of the next week because the lab ran out of supplies.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
AI-T7 was digest screened with SacI, a few of the bands looked good, so they were purified and then sent in for sequencing. Sequencing came back a success and we had our construct AI-T7, which was renamed AK. With the quick success of this task force, we were transferred to work on creating the lead construct. Thus, we started with the same process with R, the lead insert, and H, the psB1C3 backbone. We miniprepped both pieces this week. <br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We made progress on our CAD models.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 11 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week11">Week 11 (August 11 - 17)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The process of reculturing and religating R and T was repeated. The transformation, however, was a failure.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
pC14I cultures #1 and #3 were miniprepped and a small portion digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF for a digest screen. The pA14AG insert appeared too long so this pC14I is probably not what we want. New pA14AG liquid cultures were made and miniprepped, digested with EcoRI-HF/Psti-HF, and run on a gel which did not turn out well. We had to begin the miniprepping, digesting, and gel purifying process again for pA14AG. Additionlly, new pA14 minipreps were made in case we need them again next week.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
After many, many cultures, we were finally able to get a couple of minipreps of pC14T that had good concentration. We proceeded to digest portions with EcoRI/SpeI and EcoRI/PstI for future ligations.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Once the miniprep supplies arrived, we started making <i>16</i> minipreps…which we then lost (on the second-to-last step of the process) to the centrifuge when it refused to open. (Author’s note: as of right now, early October, the centrifuge is still sealed shut and our minipreps are still inside it). The setbacks of the previous week (losing the ligations, having to use a completely different reporter, and the stuck centrifuge) have put the reporter subteam back in square one. We miniprepped 2 cultures of pc14AA, 2 cultures of pc14AB, and 4 cultures of pc14AJ, and then digested, ligated and transformed the ligations. However, once only one plate (pc14AB + pc14AJ) had growth on it, so we made two cultures. Neither of the cultures grew, so nothing could be miniprepped.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week comprised not only of struggling to attain successful minipreps for digestions and ligations, but also to hope that the ensuing ligations will successfully have colonies. After multiple attempts at ligations and transformations, we finally had a single colony that grew that we cultured then digest screened and sent in for sequencing. Like the previous construct, these are being digested with EcoRI and PstI.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We did a CT scan of our fiber reactor! We are hoping to do another one after extensive use and compare the two scans.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 12 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week12">Week 12 (August 18 - August 24)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The process of reculturing and religating R and T was repeated. The transformation, however, was a failure.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The new pA14AG minipreps were double digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF and gel purified. The gel purified pA14AG from last week was ligated with pC14H which already had been double digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF and dephosphorylated. This ligation was transformed into cells and plated. This process was again repeated with the newly digested pA14AG minipreps from earlier this week. There was one colony that grew on the pC14I plate which was minprepped.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Ligations of pA14AF and pC14T were made multiple times, trying out different combinations of restriction enzymes too (EcoRI/SpeI for both and EcoRI/PstI for both). All were transformed, but colonies only seemed to grow for the EcoRI/PstI digestion enzyme combination. Regardless, colonies were grown to see if it worked.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
There was a hiatus this week because all subteam members went back home for a week of summer vacation.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The sequencing didn’t come back with what we wanted, so we just have to go for a second try. More rounds of minipreps, more rounds of digestions, more round of failed gel purifications for the insert H. I’m beginning to sound like a broken record.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We tested the large filter used for debris with our pump. It was a little difficult because without a battery, we were forced to use the gel box’s power source. Luckily, we still got the water to move completely through the filter.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 13 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week13">Week 13 (August 25 - August 31)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The pC14I miniprep was digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF for a digest screen and run on a gel. pC14I was then sequenced confirmed! This new biobrick consists of mercury <i>MerT and MerP</i> genes, Anderson promoter, and the pSB1C3 backbone. Now our objective is to place pC14I upstream of the metallothionein construct pC14AI and transform the ligated product in BL21 cells. The miniprep of pC14I that was sequence confirmed was transformed into new cells and plated to make glycerol stocks. New LB cultures of pC14AI were grown and were miniprepped.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
pC14T+pA14AF colony cultures were miniprepped and digest-screened. Unfortunately, the gel test was inconclusive, so more colonies were cultured, miniprepped, and digest-screened; this second round also led to inconclusive results.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We transformed and plated using ligations of pc14AA + pc14AJ, pc14AB + pc14AJ, and pc14AC +pc14AJ that we’d made prior to leaving for break. Only the pc14AA + pc14AJ plate had any growth on it, despite all the plates being left in the incubator for two days, so we made a culture of this (hoping that it wasn’t contamination that we were culturing). We also cultured some more pc14AA, pc14AB, pc14AC, and pc14AJ from glycerol stocks, and were able to make cleaned digests of the four.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The sequencing didn’t come back with what we wanted, so we just have to go for a second try. More rounds of minipreps, more rounds of digestions, more round of failed gel purifications for the insert H. I’m beginning to sound like a broken record.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
A lot of parts came in this week. We spent the meeting putting the pieces together.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul> <br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 14 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week14">Week 14 (September 1 - September 7)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Cultures of R and T were miniprepped. PCR’s of R were run, one with Q5 and one with Phusion. The PCR’s did not show up in a gel. A PCR of varying dilutions of R Miniprep (1 ul, 3 ul, 5 ul, 8ul - each in 200uL H2O) was run. All appeared in a gel. The PCR product was subsequently cleaned.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The miniprepped pC14AI was digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF and pC14I digested with EcoRI-HF/SpeI. pC14AI was gel purified, pC14I was dephosphorylated and was ligated to pC14AI. The length of the insert is 1076bp and backbone is about 2761bp. The pC14AI+pC14I ligation was transformed into BL21 cells and plates on chloramphenicol plates. The plates did not show colonies and the ligation was redone and transformed/plated. Liquid cultures were made of the colonies.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We decided to redigest pA14AF and ligate with pC14T, maybe this time it will work? These ligations were then transformed and colonies grown for sequencing. Much to our pleasure, sequencing came back with positive results! We were able to construct pC14K (pC14T+pA14AF)! Glycerol stocks were made of pC14K and pC14H was religated with pA14AF.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We digested the pc14AA + pc14AJ cells and screened them, but the first gel was inconclusive because it was warped, and the second gel showed that the bands were the incorrect lengths (the first, pc14AA was around 2000 base pairs, as it should be, but the second band, pc14AJ was around 1000 bp when it should have been closer to 700 bp). We also made 2 plates of pc14AA + pc14AJ, 3 plates of pc14AB + pc14AJ, and 1 plate of pc14AC + pc14AJ we were able to get 11 cultures from these plates. We miniprepped theses 11 cultures, and we made 12 ligations from cleaned digests left from the previous week. Towards the end of the week we plated a few pc14AA + pc14AJ and pc14AC + pc14AJ transformations.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Make more cultures of R...Make more cultures of R...Also heat shocked and transformed the ligation from last week, but sadly nothing grew from the colonies. So we decided to do something new with the transformed colonies and tried colony PCRs, after running the gel of the result, we were rather disappointed (it was like watching an M. Night Shyamalan movie). The gel was too blurry and unclear have anything conclusive. So we performed another ligation and hoped that this one would work.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We bought foam to hold the box’s components in place. We carved out the shapes of the parts into three layers of foam and laid the layers in the box. It was great to see the box finally taking shape.<br />
<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 15 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week15">Week 15 (September 8 - September 14)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Cultures of T were made from glycerol stock. Quantification of the PCR yielded poor results. The PCR was subsequently restarted. Cultures of T were miniprepped, and the R PCR was redone. The column purification of the R PCR yielded positive results. The R PCR and the T miniprep were subsequently digested. R and T were ligated and transformed. The ligations were plated with chloramphenicol. No growth appeared, so the ligation was repeated.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
pC14AI+pC14I from the plates was miniprepped and digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF to run a digest screen to see if the ligation was truly of pC14AI and pC14I. The gel showed the insert to be very short and we think it may only be the mercury construct in pSB1C3. The ligation was redone, transformed/plated, and liquid cultures were made of the colonies. pC14I was also miniprepped for future use.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Cultures were made of pC14AI and pC14K for miniprepping and future cloning. pC14AI and pA14AH were digested, but the gel for gel purification came out oddly - bands were not coming out where we would have expected them. We also digested pC14K for more cloning, but none of the digestions had measurable DNA.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We made four cultures from the plates we made last week – 2 of pc14AA + pc14AJ and 2 of pc14AC + pc14AJ. We ran digest screens on the digested minipreps, but all the bands were the wrong length. There were a few digests remaining from the previous week, so we cleaned, dephosphorylated and ligated them to make 4 ligations (2 of pc14AB + pc14AJ, and 2 of. However, the quality of the ligations is a bit suspect because the digest concentrations were on the lower end. We transformed, plated, and cultured cells using these 4 ligations, but we were unable to miniprep them because the lab ran out of 1.5 mL tubes. We also transformed using a pc14AB + pc14AJ ligation from earlier that we’d found in the box.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
So there was slightly better progress this week, with the overnight ligations yielding a decent number of colonies, with all of the colonies growing in cultures, which was promising. We tried another colony PCR of the transformants again, but once again, it failed.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We tried to see the diffusion of luria broth through the fiber reactor. We combined the the LB with tonic water to see the level of fluorescence and qualitatively measure the amount of LB left in the fiber reactor.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 16 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week16">Week 16 (September 15 - September 21)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Colony growth was observed on the transformant plate. They were cultured, and a colony PCR was run.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Many minipreps were made of the pC14AI+pC14I liquid cultures, digested with EcoRI-HF/PstI-HF, and run on a gel. Successful ligation would show a band at around 1.8kb and one of our bands did appear in that area – this band was gel purified and sent for sequencing. In the meantime, pC14I was miniprepped, digested with EcoRI-HF/SpeI, and column purified.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
In the process of constructing pC14K+pC14AI, we experienced a bit of difficulty. After multiple failed cloning experiments, we tried synthesizing the part using pC14K+pA14AH. Hopefully the second approach will work!<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Tubes arrived in the lab, so we miniprepped and digested the cultured cells from last week. The gel screen of the digests was <i>textbook perfection</i> for all three of pc14AA + pc14AJ, pc14AB + pc14AJ, and pc14AC + pc14AJ. We sent in samples of the minipreps for sequencing, but the results were strange – sequencing reported that only pc14AJ was in the plasmid, and that none of pc14AA, pc14AB, and pc14AC were present. Luckily earlier in the week, we’d made several ligations of all three that we’d already transformed, plated and cultured so we could still continue with miniprepping these cultures.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
While continuing work on R+H, we received news from high command that were to be repurposed yet again. This time we are to collect data of metal sequestrations results of e.coli containing the constructs were created. This requires that we prepare a few glycerol stocks first…<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Tragedy hits the drylab world! We didn’t clean the fiber reactor thoroughly enough after last week’s experiment, resulting in the perfect environment for fungus to grow. We cleaned out the fiber reactor very, very thoroughly with water and put it in the refrigerator to stop the growth of fungus. We will keep an eye out for more fungus. <br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 17 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week17">Week 17 (September 22 - September 28)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Gel of colony PCR was run, yielding poor results. Minipreps of some of the cultures were prepared. Colony PCR’s of the R+T cultures were also run. Cultures of relevant strains were remade, and a new colony PCR was run. The cultures of these colonies were miniprepped, and one tube was sent for sequencing. The sequencing yielded unsatisfactory results.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The miniprep of pC14AI+pC14I we had sent for sequencing ended up being Neema’s reporter and we think our whole plate was contaminated. We made more pC14AI+pC14I minipreps and digests from the same plate and ran another gel, but we still observed bands in the same region as where Neema’s reporter band was so our hypothesis was virtually confirmed. Thus, we began the entire process of miniprepping and digesting pC14AI and pC14I, gel purifying pC14AI, column purifying and dephosphorylating pC14I, ligating them together and transforming into BL21. <br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Inserting pA14AH into pC14K did not seem to work judging from the digest-screen. After preparing more pC14AI for cloning, we also were going to try inserting pC14K into pC14AI. However, the gel purification step for that was bizarre and indicated our parts were shorter than what they were. Digest screens of pC14K+pA14AH minipreps also were inconclusive.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week, we decided to change up our digest protocol a bit – rather than digesting 3000 ng of DNA at a time and incubating the digests for 3 hours, we decided to stick to 1500 ng of DNA and incubate for 1.5 hours maximum because we thought that star activity was causing the DNA to not be digested properly when it was incubated for long periods of time. We made 2 cultures each of pc14AA, pc14AB, pc14AC, and pc14AJ, miniprepped, and digested them for the shorter period of time. When cleaning these digests, however, they smeared in the gel, so we made more cultures of the four plasmids using glycerol stocks. Additionally, we ran digest screens on the cultures from last week, but they were indicative of contamination. By the end of the week, we were able to produce 6 ligations of pc14AC + pc14AJ (we transformed and plated all 6 of these for a total of 12 plates), and we’d started up another batch of cultures from glycerol stocks in case these ligations were not any good. Unfortunately, on the last day of this week, we ran out of Pst1-HF enzyme and were unable to continue with digests because neither of our buffers worked well with both Pst1-HF and Spe1-HF. <br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<!--<img class="media object pull-left" src="metallothionein image"> Didn't know what image was called--><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
This week, we first had to make chemicompetent glycerol cell stocks of three samples: AI+R, AI+AF, and AI+AG (AF = nickel construct and AG = mercury construct). First, we took cells containing the AI construct and transformed the necessary extra plasmids in and created the glyercol stocks. So we took the AI containing cell and heat shock the necessary plasmids into the cell and made glycerol stocks of those. Simple.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We carved out ducts for the piping to go on the top layer of the foam. Also, it looks like the fungus is gone and has not grown anymore. We begin talking about shutting off the pump when there is no water in the collecting drum. We split up into two group to research two main ways of shutting it off: mechanically and electrically.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<!----------------------------- Week 18 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week18">Week 18 (September 29 - October 5)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
A digest of an R miniprep was prepared. A PCR of an old R miniprep was run. Cleanup of the PCR yielded poor results, possibly suggesting ethanol contamination.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="media"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
pC14AI digests were run on a gel last week but the ladder did not appear so we could not tell what the length of the insert was (and therefore we could not be sure if the band was what we wanted). Therefore, we began the process again for pC14AI. pC14AI and pC14AK were also miniprepped so they could be turned into iGEM HQ. pC14AI and pC14I were again ligated and transformed into BL21 and plated. <br />
</p><br />
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</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The minipreps of pC14K+pA14AH were sequenced just to see if they were correct. Sadly, they were not - drat! More cultures of pC14K were prepped and quantified. These were then digested for inserting into pC14AI. Here’s hoping the construct works!<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
We made a total of 21 digests using a various combination of buffers that we didn’t normally use because Pst1-HF hadn’t arrived yet. Over the course of the week, we made 6 pc14AA + pc14AJ ligations, 6 pc14AB + pc14AJ ligations, and 4 pc14AC + pc14AJ ligations. Transforming using the pc14AC + pc14AJ ligations, we were able to make 4 plates, which yielded 3 successful cultures. We spun down the cultures and stored them in the fridge because the lab had once again run out of tubes. Towards the end of the week, we also made 20 more digests (7 pc14AA, 10 pc14AB, and 3 pc14AC).<br />
</p><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Now the real data collection begins. Took the three cell types containing AI and a different heavy metal construct and made cultures of them, each with arabinose in them. After a day of growth, measured OD600 of the cultures then added 1mM of the respective heavy metals into the culture and let grow for another day. Then spun down cells and retrieved liquid for analysis. Standard BL21 type cells were used as control as they did not contain any special plasmids. Much data was collected.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
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<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We drilled holes in the foam for rods meant to hold all the layers together. George also brought the box to the machine shop to drill holes for the rods. After researching both methods of building the water level detector, we decide to focus on the electrical method. The idea is to run a pipe between a phototransistor and an LED. If water is running through the pipe, less light from the LED will reach the phototransistor, and the output current would be less. By measuring the amount of current when there is no water, we can find the shut off threshold for the pump. We will research the specifics of the circuit more for the next meeting.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<!----------------------------- Week 19 --------------------------------------------> <br />
<h3 id="week19">Week 19 (October 6 - October 12)</h3><br />
<hr><br />
<ul class="media-list"><br />
<li class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell-nb-wet.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Wetlab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
</p><br />
<br />
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<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.png"><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Lead Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Text<br />
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<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Mercury Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
The remainder of the ligations and new ligations were transformed into BL21 and hopefully these will yield colonies!<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://2014.igem.org/File:Ni_small.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Nickel Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Can anyone sing, “The Final Countdown?” This is it! We iterated through the process of transforming, culturing, miniprepping, and sequencing many times. Sadly, none of the constructs came out correctly and we ran out of time. We put in a great effort, but biology took this round from us.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="media"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="report image"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Reporters Subteam</h4><br />
<p><br />
Over the course of the weekend, we realized we only had three days to get our final constructs in. Resigning ourselves to the fact that tubes were unlikely to arrive anytime soon, we ligated and transformed using all the digests we had. We’d also had some ligations from previous weeks of pc14AC + pc14AJ that we transformed with early in this final week and sent in for sequencing, after a successful digest screen. Additionally, we finished dephosphorylating the digests we already have to make a second batch of ligations. As our final Hail Mary, we transformed using every single ligation we had, which yielded an astounding 18 plates. Shockingly enough, there was growth on every single plate, which meant we had well over 30 samples to prep so that they could be sent for sequencing. There wasn’t enough time to screen all the samples prior to sequencing, so we selected the samples with the highest concentrations (in the 500 ng/mL range) and sent ten of those in for sequencing. Unfortunately, sequencing results returned exactly what they had in previous times – that only pc14AJ was in the plasmid of the cell. We thought this was because the cell stock had accidentally been made using cells that had pc14AJ as the backbone, and that this problem had been rectified by making new cell stocks, but apparently that was not the case.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h4 class="media heading">Metallothionein Subteam</h4><br />
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TEXT GOES HERE<br />
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</div><br />
</div><br />
</li><br />
<br />
<br />
<li class="media dry"><br />
<img class="media object pull-left" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Cornell-nb-dry.png"><br />
<div class="media-body"><br />
<h4 class="media heading">Drylab Overview</h4><br />
<p><br />
We begin on connecting all the piping and the wiring. We also start to build the circuit for the water level detector.<br />
</p><br />
</div><br />
</li> <br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/File:Hg_small.pngFile:Hg small.png2014-10-16T01:24:47Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<div></div>R.Ashleyhttp://2014.igem.org/File:Pb_small.pngFile:Pb small.png2014-10-16T01:23:48Z<p>R.Ashley: </p>
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<div></div>R.Ashley