http://2014.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&feed=atom&limit=250&target=N.Bhatt&year=&month=2014.igem.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-29T10:31:13ZFrom 2014.igem.orgMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/sandboxTeam:Cornell/sandbox2015-02-21T22:48:45Z<p>N.Bhatt: Created page with "{{:Team:Cornell/header}} <html> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function () { $(".carousel").css("height", $(window).width()*(6/17)); }); $( wind..."</p>
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin-top: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 10px;">Purifying the world <span class="text-muted">One drop at a time</span></h2><br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/File:Cornell_2015_bubble.pngFile:Cornell 2015 bubble.png2015-02-01T01:54:03Z<p>N.Bhatt: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Cornell 2015 bubble.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/File:Cornell_2015_bubble.pngFile:Cornell 2015 bubble.png2015-02-01T01:44:29Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<div></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/biosTeam:Cornell/team/bios2015-01-22T16:06:01Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
<br />
Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
<br />
His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
<br><br />
<br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling, making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
<br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
From the moment Jeffrey was born, he knew he was destined to join the Cornell iGEM team. Two years later, he was successfully recruited. His youth isn't all drawback: his energy rivals that of his best friend and mentor, the energizer bunny, and it allows him to be more on top of things than most people. It has also earned him a place on the team as director of all things requiring enthusiasm. His other responsibilities include optimizing his teammates' vacation schedules and cheering up cells recovering from transformation. You may say he's a dreamer, but he is the only one. <br />
Isn't he cool? <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
</div><br />
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<div class="row" id="fac"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
<br><br><br />
Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b1/Matthewdelisa.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b1/Matthewdelisa.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/65/Bruceland.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/65/Bruceland.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
<br><br><br />
Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
</div><br />
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<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
<br><br><br />
Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8d/Juliuslucks.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
<br><br><br />
Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
<br><br><br />
He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f3/Cornell_Wilson.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f3/Cornell_Wilson.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Graduate Advisors</h1><br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6f/Cornell_NathanKruer.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Cornell_aravind.png" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/70/Cornell_jason.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<br />
</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_taylor.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_taylor.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
<br />
</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Cornell_Adviors_Aljosa.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
</div><br />
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</div><br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/headerTeam:Cornell/header2014-12-03T00:18:01Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
<br />
Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
<br />
His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
<br><br />
<br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling, making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
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That time is now.<br />
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Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
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Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
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Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
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What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
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But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Graduate Advisors</h1><br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Cornell_aravind.png" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/70/Cornell_jason.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/70/Cornell_jason.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_taylor.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_taylor.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Cornell_Adviors_Aljosa.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Cornell_Adviors_Aljosa.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6 center"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/50/Cornell_devin.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/50/Cornell_devin.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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</a><br />
<div class="caption"><br />
<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/biosTeam:Cornell/team/bios2014-10-18T03:56:47Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Team Members</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_holmes_eric.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_holmes_eric.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/39/Cornell_chakravorty_arun.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/39/Cornell_chakravorty_arun.jpg" class="img-responsive" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/82/CornellArunWink.gif'"<br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4d/Samah_Bio.JPG" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4d/Samah_Bio.JPG" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/73/Cornell_Zhang_casey.JPG" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/73/Cornell_Zhang_casey.JPG" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b7/Team_Bio_Kevin.JPG" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/05/450px-Gargi_Bio.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/05/450px-Gargi_Bio.jpg"><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Aaron_Bio_Photo.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ec/Cornell_dong_sharlene.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/43/Cornell_spassibojko_olya.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/30/Steven_Bio.JPG" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/30/Steven_Bio.JPG" class="img-responsive"><br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1a/Joseph_Bio.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
<br />
Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
<br />
His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling. Making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Team Members</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
<br />
Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
<br />
His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling. Making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Graduate Advisors</h1><br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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<h2>Water Pollution</h2><br />
Heavy metal pollution in water is one of the most significant public health risks around the world. Pollutants including lead, mercury, and nickel can enter water supplies through a number of methods including improper disposal of waste, industrial manufacturing, and mining. When solubilized, they have the ability to cause environmental and health problems. These heavy metals are acutely toxic at high concentrations and carcinogenic with long-term exposure even at low concentrations. Methods exist to remove heavy metals from water supplies, but these methods create other hazardous wastes and are more effective in waters with high concentrations of metals. Due to the high affinity of binding proteins, a biological based filtration system can be more effective at treating water contaminated with lower concentrations of heavy metals without generating large volumes of toxic waste. <br />
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<h2>Existing Technologies</h2><br />
Given the extremely harmful nature of heavy metal contaminants, government agencies and researchers have already developed many techniques for remediation. Current techniques commonly employed to remove lead range from reverse osmosis and distillation to activated carbon water filters. However, these methods are generally energy intensive and result in more acidic water [1]. Mercury found in soil is typically removed by dredging or thermal desorption. Both methods are time and resource intensive and do not guarantee complete removal of mercury. In addition to reverse osmosis and ion exchange, nickel has been removed by plants in photoremediation. Again, these methods have proven to be constrained by resources and time.<br><br><br />
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Other researchers have also worked on metal remediation using synthetic biology. Just this year, Wei et al. developed a whole-cell biosensing and bioremediation platform for lead using a regulatory metalloprotein from a heavy-metal resistant bacterium known as <i>Cupriavidus metallidurans</i> CH34. Their system displays the metalloprotein on the cell surface and produces RFP in response to lead detection. Their work demonstrates synthetic biology’s immense potential to alleviate this issue. However, their system uses a metal-binding protein with a high affinity for lead, but with a very significant affinity for copper, zinc, iron, and other ions that, under normal environmental conditions, are likely to be present in much higher concentrations than lead. The disparity in concentration is immense; the EPA limits for copper, zinc, and iron are 1.3 mg/L, 5.0 mg/L, and 0.3 mg/L, whereas for lead it is only 0.015 mg/L [2]. Therefore, a field-deployable lead sequestration system for water must be extremely selective for lead in order to be effective.<br><br><br />
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Protein-based filtration systems have been extensively studied for purifying heavy metals. At Cornell University, our advisor, Dr. David Wilson, has developed bioremedial systems consisting of metal-specific transporters and a metal binding protein called metallothionein. The two metals targeted were mercury and nickel. We plan to work to improve the efficiency and lifespan of these filtration systems. We will also be developing a novel sequestration system for lead by utilizing a putative lead transport protein from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>. <br />
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<h2>Sequestration Systems</h2><br />
Further information about the toxic effects of our targeted heavy metals and the transport proteins can be found by clicking the icons below.<br />
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<h3>Mercury System</h3><br />
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<h3>Nickel System</h3><br />
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<h1>References</h1><br />
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<div></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethicsTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics2014-10-18T03:49:57Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Overview</h1><br />
It is tempting as scientists to think that we can treat risk assessment as we would treat any scientific protocols - that with a few key steps and critical considerations, we will always end up with the right answer. However, assessing risk, particularly for environmental projects, is not that simple. Thinking about potential impacts and risks often turns up more questions than answers, and it is difficult to know where to start. For this reason, we have employed three approaches to risk assessment. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms. The next was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
<br />
<h1>Environmental Health & Safety (EHS)</h1><br />
Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department lays the groundwork for determining safe research practices on campus, and greatly informed our own <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety">safety protocols</a>. They specifically suggested the following risk assessment criteria for researchers working with recombinant organisms. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ul><br />
<li><b>Formation</b> – <i>The creation of a genetically-altered micro-organism through deliberate or accidental means. </i><br>For our purposes, our modified organism was altered intentionally, thus we know all of the donor organisms (T7 bacteriophage, <i>H. pylori</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, <i>N. tabacum</i>) and the recipient organism (<i>E. coli</i> BL21-AI and <i>E. coli</i> DH5&alpha;) are not hazardous. <br />
</li><br />
<li><b>Release</b> – <i>The deliberate release or accidental escape of some of these micro-organisms in the workplace and/or into the environment.</i> <br> Our filtration device includes a hollow fiber reactor, which is specifically designed to hold cells inside, yet let water and other materials pass through it. The hollow fiber reactor is made of high flux polysulfone and has a molecular weight cut off at 5 kilodaltons, retaining about half of any molecule that is of that weight. It is highly unlikely that our cells would be capable of escaping the device. </li><br />
<li><b>Proliferation/Competition</b> – <i>The subsequent multiplication, genetic reconstruction, growth, transport, modification and die-off of these micro-organisms in the environment, including possible transfer of genetic material to other micro-organisms. </i><br> The inclusion of the metallothionein gene in our organism severely impedes growth, thus other cells in the environment will outcompete our genetically engineered strain.</li><br />
<li><b>Establishment </b>– <i>The establishment of these micro-organisms within an ecosystem niche, including possible colonization of humans or other biota.</i> <br>Since our cells are both slow-growing and highly unlikely to escape from the filtration device, it is improbable that the organism will be able to create a niche and outcompete healthy cells within the ecosystem. </li><br />
<li><b>Effect </b>– <i>The subsequent occurrence of human or ecological effects due to interaction of the organism with some host or environmental factor.</i><br>Ideally, our project would not have an effect on the environment or any other host. However, if there were to be a leak somewhere in our system, the largest concern would be if another organism were to somehow take up DNA lost from our cells. This would require a naturally competent bacterial strain to come across a leak in our system that yields an intact plasmid, and the plasmid would have to be able to replicate. In all likelihood, in the absence of selective pressure, the plasmid would actually be deleterious to the cell due to the increased metabolic load and would therefore probably be expelled.<sup>[1]</sup><br />
</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<h1>Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</h1><br />
The EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental Assessment (CEA) is a tool to allow scientists to broaden their perspectives by incorporating the experiences, expertise, and concerns of diverse stakeholders. CEA differs from traditional methods of risk assessment by recognizing that risk assessment is fundamentally a decision-making process in which scientists, experts, and the public should be engaged in transparent dialogue. The goal is to evaluate limitations and trade-offs to arrive at holistic conclusions about the primary issues that researchers should be addressing in their research planning. <br />
<br><br><br />
The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., recently launched efforts to lay out a framework to apply CEA to synthetic biology. This groundbreaking project set out to assess the CEA approach’s relevance to synthetic biology, in anticipation of the growing demand for synthetic biology-based solutions to global issues. They arrived at the conclusion that scientists should focus on four major areas of risk assessment: altered physiology, competition and biodiversity, evolutionary prediction, and gene transfer. In the past, using this framework has helped to uncover its limitations and the ways in which we could improve our own approach to environmental risk assessment. Therefore, we have decided to incorporate a more in-depth cost-benefit analysis, information on existing water treatment practices, and public perspectives through our Humans & SynBio project.<sup>[2,3,5]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<ul><br />
<li><b>Altered Physiology:</b><br />
Our modified <i>E. coli</i> cells differ from their <i>E. coli</i> BL21-AI and <i>E. coli</i> DH5&alpha; predecessors in that our modified strains contain the <i>T7</i> promoter with a GST-<i>crs5</i> gene, which codes for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> metallothionein, a metal-binding protein. Our <i>E. coli</i> have three different overexpressed transport proteins that work with the metallothioneins to uptake and sequester lead, mercury, and nickel heavy metal ions. We are using the lead transporter gene <i>CPB4</i>, originally from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>, under control by the Anderson promoter. The mercury sequestration system is composed of <i>merT</i> and <i>merP</i>, genes originally found in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. MerP is a periplasmic mercury ion scavenging protein. MerT is an integrated membrane protein that works to transport mercury ions into the cell’s cytoplasm. Finally, the nickel transporter is the protein product of the <i>nixA</i> gene found in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>.<br><br><br />
In addition to the three aforementioned strains, we constructed a fourth strain of <i>E. coli</i>, the reporter strain. We inserted <i>amilCP</i> behind both a nickel/cobalt activated promoter, Prcn, and a mercury activated promoter, PmerT. This functioned as a sign of when the above mentioned cells were metal saturated. Basically, when metal ions enter the reporter cell, the AmilCP is engaged, turning the cell blue, indicating that the other cells are saturated. <br><br><br />
Given these changes, we would expect that there would be a change in cell growth because the production of metallothioneins renders the strain slow-growing. We tested our theory through various growth assays, detailed in <A href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/metallothionein#Results">Metallothionein Results</A>. We found that the growth rate of our engineered cells was severely impaired, such that over a period of one day, the total cell concentration was roughly half that of a wild-type cell.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Competition and Biodiversity:</b><br><br />
In the extremely unlikely event of release from our device, our cells would likely be outcompeted very quickly by native environmental strains due to their decreased growth rate. Other cells would multiply much more quickly and overwhelm the engineered cells in most environments. However, in environments with exceptionally high metal concentrations, our engineered cells would actually have higher fitness than the wild-type cells due to their ability to sequester the metals (see <A href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/metallothionein#Results">Metallothionein Results</A>). These conditions would presumably never be reached; it would take a massive quantity of concentrated metal solution, coupled with the physical destruction of our device, for this to ever be a matter of concern. The only other circumstance in which our cells would be expected to grow more rapidly than the wild-type would be under conditions of strong antibiotic selection. Our cells currently do contain antibiotic resistance genes, but further development of our strains could remove this by a well-designed chromosomal integration process.<br><br> <br />
However, to avoid the possibility of release, we have implemented sturdy physical barriers between our cells and the environment. Within the filtration device, the genetically modified cells are held within a hollow fiber reactor, which seriously restricts the movement of particles above 20 kD, meaning that most individual proteins would be unable to escape, much less entire cells.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Evolutionary Prediction:</b><br> <br />
The only potentially dangerous component of our cells is once again antibiotic resistance, which would be eliminated in the development of a field-deployable product. A more difficult and therefore more interesting question is that of whether the cells would evolve away from their original function. The original induction of metallothionein production would saturate the cells with proteins, and in the absence of growth medium, the growth rate of the cells would be extremely slow. The proteins themselves would also be unable to escape from the reactor, so the total metallothionein concentration would in theory remain constant (barring degradation with time), even as cell concentration might very slowly increase. This then becomes an issue of timescale, and it seems that the bacterial cartridge would likely be replaced before this would become an issue.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Gene Transfer:</b><br><br />
The issue of most concern would probably be the transfer of our antibiotic resistance genes from the <i>E. coli</i> to other organisms if the cells were to escape, but as mentioned earlier, this problem could be avoided entirely. It is also true that neither plasmid nor chromosomal DNA would be able to escape the fiber reactor, so engineered DNA would never have contact with the environment in the first place.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Impact:</b><br><br />
This year Cornell iGEM surveyed a variety of people to get a better understanding of the general public’s opinion about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and the bioethics of the various applications. Not only did we create a survey and get hundreds of responses to pool data from, but we also did a general social networking project called Humans & SynBio. Similar to Humans of New York, Humans & SynBio features individual interviews urging people to think deeper about synthetic biology and uncovering their various opinions about it. Interestingly, we discovered that many people are unclear about the definition and purpose of synthetic biology. In addition, we noticed general hesitence towards acceptance of synthetic biology within food and animal products, but acceptance and curiosity about integrating synthetic biology in human life quality improvement. In our case, an overwhelming number of people thought that our project was an ethical use of synthetic biology. Albeit, it is important to consider the limitations of our survey, which are discussed later on. <br><br><br />
So how do people’s opinions about synthetic biology affect the risk assessment of our project? Well, consider this: a project that people know very little about will generate fear. In our study, we found that a lot of people find genetically modified organisms to be a “risky” topic, but if we explained to them our project in more detail, they were more willing to accept it. Thus, there is a need for a broader education about synthetic biology to the public and a need for transparent communication between scientists and the community. <br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/modeling">Economic Analysis</a></b><br><br />
<br />
<br />
</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<h1>Bioethics</h1><br />
We designed our project in accordance with the ethical principles identified by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (2010). Our primary motive is public beneficence: to improve global environmental and public health by remediating metal contamination in water. We have also demonstrated responsible stewardship by considering the environmental implications of our project. The ecological impact of placing our genetically modified strain in water would be minimal because our filtration system will not allow bacteria to escape, and we have structured our future directions around risk management for the future. In addition, our project is an intellectually responsible pursuit: it cannot foreseeably be used to cause people harm. In the spirit of democratic deliberation, we launched our Humans & SynBio campaign, to get people thinking and talking about the ethics of synthetic biology. Our proposed system would be easy, cost-effective, and potentially usable on a global scale. Additionally, the modularity of our platform allows it to be adapted to the needs of different communities, in order to best serve global populations and environments.<sup>[4]</sup><br />
<br />
<h1>Limitations and Future Directions</h1><br />
We have learned from our studies that there needs to be more education about synthetic biology, as many people are not fully aware of this field. In addition, it would be helpful to have a comparison of opinions before and after we discuss what synthetic biology is. In order to make our human practices assessments more effective, we would need to have a broader sample size of people taking surveys and answering our questions. Because we live on a fairly liberal university campus with a constituency that socioeconomically slants towards the upper-middle class, our answers may be biased. However, if we were to interview a much larger and diverse sample size, our survey results would be more informative. <br><br>Risk assessment can constantly be improved upon. It would be interesting to know what versions of our project, within our portfolio of future ideas and applications, would be the most widely used and accepted. What scale filter would be most effective? Which ones would be more efficient to produce and to market? Which ones would impact the most lives? The ideal implementation of our project will occur when the technological development is made to match the exact needs of the community.<br />
</div><br />
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<h1>References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Cornell Environmental Health and Safety. (2014). Biological Safety Levels 1 and 2 Written Program. Available from https://securepublish.ehs.cornell.edu:8499/LabSafety/biological-safety/biosafety-manuals/Biological_Safety_Levels_1_and_2_Manual.pdf</li><br />
<li>Dana, G. V., Kuiken, T., Rejeski, D., & Snow, A. A. (2012). Synthetic biology: Four steps to avoid a synthetic-biology disaster. Nature, 483. doi:10.1038/483029a</li><br />
<li>Powers, C. M., Dana, G., Gillespie, P., Gwinn, M. R., Hendren, C. O., Long, T. C., Wang, A., Davis, J. M. (2012). Comprehensive Environmental Assessment: A Meta-Assessment Approach. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 9202−9208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3023072</li><br />
<li>Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. (2010). New directions: The ethics of synthetic biology and emerging technologies. Washington, D.C.: Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Synthetic Biology Project. (2011, July 28). Comprehensive Environmental Assessment and Its Application to Synthetic Biology Applications. Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/events/archive/cea/</li><br />
</ol><br />
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Economic Analysis</h1><br />
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<h1>Effectiveness and economic feasibility of our hollow fiber bioreactor system</h1><br />
To determine the effectiveness and economic feasibility of our hollow fiber bioreactor with <br />
<i> E. coli</i> which has been engineered to express a mercury transport system and metallothionein, we modeled its impact when applied to a current real situation: mercury pollution in Onondaga Lake, Syracuse, NY.<br />
<br> <br><br />
It has been shown that similar hollow fiber bioreactors are able to reduce the concentration of mercury from 2mg/L to about 5 µg/L.<sup>[1]</sup> This corresponds to a promising 99.8% reduction in mercury levels. Furthermore as discussed in our case study, Onondaga Lake has a capacity of 35 billion gallons and about 165,000 lbs of mercury has been dumped into the lake over the years.<sup>[2]</sup> This corresponds to an approximate mercury concentration of 0.56 mg/L. Thus, the mercury concentration is Onondaga Lake is within the limits that the engineered <i> E. coli</i> is able to sequester. <br />
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Onondaga Lake Park: Syracuse, NY<br />
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Hollow fiber bioreactor system<br />
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In Nov 2004, the estimated cost of dredging to remove the mercury contaminated mud in the lake was determined to be $451 million.<sup>[3]</sup> Currently the cost of our hollow fiber bioreactor system is about $560 with the cost being largely due to the reactor itself ($490) and the remainder of the cost was for the pump and filters. <br />
<br> <br><br />
However, it should be noted that the scale of the hollow fiber bioreactor system is much smaller as its volume is about 1L. Hence, the hollow fiber bioreactor would have to be scaled up significantly (by about 10<sup>11</sup> times!) in order to have any impact. To give a better idea of the scale, if the lake were the size of an Olympic swimming pool, the volume of the hollow fiber bioreactor would be equivalent to a drop of water. While we would need to scale up the volume of our hollow fiber bioreactor, it should also be noted that by placing the bioreactors in series, better mercury sequestration is achieved.<sup>[1]</sup> <br />
Therefore, even though it has been shown that the hollow fiber bioreactor is successful on a pilot scale, more tests would be required to determine if it is as effective on a larger scale. As there are several variables that might change e.g. flow rates and membrane area, the performance of the engineered <i>E. coli</i> might not simply scale up as expected. Nevertheless, given the environmental costs associated with existing remediation methods such as dredging, it is important to look into how biological systems are able to complement these solutions and solve the problem of mercury contamination in an effective, safe and cost efficient manner. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Chen, S., Kim, E., Shuler, M., & Wilson, D. (1998). Hg2+ Removal by Genetically Engineered Escherichia coli in a Hollow Fiber Bioreactor. <i>Biotechnology Progress</i>, 667-671.</li><br />
<li>Moriarty, Rick. "Discovering What Lies at the Bottom of Onondaga Lake." Syracuse.com. Syracuse.com, n.d. Web. 24 Sept. 2014.</li><br />
<li>Collin, Glen. "Onondaga Lake Dredging Begins for Season; Could End a Year Early (video)." Syracuse.com. N.p., 7 Apr. 2014. Web. 11 Aug. 2014.</li><br />
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
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For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
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After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
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We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
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<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
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<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
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<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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<h1>Publications</h1><br />
In addition to doing outreach through our local paper (the Cornell Daily Sun), we collaborated with <a href="http://www.elsevier.com/connect">Elsevier Connect</a>, an online publication platform that has over 70,000 unique viewers per month. We would like to thank Dr. Alison Bert very much for her support and guidance throughout the Elsevier Connect editorial process. Both pieces will be available in the coming month, and will be linked to on our <a href="https://www.facebook.com/cornelligem">social media</a> pages. <br />
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<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
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As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
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In addition, we asked people about what they think of when they think about synthetic biology. We have compiled a list of their responses and <a href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kTt6mcOuQAVQ" target="_blank">mapped to their respective geographic locations</a>.<br />
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<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
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Preferences for tracks have been compiled into a graph, and from the data, it appears that our sample has the strongest preference for utilizing synthetic biology for health and medical issues. Tracks such as manufacturing have a more mixed review.<br />
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We have <a href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E" target="_blank">constructed a map</a> to depict variations in track preference based on location. Green pinpoints indicate a strong preference for the particular track (1 on the rating scale utilized, strongly agree) and red indicates a strong opposition for the particular track. The tracks that are represented include health and medicine, energy, environment, manufacturing, information processing and food and nutrition. On the map, the ratings for energy and environment are averaged to form one map due to constraints from the GoogleMap server (only handles a maximum of 5 map layers). Users can toggle between tracks to see the variability between tracks. <br />
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<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
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<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
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Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
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Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
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<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
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Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
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<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
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Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
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<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
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Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
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<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
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<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
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<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
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<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<div class = "col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a5/Cornell_humans18.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class = "col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
<br><br><br />
After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
<br><br><br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
</div> <br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/7b/Cornell_HumanPracOverview_EnvironmentalWaterSamples.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a0/Cornell_HumanPracOverview_RiskAssessment.jpg" style="height: 240px;"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Publications</h1><br />
In addition to doing outreach through our local paper (the Cornell Daily Sun), we collaborated with <a href=”http://www.elsevier.com/connect”>Elsevier Connect</a>, an online publication platform that has over 70,000 unique viewers per month. We would like to thank Dr. Alison Bert very much for her support and guidance throughout the Elsevier Connect editorial process. Both pieces will be available in the coming month, and will be linked to on our <a href=”https://www.facebook.com/cornelligem”>social media</a> pages. <br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hpracTeam:Cornell/project/hprac2014-10-18T03:44:33Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
<hr />
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
<br><br><br />
We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
</div><br />
<div class = "col-md-3 col-xs-6"> <br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_HASBprofile.png"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class = "col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a5/Cornell_humans18.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class = "col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
<br><br><br />
After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
<br><br><br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
</div> <br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/7b/Cornell_HumanPracOverview_EnvironmentalWaterSamples.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a0/Cornell_HumanPracOverview_RiskAssessment.jpg" style="height: 240px;"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Publications</h1><br />
In addition to doing outreach through our local paper (the Cornell Daily Sun), we collaborated with <a href=”http://www.elsevier.com/connect”>Elsevier Connect</a>, an online publication platform that has over 70,000 unique viewers per month. We would like to thank Dr. Alison Bert very much for her support and guidance throughout the Elsevier Connect editorial process. Both pieces will be available in the coming month, and will be linked to on our <a href=”https://www.facebook.com/cornelligem”>social media</a> pages. <br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hpracTeam:Cornell/project/hprac2014-10-18T03:43:39Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
<br><br><br />
We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
</div><br />
<div class = "col-md-3 col-xs-6"> <br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_HASBprofile.png"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class = "col-md-4 col-xs-6"> <br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a5/Cornell_humans18.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class = "col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
<br><br><br />
After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
<br><br><br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
</div> <br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/7b/Cornell_HumanPracOverview_EnvironmentalWaterSamples.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
<br />
</div> <br />
<br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-6"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a0/Cornell_HumanPracOverview_RiskAssessment.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Publications</h1><br />
In addition to doing outreach through our local paper (the Cornell Daily Sun), we collaborated with <a href=”http://www.elsevier.com/connect”>Elsevier Connect</a>, an online publication platform that has over 70,000 unique viewers per month. We would like to thank Dr. Alison Bert very much for her support and guidance throughout the Elsevier Connect editorial process. Both pieces will be available in the coming month, and will be linked to on our <a href=”https://www.facebook.com/cornelligem”>social media</a> pages. <br />
<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/sponsorsTeam:Cornell/team/sponsors2014-10-18T03:41:34Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Sponsors</h1><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Corning Incorporated</h3><br />
Corning Incorporated is the world leader in specialty glass and ceramics. Drawing on more than 160 years of materials science and process engineering knowledge, Corning creates and makes keystone components that enable high-technology systems for consumer electronics, mobile emissions control, telecommunications and life sciences. Corning graciously supported our team through donations of laboratory supplies and has been a strong supporter of Cornell iGEM for the past four years.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.corning.com/index.aspx" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/2b/Cornell_corning.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.geneious.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_geneious.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Geneious</h3><br />
Geneious is a DNA, RNA and protein sequence alignment, assembly and analysis software platform, integrating bioinformatic and molecular biology tools into a simple interface. We thank Geneious for their donated software which helped us design primers and plan our cloning. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Freeport-McMoRan</h3><br />
Freeport-McMoRan Inc. (FCX) is a leading international natural resources company with headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona. FCX operates large, long-lived, geographically diverse assets with significant proven and probable reserves of copper, gold, molybdenum, cobalt, oil and natural gas. FCX has a dynamic portfolio of operating, expansion and growth projects in the copper industry. FCX is also the world’s largest producer of molybdenum and a significant gold, oil and natural gas producer. We thank FCX for supporting our research this year.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.fcx.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1c/Cornell_fcx.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.snapgene.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_snapgene.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>SnapGene</h3><br />
SnapGene offers molecular biology software that offers a fast and easy way to plan, visualize, and document molecular biology procedures. The team would like to thank Snapgene for providing us with licenses that we have used to help visualize our genetic constructs. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Genscript</h3><br />
Genscript is the leading gene, peptide, protein and antibody research partner for fundamental life science research, translational biomedical research, and early stage pharmaceutical development. Since their establishment in 2002, GenScript has exponentially grown to become a global leading Contract Research Organization that provide services and products to scientists in 86 countries worldwide. During their tenure they have built the best-in-class capacity and capability for biological research services encompassing gene synthesis and molecular biology, peptide synthesis, custom antibodies, protein expression, antibody and protein engineering, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacology – all with the goal to Make Research Easy. We thank Genscript for their cloning services to help us realize our research goals.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.genscript.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/97/Cornell_genscript.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.neobiolab.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/c6/Cornell_neobiolab.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>NeoBioLab</h3><br />
Located in Cambridge, MA, NeoBioLab is a dedicated biology service provider and partner, providing innovative solutions to molecular and cellular biology, in vivo experiments, and drug screening services. We thank NeoBioLabs for supporting our research. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>New England Biolabs</h3><br />
Founded in the mid-1970s as a collective of scientists committed to developing innovative products for the life sciences industry, New England Biolabs is now a recognized world leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of recombinant and native enzymes for genomic research. The team is grateful for NEB sponsorship of the iGEM competition, which has provided teams with the BioBrick® Assembly Kit and other products such as DNA ladders and enzymes.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.neb.com/"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_neb.PNG" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.avantormaterials.com/"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6a/Cornell_avantor.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Avantor</h3><br />
Avantor™ Performance Materials manufactures and markets high-performance chemistries around the world. Avantor's products are used in academic, industry and quality control laboratories for research, and they are used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostic processes and electronics, including semiconductors and LED units. We thank Avantor for providing molecular biology products for our research this year. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Bio Basic</h3><br />
Bio Basic Inc. is a privately owned dynamic biotechnology company. The company was founded in 1990 in Toronto, Canada. From 1990 to 1995, Bio Basic Inc.’s primary focus was in the field of biochemicals. Starting in 1995, Bio Basic Inc. began manufacturing various Life Science Products. Over the past two decades, the company has developed rapidly and now serves as a one-stop-shop to researchers in the life sciences field. To date, Bio Basic Inc. has approximately 600 employees, seven laboratories, three factory buildings, 40 international distributors and over 10,000 customers worldwide. The team is grateful for Bio Basic's molecular biology services.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://store.biobasic.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/9e/Cornell_biobasic.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home.html" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/74/Cornell_lifetech.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Life Technologies</h3><br />
As a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Technologies believes in the power of science to transform lives. To support scientists worldwide, we offer high-quality, innovative life science solutions—from everyday essentials to instruments—for every lab, every application. The team is grateful for Life Technologies's molecular biology product donations. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Thermo Fisher Scientific</h3><br />
The mission of Thermo Fisher Scientific is to enable their customers to make the world healthier, cleaner and safer. They help their customers accelerate life sciences research, solve complex analytical challenges, improve patient diagnostics and increase laboratory productivity. Through their four premier brands – Thermo Scientific, Life Technologies, Fisher Scientific and Unity Lab Services – they offer an unmatched combination of innovative technologies, purchasing convenience and comprehensive support. We thank ThermoFisher for the donation of research materials.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.thermofisher.com/en/home.html" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e3/Cornell_thermofisher.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.5prime.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/24/Cornell_5prime.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>5 Prime</h3><br />
Founded in 2006 by a team of life science enthusiasts, 5 PRIME combines an American sense of entrepreneurship with a German commitment to quality. Their mission is to become a leading source for high quality molecular biology products. 5 PRIME is focusing on the key areas of molecular biology, offering a broad portfolio of more than 250 high quality products that can provide a full solution for all steps from genes to pure proteins. The team is grateful for 5 Prime's support in molecular biology products. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Nexcelom Bioscience</h3><br />
In 2003, the founders of Nexcelom introduced the CP2, a convenient tool to assist with manual cell counting. Since then, Nexcelom has expanded the product range to accommodate researchers analyzing small cells, primary cells, and researchers looking to perform cell-based assays. With multiple patents pending, Nexcelom is a clear leader and innovator in the field of image-based cytometry for cell analysis. We would like to thank Nexcelom Bioscience for supporting our project.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.nexcelom.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e8/Cornell_nexcelom.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://us.vwr.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/97/Cornell_vwr.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>VWR</h3><br />
VWR provides an expansive choice of premiere products, such as chemicals, furniture, equipment, instruments, apparel and consumables, to the world's top pharmaceutical, biotech, industrial, educational, governmental, and healthcare organizations. VWR has generously supported Cornell iGEM with necessary research supplies. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Hardy Diagnostics</h3><br />
Hardy Diagnostics manufactures culture media, and rapid identification kits for microbiological testing in clinical, research, and industrial laboratories. The team is grateful for Hardy Diagnostic's support in molecular biology products.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ed/Cornell_hardydiagnostics.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.alfa.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/bf/Cornell_alfaaesar.JPG" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Alfa Aesar</h3><br />
Part of the Johnson Matthey group of companies, Alfa Aesar is a leading manufacturer and supplier of research chemicals, metals and materials in a wide span of applications. For more than 50 years, scientists have relied on Alfa Aesar to supply high purity raw materials for a variety of research and development applications. Today they offer over 45,000 products in stock, in sizes from gram-scale catalog items to semi-bulk and bulk production quantities. With custom manufacturing capabilities to supply many more specialized items, they are a one-stop source for research chemicals, metals and materials. We thank Alfa Aesar for their molecular biology product donations. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Integrated DNA Technologies</h3><br />
Integrated DNA Technologies specializes in DNA synthesis, gene construction, antisense oligos, molecular beacons and a variety of molecular biology products. We thank IDT for being an official sponsor of the iGEM competition and providing teams with a discount on gene fragments.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.idtdna.com/site/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/23/Cornell_idt.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.mathworks.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f4/Cornell_mathworks.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>MathWorks</h3><br />
MathWorks is the world's leading developer of technical computing software for engineers and scientists in industry, government, and education. The team thanks MathWorks for sponsoring the 2013 iGEM competition, providing software and technical support to all iGEM teams. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Mendeley</h3><br />
Starting a research project can be overwhelming. Mendeley simplifies every step in the process, from search and discovery to reading and analysis.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.mendeley.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0a/Cornell_mendeley-logo.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.biotech.cornell.edu" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell Institute for Biotechnology and Life Sciences Technology</h3><br />
The mission of Cornell’s Biotech Institute is to promote research, education and technology transfer for applications of biotechnology for the benefit of the environment, agriculture, engineering and veterinary and human medicine. We would like to thank the institute for their monetary support to the team for the purchasing of laboratory supplies and equipment.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell Engineering Alumni Association</h3><br />
The purpose of the Cornell Engineering Alumni Association is to promote the welfare of the College of Engineering at Cornell University and its alumni, and to establish a closer relationship between the College, its students, and the alumni. We thank the Association for supporting our team's research. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.engineering.cornell.edu/alumni/association/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.biotech.cornell.edu" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell College of Engineering</h3><br />
We would like to thank the Cornell College of Engineering for providing material, monetary, and other resources to the team. The Departments of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Electrical & Computer Engineering have all provided resources and advice to the team. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/sponsorsTeam:Cornell/team/sponsors2014-10-18T03:40:54Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Sponsors</h1><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Corning Incorporated</h3><br />
Corning Incorporated is the world leader in specialty glass and ceramics. Drawing on more than 160 years of materials science and process engineering knowledge, Corning creates and makes keystone components that enable high-technology systems for consumer electronics, mobile emissions control, telecommunications and life sciences. Corning graciously supported our team through donations of laboratory supplies and has been a strong supporter of Cornell iGEM for the past four years.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.corning.com/index.aspx" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/2b/Cornell_corning.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.geneious.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_geneious.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Geneious</h3><br />
Geneious is a DNA, RNA and protein sequence alignment, assembly and analysis software platform, integrating bioinformatic and molecular biology tools into a simple interface. We thank Geneious for their donated software which helped us design primers and plan our cloning. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Freeport-McMoRan</h3><br />
Freeport-McMoRan Inc. (FCX) is a leading international natural resources company with headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona. FCX operates large, long-lived, geographically diverse assets with significant proven and probable reserves of copper, gold, molybdenum, cobalt, oil and natural gas. FCX has a dynamic portfolio of operating, expansion and growth projects in the copper industry. FCX is also the world’s largest producer of molybdenum and a significant gold, oil and natural gas producer. We thank FCX for supporting our research this year.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.fcx.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1c/Cornell_fcx.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.snapgene.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_snapgene.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>SnapGene</h3><br />
SnapGene offers molecular biology software that offers a fast and easy way to plan, visualize, and document molecular biology procedures. The team would like to thank Snapgene for providing us with licenses that we have used to help visualize our genetic constructs. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Genscript</h3><br />
Genscript is the leading gene, peptide, protein and antibody research partner for fundamental life science research, translational biomedical research, and early stage pharmaceutical development. Since their establishment in 2002, GenScript has exponentially grown to become a global leading Contract Research Organization that provide services and products to scientists in 86 countries worldwide. During their tenure they have built the best-in-class capacity and capability for biological research services encompassing gene synthesis and molecular biology, peptide synthesis, custom antibodies, protein expression, antibody and protein engineering, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacology – all with the goal to Make Research Easy. We thank Genscript for their cloning services to help us realize our research goals.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.genscript.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/97/Cornell_genscript.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.neobiolab.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/c6/Cornell_neobiolab.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>NeoBioLab</h3><br />
Located in Cambridge, MA, NeoBioLab is a dedicated biology service provider and partner, providing innovative solutions to molecular and cellular biology, in vivo experiments, and drug screening services. We thank NeoBioLabs for supporting our research. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>New England Biolabs</h3><br />
Founded in the mid-1970s as a collective of scientists committed to developing innovative products for the life sciences industry, New England Biolabs is now a recognized world leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of recombinant and native enzymes for genomic research. The team is grateful for NEB sponsorship of the iGEM competition, which has provided teams with the BioBrick® Assembly Kit and other products such as DNA ladders and enzymes.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.neb.com/"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_neb.PNG" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.avantormaterials.com/"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6a/Cornell_avantor.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Avantor</h3><br />
Avantor™ Performance Materials manufactures and markets high-performance chemistries around the world. Avantor's products are used in academic, industry and quality control laboratories for research, and they are used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostic processes and electronics, including semiconductors and LED units. We thank Avantor for providing molecular biology products for our research this year. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Bio Basic</h3><br />
Bio Basic Inc. is a privately owned dynamic biotechnology company. The company was founded in 1990 in Toronto, Canada. From 1990 to 1995, Bio Basic Inc.’s primary focus was in the field of biochemicals. Starting in 1995, Bio Basic Inc. began manufacturing various Life Science Products. Over the past two decades, the company has developed rapidly and now serves as a one-stop-shop to researchers in the life sciences field. To date, Bio Basic Inc. has approximately 600 employees, seven laboratories, three factory buildings, 40 international distributors and over 10,000 customers worldwide. The team is grateful for Bio Basic's molecular biology services.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://store.biobasic.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/9e/Cornell_biobasic.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home.html" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/74/Cornell_lifetech.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Life Technologies</h3><br />
As a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Technologies believes in the power of science to transform lives. To support scientists worldwide, we offer high-quality, innovative life science solutions—from everyday essentials to instruments—for every lab, every application. The team is grateful for Life Technologies's molecular biology product donations. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Thermo Fisher Scientific</h3><br />
The mission of Thermo Fisher Scientific is to enable their customers to make the world healthier, cleaner and safer. They help their customers accelerate life sciences research, solve complex analytical challenges, improve patient diagnostics and increase laboratory productivity. Through their four premier brands – Thermo Scientific, Life Technologies, Fisher Scientific and Unity Lab Services – they offer an unmatched combination of innovative technologies, purchasing convenience and comprehensive support. We thank ThermoFisher for the donation of research materials.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.thermofisher.com/en/home.html" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e3/Cornell_thermofisher.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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<a href="http://www.5prime.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/24/Cornell_5prime.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>5 Prime</h3><br />
Founded in 2006 by a team of life science enthusiasts, 5 PRIME combines an American sense of entrepreneurship with a German commitment to quality. Their mission is to become a leading source for high quality molecular biology products. 5 PRIME is focusing on the key areas of molecular biology, offering a broad portfolio of more than 250 high quality products that can provide a full solution for all steps from genes to pure proteins. The team is grateful for 5 Prime's support in molecular biology products. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Nexcelom Bioscience</h3><br />
In 2003, the founders of Nexcelom introduced the CP2, a convenient tool to assist with manual cell counting. Since then, Nexcelom has expanded the product range to accommodate researchers analyzing small cells, primary cells, and researchers looking to perform cell-based assays. With multiple patents pending, Nexcelom is a clear leader and innovator in the field of image-based cytometry for cell analysis. We would like to thank Nexcelom Bioscience for supporting our project.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.nexcelom.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e8/Cornell_nexcelom.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://us.vwr.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/97/Cornell_vwr.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>VWR</h3><br />
VWR provides an expansive choice of premiere products, such as chemicals, furniture, equipment, instruments, apparel and consumables, to the world's top pharmaceutical, biotech, industrial, educational, governmental, and healthcare organizations. VWR has generously supported Cornell iGEM with necessary research supplies. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Hardy Diagnostics</h3><br />
Hardy Diagnostics manufactures culture media, and rapid identification kits for microbiological testing in clinical, research, and industrial laboratories. The team is grateful for Hardy Diagnostic's support in molecular biology products.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ed/Cornell_hardydiagnostics.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.alfa.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/bf/Cornell_alfaaesar.JPG" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Alfa Aesar</h3><br />
Part of the Johnson Matthey group of companies, Alfa Aesar is a leading manufacturer and supplier of research chemicals, metals and materials in a wide span of applications. For more than 50 years, scientists have relied on Alfa Aesar to supply high purity raw materials for a variety of research and development applications. Today they offer over 45,000 products in stock, in sizes from gram-scale catalog items to semi-bulk and bulk production quantities. With custom manufacturing capabilities to supply many more specialized items, they are a one-stop source for research chemicals, metals and materials. We thank Alfa Aesar for their molecular biology product donations. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Integrated DNA Technologies</h3><br />
Integrated DNA Technologies specializes in DNA synthesis, gene construction, antisense oligos, molecular beacons and a variety of molecular biology products. We thank IDT for being an official sponsor of the iGEM competition and providing teams with a discount on gene fragments.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.idtdna.com/site/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/23/Cornell_idt.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.mathworks.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f4/Cornell_mathworks.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>MathWorks</h3><br />
MathWorks is the world's leading developer of technical computing software for engineers and scientists in industry, government, and education. The team thanks MathWorks for sponsoring the 2013 iGEM competition, providing software and technical support to all iGEM teams. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Mendeley</h3><br />
Starting a research project can be overwhelming. Mendeley simplifies every step in the process, from search and discovery to reading and analysis.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.mendeley.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0a/Cornell_mendeley-logo.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell Institute for Biotechnology and Life Sciences Technology</h3><br />
The mission of Cornell’s Biotech Institute is to promote research, education and technology transfer for applications of biotechnology for the benefit of the environment, agriculture, engineering and veterinary and human medicine. We would like to thank the institute for their monetary support to the team for the purchasing of laboratory supplies and equipment.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.biotech.cornell.edu" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.engineering.cornell.edu/alumni/association/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell Engineering Alumni Association</h3><br />
The purpose of the Cornell Engineering Alumni Association is to promote the welfare of the College of Engineering at Cornell University and its alumni, and to establish a closer relationship between the College, its students, and the alumni. We thank the Association for supporting our team's research. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h3>Cornell College of Engineering</h3><br />
We would like to thank the Cornell College of Engineering for providing material, monetary, and other resources to the team. The Departments of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Electrical & Computer Engineering have all provided resources and advice to the team. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.biotech.cornell.edu" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/sponsorsTeam:Cornell/team/sponsors2014-10-18T03:40:17Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Sponsors</h1><br />
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<h3>Corning Incorporated</h3><br />
Corning Incorporated is the world leader in specialty glass and ceramics. Drawing on more than 160 years of materials science and process engineering knowledge, Corning creates and makes keystone components that enable high-technology systems for consumer electronics, mobile emissions control, telecommunications and life sciences. Corning graciously supported our team through donations of laboratory supplies and has been a strong supporter of Cornell iGEM for the past four years.<br />
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<a href="http://www.corning.com/index.aspx" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/2b/Cornell_corning.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.geneious.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/ca/Cornell_geneious.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
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<h3>Geneious</h3><br />
Geneious is a DNA, RNA and protein sequence alignment, assembly and analysis software platform, integrating bioinformatic and molecular biology tools into a simple interface. We thank Geneious for their donated software which helped us design primers and plan our cloning. <br />
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<h3>Freeport-McMoRan</h3><br />
Freeport-McMoRan Inc. (FCX) is a leading international natural resources company with headquarters in Phoenix, Arizona. FCX operates large, long-lived, geographically diverse assets with significant proven and probable reserves of copper, gold, molybdenum, cobalt, oil and natural gas. FCX has a dynamic portfolio of operating, expansion and growth projects in the copper industry. FCX is also the world’s largest producer of molybdenum and a significant gold, oil and natural gas producer. We thank FCX for supporting our research this year.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.fcx.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/1c/Cornell_fcx.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.snapgene.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_snapgene.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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<h3>SnapGene</h3><br />
SnapGene offers molecular biology software that offers a fast and easy way to plan, visualize, and document molecular biology procedures. The team would like to thank Snapgene for providing us with licenses that we have used to help visualize our genetic constructs. <br />
</div><br />
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<h3>Genscript</h3><br />
Genscript is the leading gene, peptide, protein and antibody research partner for fundamental life science research, translational biomedical research, and early stage pharmaceutical development. Since their establishment in 2002, GenScript has exponentially grown to become a global leading Contract Research Organization that provide services and products to scientists in 86 countries worldwide. During their tenure they have built the best-in-class capacity and capability for biological research services encompassing gene synthesis and molecular biology, peptide synthesis, custom antibodies, protein expression, antibody and protein engineering, and in vitro and in vivo pharmacology – all with the goal to Make Research Easy. We thank Genscript for their cloning services to help us realize our research goals.<br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.genscript.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/97/Cornell_genscript.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.neobiolab.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/c/c6/Cornell_neobiolab.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>NeoBioLab</h3><br />
Located in Cambridge, MA, NeoBioLab is a dedicated biology service provider and partner, providing innovative solutions to molecular and cellular biology, in vivo experiments, and drug screening services. We thank NeoBioLabs for supporting our research. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h3>New England Biolabs</h3><br />
Founded in the mid-1970s as a collective of scientists committed to developing innovative products for the life sciences industry, New England Biolabs is now a recognized world leader in the discovery, development and commercialization of recombinant and native enzymes for genomic research. The team is grateful for NEB sponsorship of the iGEM competition, which has provided teams with the BioBrick® Assembly Kit and other products such as DNA ladders and enzymes.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.neb.com/"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/3e/Cornell_neb.PNG" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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<br />
<a href="http://www.avantormaterials.com/"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6a/Cornell_avantor.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Avantor</h3><br />
Avantor™ Performance Materials manufactures and markets high-performance chemistries around the world. Avantor's products are used in academic, industry and quality control laboratories for research, and they are used in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, medical diagnostic processes and electronics, including semiconductors and LED units. We thank Avantor for providing molecular biology products for our research this year. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Bio Basic</h3><br />
Bio Basic Inc. is a privately owned dynamic biotechnology company. The company was founded in 1990 in Toronto, Canada. From 1990 to 1995, Bio Basic Inc.’s primary focus was in the field of biochemicals. Starting in 1995, Bio Basic Inc. began manufacturing various Life Science Products. Over the past two decades, the company has developed rapidly and now serves as a one-stop-shop to researchers in the life sciences field. To date, Bio Basic Inc. has approximately 600 employees, seven laboratories, three factory buildings, 40 international distributors and over 10,000 customers worldwide. The team is grateful for Bio Basic's molecular biology services.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://store.biobasic.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/9e/Cornell_biobasic.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<a href="http://www.lifetechnologies.com/us/en/home.html" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/74/Cornell_lifetech.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Life Technologies</h3><br />
As a part of Thermo Fisher Scientific, Life Technologies believes in the power of science to transform lives. To support scientists worldwide, we offer high-quality, innovative life science solutions—from everyday essentials to instruments—for every lab, every application. The team is grateful for Life Technologies's molecular biology product donations. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Thermo Fisher Scientific</h3><br />
The mission of Thermo Fisher Scientific is to enable their customers to make the world healthier, cleaner and safer. They help their customers accelerate life sciences research, solve complex analytical challenges, improve patient diagnostics and increase laboratory productivity. Through their four premier brands – Thermo Scientific, Life Technologies, Fisher Scientific and Unity Lab Services – they offer an unmatched combination of innovative technologies, purchasing convenience and comprehensive support. We thank ThermoFisher for the donation of research materials.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.thermofisher.com/en/home.html" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e3/Cornell_thermofisher.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
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<a href="http://www.5prime.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/24/Cornell_5prime.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>5 Prime</h3><br />
Founded in 2006 by a team of life science enthusiasts, 5 PRIME combines an American sense of entrepreneurship with a German commitment to quality. Their mission is to become a leading source for high quality molecular biology products. 5 PRIME is focusing on the key areas of molecular biology, offering a broad portfolio of more than 250 high quality products that can provide a full solution for all steps from genes to pure proteins. The team is grateful for 5 Prime's support in molecular biology products. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Nexcelom Bioscience</h3><br />
In 2003, the founders of Nexcelom introduced the CP2, a convenient tool to assist with manual cell counting. Since then, Nexcelom has expanded the product range to accommodate researchers analyzing small cells, primary cells, and researchers looking to perform cell-based assays. With multiple patents pending, Nexcelom is a clear leader and innovator in the field of image-based cytometry for cell analysis. We would like to thank Nexcelom Bioscience for supporting our project.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.nexcelom.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e8/Cornell_nexcelom.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://us.vwr.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/97/Cornell_vwr.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>VWR</h3><br />
VWR provides an expansive choice of premiere products, such as chemicals, furniture, equipment, instruments, apparel and consumables, to the world's top pharmaceutical, biotech, industrial, educational, governmental, and healthcare organizations. VWR has generously supported Cornell iGEM with necessary research supplies. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Hardy Diagnostics</h3><br />
Hardy Diagnostics manufactures culture media, and rapid identification kits for microbiological testing in clinical, research, and industrial laboratories. The team is grateful for Hardy Diagnostic's support in molecular biology products.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ed/Cornell_hardydiagnostics.jpg" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.alfa.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/bf/Cornell_alfaaesar.JPG" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Alfa Aesar</h3><br />
Part of the Johnson Matthey group of companies, Alfa Aesar is a leading manufacturer and supplier of research chemicals, metals and materials in a wide span of applications. For more than 50 years, scientists have relied on Alfa Aesar to supply high purity raw materials for a variety of research and development applications. Today they offer over 45,000 products in stock, in sizes from gram-scale catalog items to semi-bulk and bulk production quantities. With custom manufacturing capabilities to supply many more specialized items, they are a one-stop source for research chemicals, metals and materials. We thank Alfa Aesar for their molecular biology product donations. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Integrated DNA Technologies</h3><br />
Integrated DNA Technologies specializes in DNA synthesis, gene construction, antisense oligos, molecular beacons and a variety of molecular biology products. We thank IDT for being an official sponsor of the iGEM competition and providing teams with a discount on gene fragments.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.idtdna.com/site/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/23/Cornell_idt.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.mathworks.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f4/Cornell_mathworks.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>MathWorks</h3><br />
MathWorks is the world's leading developer of technical computing software for engineers and scientists in industry, government, and education. The team thanks MathWorks for sponsoring the 2013 iGEM competition, providing software and technical support to all iGEM teams. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.mendeley.com/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0a/Cornell_mendeley-logo.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Mendeley</h3><br />
Starting a research project can be overwhelming. Mendeley simplifies every step in the process, from search and discovery to reading and analysis.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<br />
<br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.biotech.cornell.edu" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell Institute for Biotechnology and Life Sciences Technology</h3><br />
The mission of Cornell’s Biotech Institute is to promote research, education and technology transfer for applications of biotechnology for the benefit of the environment, agriculture, engineering and veterinary and human medicine. We would like to thank the institute for their monetary support to the team for the purchasing of laboratory supplies and equipment.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell Engineering Alumni Association</h3><br />
The purpose of the Cornell Engineering Alumni Association is to promote the welfare of the College of Engineering at Cornell University and its alumni, and to establish a closer relationship between the College, its students, and the alumni. We thank the Association for supporting our team's research. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.engineering.cornell.edu/alumni/association/" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-6"><br />
<a href="http://www.biotech.cornell.edu" target="_blank" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_cornellcrest.png" class="img-responsive"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-9 col-xs-12"><br />
<h3>Cornell College of Engineering</h3><br />
We would like to thank the Cornell College of Engineering for providing material, monetary, and other resources to the team. The Departments of Biological & Environmental Engineering, Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, and Electrical & Computer Engineering have all provided resources and advice to the team. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
<br><br><br />
We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
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For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
<br><br><br />
After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
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We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
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<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
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<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
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<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
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Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
<br><br><br />
We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
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For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
<br><br><br />
After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
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We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
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<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
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<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
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<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T03:28:15Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
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Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
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For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
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After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
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We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
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<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
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<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
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<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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<h2 class="featurette-heading" style="margin-top: 42px;">Team</h2><br />
<p class="lead">Cornell iGEM benefits from the contributions of nearly 30 undergraduate members and a number of graduate and faculty advisors. Our diverse, student-run team represents twelve majors and five colleges within Cornell University. </p><br />
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<h3 style="margin:0;">Profile</h3><br />
<p> Our official iGEM team information.</p><br />
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<h3>Bios</h3><br />
<p> Say hello to the team!</p><br />
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<h3>Gallery</h3><br />
<p>See our team in action.</p><br />
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<h3>Sponsors</h3><br />
<p>See who has supported our research this year.</p><br />
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<h3>Attributions</h3><br />
<p>Meet our advisors.</p><br />
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<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
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Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
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Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
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Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
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<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
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<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
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Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
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<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
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<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
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<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
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<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
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<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
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<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
<br><br><br />
Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
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New South Wales, Austrailia<br />
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Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
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<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
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<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
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<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
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<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
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</ol><br />
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<h1> Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
<br />
<a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio?fref=nf" target="_blank"><img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/90/Cornell_Facebook.png" style="height:35px; position: absolute; left: 290px; top: 30px;"></a><a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio?fref=nf" target="_blank">Humans and SynBio</a> is our team's take on the <a href="http://www.facebook.com/humansofnewyork">Humans of New York</a> project that showcases the diversity of people in New York City and their stories. Humans and SynBio aims to display the opinions of the public on synthetic biology, genetic engineering and related topics. By actively engaging with our local community through Humans and SynBio, we have learned a great deal about peoples' hopes and concerns about synthetic biology. We have integrated some of these opinions we garnered into our project design - an explanation of these precautions is detailed in our <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">risk assessment section</a>. <br />
<br><br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans and Synbio. We hope that by using Humans and SynBio as a platform for public discussion, we can make synthetic biology a safer and more accepted practice. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating! <br />
<br><br><br />
<a href="#top">Back to Top</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-1"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Steamboat Landing<br />
<br><br><br />
"I actually found a study a few years ago on E. coli, specifically about the fact that beef can be contaminated very easily. But this study actually showed if you grass-fed your beef you had a much lower incidence, and feeding grain to the animals gave rise to E. coli that was acid resistant." <br />
<br><br><br />
Because they're not meant to eat corn? <br />
<br><br><br />
"Yep - there was a even a part of it that said if you stopped feeding them grain the last few weeks before slaughter, the levels of the worst E. coli would actually drop." <br />
<br><br><br />
Did anybody act on that? <br />
<br><br><br />
"I'm not sure if anybody did. It's really hard to change the conventional part because we're just so geared to feeding them corn."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-2"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Steamboat Landing<br />
<br><br><br />
"Well, I think it's kind of like medicine: do we really know what the impacts of all medicines are? I don't know. Do we know if using a certain medicine will be definitively better or will it make something worse in every situation? I don't know. I think that as humans we will always be curious about whether we can can change the world around us to do what we want it to do. But I think it should be done under strictly experimental conditions until all the impacts are observed and noted and until then it shouldn't be applied on any sort of large scale. That's a grey zone because you don't really know when that happens. I don't think the effort here should be about answering a yes-or-no question; effort should be put into seeing if we can experiment in the right way."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-3"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
"Coming from a creative writing major, I guess the issue needs to be addressed very heavily and it needs to honestly go a lot higher than it has been in terms of publicity. It's great that you guys are coming here to people and asking them about it, but certainly things like this can definitely be considered on a higher standard. I think it's a very pressing issue and definitely needs to be addressed. It can be brought up pretty much to the college level even down even to the grade schools."<br />
<br><br><br />
What about a specific application of synthetic biology, like an environmental filter?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Absolutely! Yeah, I think it's fine. As long as it brings an impact that can definitely be used in a positive way and definitely enhance the communities around and stuff like that, I see no real issues with it."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-4"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
"It's bad! It's not natural... But if it is only for the research then it is okay."<br />
<br><br><br />
"It's very cool, it's like great technology, but whenever you do it to food it's probably not very healthy. It's like a coin with two sides."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-5"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
[About genetically modified organisms in food]<br />
<br><br><br />
"I'd like to see what the evidence is eventually. I try to avoid things that might be a potential problem, so like you said: buy a lot of organic food, and if it's certified organic food then it's not going to have GMO's in it any way, hopefully."<br />
<br><br><br />
On the flip side, do you think if GMOs helped solve underfeeding with something like Golden Rice - would that be a benefit?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think so. We are fortunate enough to have choices here, but on the same token, I'd like to see what the evidence is as far as if it is actually beneficial or harmful, as far as the science of it, but I think giving people access to food is important. I don't want people to starve because I want to know what's in what I eat. I'd like to see sort of less politicized evidence-I'd like to see the actual science of it... I'm an evidence-based person, so I want to see what the evidence is."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-6"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's<br />
<br><br><br />
[Midway through our conversation]<br />
<br><br><br />
"By the way, I'm a biophysics grad student."<br />
<br><br><br />
Oh, so what do you think about making a tool by modifying bacteria? <br />
<br><br><br />
"As long as the strain is not harmful, I don't have a problem with it. And as long as it is following the infectious disease rules, I'm fine with it. So you're not offending me."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-7"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's with some radishes<br />
<br><br><br />
"Environmentally, I think I would go for natural things more and I would imagine it would be healthier too. And we know that plants and vegetables, fruits, and trees that we are familiar with have been in existence for thousands of years so we know about them, but this mutation and biology that is being implemented and developed - we don't know anything about it. It's still in the experimental stage and personally I am a nature person - I don't like artificial things. <br />
<br><br><br />
"...I mean if it helps people, ultimately I think it is a good thing. I mean if you go to Africa or some of the less developed countries their goal is really survival they are not thinking about organic versus artificially developed foods. So first you want to meet the basic needs of human beings- help them! - then if you can have the luxury of distinguishing between organic and inorganic foods then I think we would do that. I would go for organic. Like here for example: Cornell, Ithaca." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-8"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Ho Plaza, Cornell University<br />
<br><br><br />
"I feel the way most people do, that GMOs are not exactly natural. I believe it is dangerous to rely on genetic engineering to continue producing high quantities of low cost food. However, as a future scientist working with synthetic biology, I can see great opportunities for us to better the world, to fix the problems that humans have caused. That line between right and wrong, is extremely difficult to define and I hope that others will understand that as scientists working to solve many problems, it is hard for us to see that line too. It bothers me that whenever people see: "GMO" they immediately pass it off as something bad or unnatural. There are many reasons why GMOs are used in agriculture-there are too many mouths to feed on this planet - and if it were a choice between starvation and GMO food on the table, which would you choose? If people are so concerned about GMOs being used in farming, then they should encourage small farms and the next generation to pick up farming. It is hands down the most important job in the world-I wish people could understand that." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-9"><br />
Ithaca, NY | by Carpenter Hall, Cornell University<br />
<br><br><br />
"Humans have always used animals to do experiments. Like rats, mice, and monkeys...so I wouldn't say that it is a problem. I mean you have to use it with conscience. For me it is fine if you can follow the ethical rules."<br />
<br><br><br />
"I agree with using animals to studies because I think it is important to improve the area - the scientific area - and I think that if you follow the ethical rules to use the animals then everything is fine and we can keep on using animals for science."<br />
<br><br><br />
"Yeah. You have to care about the animals because they are helping you-you are not just using them, they are not your property so you have to treat them well. You have to respect another life."<br />
<br><br><br />
If you could make any animal do something with biological engineering, what would you do?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Well I personally would like to fly so if there is a way to make humans fly, like frogs have that -- to breath under water... I would really like that." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-10"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Wegman's <br />
<br><br><br />
"I think there is definitely a limitation for where we're going, but for something like this where it improves pollution, I don't see how it is going past that limitation yet."<br />
<br><br><br />
What limitation are you talking about?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Um, I guess in terms of ethics, something that directly effects some type of life, like if it is harming a certain organism, but in this case I just feel like it is benefiting society in general."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you think that line is hard to define? If it is harming the organism, but benefiting society a lot is that still okay?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Definitely because people have different ideas of what life is in general so there are definitely different perspectives of what is right or wrong so I guess it's important to communicate and try to find a good compromise." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-11"><br />
Joseph, OR | Wallowa Lake<br />
<br><br><br />
"I believe that synthetic biology holds promise for either solving or reducing the impact of many of humanities greatest challenges ranging from disease, to famine, to pollution which have so far evaded solution using other technologies…One concern of synthetic biology is that there may be people who would use the technology to the detriment of society. Another possible risk is that something is created that has an unintended affect that goes unnoticed for too long. For those reasons, people involved in the field need to have high ethical standards and rigorous testing of products should be completed prior to release. However, I see the potential benefits of synthetic biology far outweighing the concerns."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you have any concerns regarding genetically modified foods?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think food, which is very personal, can have a high “worry factor” regarding whether it is safe and that something as complex as synthetic biology is difficult for people who are not in the field to understand. People tend to fear what they don’t understand. Perhaps people in the field/industry of synthetic biology could improve their image through education of the public regarding the products they provide." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-12"><br />
Troutdale, OR | Angel's Rest<br />
<br><br><br />
"I believe that synthetic biology has many important applications, especially in a world where the population is growing and people are living longer. We are using more resources than ever and I believe that we need to use the tools at our disposal in order to decrease our negative impact on the earth. However, as with any new scientific process or technology, it is important to regulate it and educate people about these forms of synthetic biology." <br />
<br><br><br />
What concerns do you have about genetically modified foods?<br />
<br><br><br />
"My concerns lie more in how genetically modified crops are tested and regulated. For example, when I take a prescription medication for a disease, or antibiotic for a bacterial infection, I am aware that the drug has undergone extensive research, including laboratory development, animal trials, and clinical trials before I personally am allowed to take it. It makes me feel safer knowing that these protocols are in place to insure that I am being treated in the safest way possible…Like medication, food is something that we ingest daily, and thus any food, genetically modified or not, needs to fulfill certain safety protocols. Genetically modified foods should go through extensive testing before they are marketed for human consumption because their biology has been altered." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-13"><br />
Oxford iGEM | Oxford, UK.<br />
<br><br><br />
Should Synthetic Biology be open to everyone?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Absolutely, synthetic biology should be open to everyone, as in, everyone should have the opportunity to get involved in the actual process of it. However, like with any consumer good it should always be regulated for safety purposes and to avoid any ethical problems. The development background should always be made available to the consumer."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you think that GMOs have the capacity to help the problem of overpopulation? <br />
<br><br><br />
"Yes. I think they do. I think the public opinion of GMOs needs to be radically re-educated. I think a lot of people don't understand that it is completely natural occurrences as in DNA is involved in everything we eat. Everything we eat is organic, carbon based, and biologically occurring. Synthetic biology is the manipulation of living things which is what agriculture essentially is just over a much longer time period, and people still view it with a negative stigma." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-14"><br />
Beaverton, OR | Community garden<br />
<br><br><br />
"My opinion of synthetic biology is that it will have a positive impact on the world. I think it will help solve some of the big environmental problems we face such as pollution and depletion of some of our natural resources. I also believe it will be very important in developing new treatments for disease. I think there is lack of public support in this area of research because many people do not know much about it."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you have any concerns regarding genetically modified food?<br />
<br><br><br />
"My concerns with genetically modified foods are that we start producing them for profit only and don’t carefully weigh the potential hazards. I am confident that the genetically modified foods we buy today are safe and have been properly regulated by our government, but I worry that as more and more are developed some governments may not properly regulate them." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-15"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think about GMOs?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think that it depends on the situation. I think synthetic biology is definitely something that we can't really turn back from anymore because we are always trying to progress as humans, but I think in a lot of cases we should be really cautious and not use it necessarily just because it's there. When I'm talking about food, a lot of times GMOs aren't really unsafe food, but it's still the idea that we are constantly trying to be better and progress and I think as with anything else, sometimes we should stop.<br><br />
For example they made crops that are herbicide resistant so that they could spray more herbicides onto the crops so that they could grow more, and they really didn't need to grow more of those crops but they would save money if they did, so they did that and now they are spraying more chemicals. So the GMO resistance isn't really bad for us, but it encourages us to do more industrialized farming that isn't really necessary."<br />
<br><br><br />
So where is the "line" between appropriate and inappropriate GMO applications for you?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I thought that nutrient enriched crops were okay and good in poor countries; I thought that certain pest-resistant crops are neutral. . . ., but then there are other crops that are herbicide resistant and I think that that is too far because you are encouraging the use of more chemicals."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-16"><br />
Montgomery, NJ | Bio classroom with a plant<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you think synthetic biology, in terms of genetic engineering, is moral or immoral? <br />
<br><br><br />
"If a child has some sort of congenital disease, I believe it would be moral to alter the disease so that the child wouldn't have to deal with it as an adult or a teenager. But, it would get unethical when you change the way a child looks or his or her personality, if you can even do that. Children are what they are when they are born, and it's unnatural if you try to change that." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-17"><br />
Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
"To me, synthetic biology is artificially playing the genetics of organisms, changing them on the genetic life. I'm pretty neutral towards it. I mean, a lot of artificial organisms have been pretty helpful, so I can't see why we can't do synthetic biology."<br />
<br><br><br />
What's your stance on GMOs - are they more helpful or harmful?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think a lot of different people are using GMOs these days. It actually helps a lot because they make the food bigger, or tastier, or more resistant to diseases. It helps us get the proper amount of food we need to sustain the human population - so I don't see anything wrong with that so long as the process isn't harmful to the environment in any way - which it's not... yet..." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-18"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
"Oh synthetic biology? We talked a little about that in my science class! It's super cool because smart scientists can use synthetic biology to insert jellyfish DNA into pig DNA. Do you know what happens then? The jellyfish DNA is able to make pigs glow. That way, farmers can keep track of their pigs at night time. With this new technology, farmers won't need to worry about losing pigs when it gets dark out!"<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-19"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
What are some moral and ethical concerns?<br />
<br><br><br />
"It could be used as a bioweapon, but it should be regulated enough that this shouldn't be an issue. The most dangerous thing is that it could be potentially dangerous to the researchers, especially if you are introducing new genes in bacteria that have never been observed before. If bacteria are dangerous and spread easily, new types diseases could be potentially created/spread if research isn't careful . There is so much good that could come out of synthetic biology though that as long as they have good regulations, it's fine."<br />
<br><br><br />
What is your dream application of synthetic biology?<br />
<br><br><br />
"It'd be awesome for any sort of medical application. If bacteria could be used to generate power or used as fuel source that'd be cool too." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-20"><br />
KoKo's Korean Restaurant | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think the field of computer science could contribute to biology? <br />
<br><br><br />
"The magic of the computer lies in its ability to remove the limitations of human capability. Whereas in the past our creativity was restricted by what was manually possible, today the computer is enabling discoveries that the mind is simply incapable of making on its own. I believe we will see the computer as an integral part of many of the seminal discoveries within synthetic biology in the next decade. Through the computer’s power in analyzing enormous sets of data and sheer calculating speed we will be able to make connections that were previously unfathomable. The use of DNA as storage and biological computing are fundamentally changing the definition of computers. We are only at the beginning - there are applications of computer science to synthetic biology and vice-versa that no one has yet imagined. There are algorithms to be discovered and research to be done and I will remain optimistic in watching the field grow out of its infancy and mature." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-21"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
What are some ethical concerns you have regarding genetic engineering and genetically modified organisms?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think there is something that has to be said with regards to how we are producing at a rate just to meet our population's needs as opposed to the natural rate of growth. For me, personally, I think that fighting nature in the sense that we are with genetic modification can pose a potential concern. That's not to say that I think that science has not done its due diligence with the process. I understand that there is a pressing need to produce at a higher rate, but I think that there are some moral concerns associated with opposing the natural rate." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-22"><br />
Duffield Hall, Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
Engineers hard at work pause to share some thoughts about SynBio <br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think about GMOs? What is the limit to what you would buy in terms of genetically modified food? <br />
<br><br><br />
"If it glows" <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-23"><br />
White Mountains, NH<br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think of Gene Therapy?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I don’t know if it’s safe or not, but I think it makes sense as a direction to look for medicine, because the more we learn about what causes things to go wrong…the better."<br />
<br><br><br />
What is your opinion of the field of synthetic biology?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I don’t have as much of a concern as some other people seem to have. I imagine with people it can be very helpful, with medicine and a lot of bad diseases. I guess it could be used in strange ways too, you know, maybe you can make me into the next Olympian!" <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-24"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Applefest<br />
<br><br><br />
Scientists have recently genetically modified apples so that they can no longer brown, potentially cutting the price of selling sliced apples by 40 percent. What is your opinion on that, or towards genetically modified foods in general?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think on a semantic level, GMOs aren't any different from artificial selection. At a basic level, "genetically modified organisms" could apply to any organism selected for some trait. Traits often come about from mutations and I personally don't see any difference from waiting for nature to mess with DNA and us messing with DNA. I'm sure that there are scientific ways to show that there are issues that come from tinkering around with organisms, but I am also sure that there's evidence to show that it doesn't matter otherwise." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-25"><br />
uOttawa iGEM | Ottawa, Ontario, Canada <br />
<br><br><br />
How would you define synthetic biology?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Synthetic biology is the discipline that is going to change the world as we know it. Never before have we been able to design such complex biological machines; this one discipline alone opens to us the possibilities of producing green biofuels, targeting diseases in unprecedented ways, and making other planets habitable - simultaneously. SynBio is one of the most rapidly expanding fields in the world of science, and it's exciting to wonder where we'll be able to take all of this in the upcoming years." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-26"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Libraries<br />
<br><br><br />
What is your opinion on GMO’s?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I wouldn’t buy them. But I actually do because it’s everywhere. Lately I have been trying to buy organic foods because this all seemed to come out of nowhere—it was just last year that I noticed it. So now you can find a lot more products that are non GMO."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you believe that organic foods are in fact better for you?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I hope so, but whenever a trend comes on, like the organic foods, you tend to question if it really is good for you." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-27"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Libraries<br />
<br><br><br />
"It’s basically taking an organism and changing it for a different use than it is already."<br />
<br><br><br />
How do you think synthetic biology can help and/or hurt people?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think it could definitely help in the medical field."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you have any concerns about genetic engineering?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Well there can always be mistakes...like making a squirrel more vicious. Or some other animal that could hurt people. But that would hopefully be in a lab, and unless they let it escape it wouldn’t really affect us that much." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-28"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Libraries<br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think synthetic biology is?<br />
<br><br><br />
"What do I think it is? It’s like the story you were telling me about the strawberries. How there is such a difference between the normal ones that grow out in somebody’s yard and the ones you get when you’re going picking—there’s such a big difference in between them." <br />
<br><br><br />
What is one problem you’d hope to see synthetic biology combat?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Probably the food thing. You know, everybody has different opinions on different types of food. That would be one thing that would be good for somebody to look at and change."<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you mean mediating opinions?<br />
<br><br><br />
"It’s like the difference between the organic and the normal food. Just to figure out what people are doing to the normal food. Why people don’t want to eat or buy it." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-29"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University research lab<br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think the field of computer science can contribute to synthetic biology? What are some upcoming research ideas that you are excited to see happen?<br />
<br><br><br />
"The advances in computer science are what allow for synthetic biology to be such a rapidly booming discipline. Only with the advent of fast, computerized data analysis are we able to systematically study every single one of nature's nuances in a high-throughput and unbiased way.<br />
<br><br><br />
Then, by understanding everything, we can begin to understand why nature has evolved in the way it did, and give us ways to cleverly manipulate the data. In my opinion, synthetic biology wouldn't really exist without the help of computer science (obviously, it would still have been developed with Knight and the Biobricks, but would not be getting the attention that it does now)<br />
<br><br><br />
As for upcoming research ideas, it's all about the CRISPR and Cas-9 system. The possibilities with gene editing are endless and I can't wait to see what developments arise with this wonderful technology to give Jennifer Doudna and George Church the Nobel Prize in Medicine."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-30"><br />
Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
What does synthetic biology mean to you?<br />
“Absolutely nothing. It sounds like biology made of plastic.”<br />
<br><br><br />
What is your dream application of syn-bio?<br />
“I think a biological supercomputer would be awesome. Either that or genetically modifying flour to be naturally gluten-free.”<br />
<br><br><br />
Would you be alright with GMOs as food sources even if it risked an ecological imbalance?<br />
“If it would throw the balance completely off, like rabbits in New Zealand, then no. Other than that, no. People have been genetically modifying foods for years, just at a lesser state.”<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-31"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
What happens when they test stuff that could hurt humans, on bunnies to make sure it doesn’t hurt humans first? <br />
<br><br><br />
"I don’t want it to hurt the bunnies because bunnies are nature." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-31_2"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
How do you feel about humans purposely modifying organisms or species so that they will be more useful to us? <br />
<br><br><br />
"I’m actually ok with it as long as it’s for a better purpose."<br />
<br><br><br />
How would you define better purpose? <br />
<br><br><br />
"Cloning for instance, a lot of people are against that. I would consider that the ability to have harvest organs available, readily available for people is a better purpose."<br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-32"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
"In general I feel that GMOs are probably a good thing. One of my concerns would be that organizations are taking advantage of developing countries to do things that they wouldn’t be allowed to do in a more developed country. The principle I’m in favor of, obviously if a developing country has the conditions that have the problem needing to be solved that it would make sense to actually do the research where the problem is. So I would be supportive for sure." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-33"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
What is the first think you think of when you hear the words “synthetic biology? <br />
<br><br><br />
"Humans modifying the way biology works. It has potential to go into unwanted areas I think. There are a lot of good things you could do with it, but there are a lot of things that could happen that wouldn’t be so good. It depends on how far it develops. For instance, using it to replace diseased organs would be a good thing, but using it to create a sub-human class of beings that do all the manual labor would be a negative." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-34"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you think there’s a limit in how far we should go with synthetic biology? <br />
<br><br><br />
"Well yeah, I think there’s a point that we shouldn’t cross, but it’s hard to define because it’s such a broad term. You can use it for literally anything in our world, anything can be in that scope. So I think as long as it’s something that doesn’t impact our society or our environment, not necessarily just the environment in the sense like the ozone layer, I mean environment like our surroundings; as long as it doesn’t alter that. I think it’s a slippery slope because we’re doing these things to essentially make things more convenient and easier for us to do tasks. That’s what it boils down to. So by doing that, I think eventually there will come a point where it will kind of bite us in the butt a bit. And so I think by keeping that to a minimum, how much it affects everything around us, it’ll be optimal. But it’s hard to define that point so I can’t say for sure." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-35"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
How do you feel about humans purposely modifying organisms or species so that they will be more useful to us? <br />
<br><br><br />
"I’m sure that there are benefits that do go along with that type of research, but I am a firm believer in the earth is where it is for a reason and we are where we are for a reason and life has evolved over millions of years without us having to make it better. We’ve made a lot of mistakes along the way so I don’t know if I trust research and peoples’ judgment. (I explained to her that domesticating animals is a way we’ve done this in the past, to which she responded…) I think all that would’ve naturally fallen into place anyways. Dogs really do love humans and they need to connect with a pack. Horses, if they really didn’t want to be trained, I don’t know if you could train them. Whereas, I believe they feel good when they’re serving a purpose as well. So I think those connections would’ve happened automatically. I don’t know if we can take complete credit for those modifications. I guess what I’m thinking is more that horses were the size of a dog and they evolved into the size they are today. I don’t know. I’m all for research certainly, but there’s also the question how far will it go. Is that going to be to evolve to the perfect human? And whose perception is the perfect human?" <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-36"><br />
Ithaca, NY | Cornell University Weill Hall <br />
<br><br><br />
What current and upcoming research in the field of synthetic biology are you most excited about?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I'm deeply interested in the work being conducted into potential mechanisms for combating infectious disease. The German bacteriologist Paul Ehrlich believed that a chemical compound capable of exploiting the differences between eukaryotic cells and bacterial cells could be harnessed as a "magic bullet", capable of destroying bacterial cells while leaving human cells intact. With the advent of synthetic biology, it is highly likely that a bacteriophage could be developed to act as Ehrlich's bullet. Engineering viruses to specifically attack microbial pathogens offers a highly promising solution to the clinical challenge posed by the growing inefficacy of chemotherapeutic agents. The success of such measures is crucial, as bacteria become ever more resistant to our antibiotics. Using viruses to solve this problem is a pretty neat idea. America should get on that." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-37"><br />
Montgomery IGEM | Skillman, New Jersey<br />
<br />
What inspired you to found iGEM for Montgomery? What has been your most exciting experience and what is one project that you have always wanted to pursue?<br />
<br><br><br />
"My inspiration for founding iGEM was really as an escape - a place to discover and explore new grounds. Our school didn't provide many outlets for lab experience or medical extracurriculars so I figure I'd give it a shot. iGEM has always been to me a way to explore new heights and challenge ourselves. My most exciting experience - it sounds cheesy - but it was definitely our first meeting. Seeing the eyes of the members just light up when we mentioned "bacterial transformation" or "genetic engineering" was just a magical experience. That's when I knew the club was going to be something bigger than just the science. As for the project, I've always wanted to do something in neuroscience. Perhaps a protein that would increase neurogenesis and thus the pathways that our minds can follow to think of new ideas." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-38"><br />
Ridgefield, Conn.<br />
<br><br><br />
"I think GMOs should be safe for human consumption, and synthetic biology should be okay to use in medicine especially if they have to be used in order to save someone's life. It shouldn't be used for human cloning though. If I had a superpower using synthetic biology, I'd like to be something that could help people or save lives." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-39"><br />
What do you think is the best way to educate the public about<br />
synthetic biology and GMOs?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Probably the best way to educate the public would be to frame it in a<br />
way that shows just how much these topics directly affect our<br />
day-to-day lives. For instance, the foods we choose to eat and how<br />
that might impact our health and longevity. In this age it is almost<br />
impossible for this to happen without the use of social media<br />
campaigns." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-40"><br />
Queens, New York | Pumpkin patch with extraordinarily attractive pumpkin <br />
<br><br><br />
What recent research advances in synthetic biology are you most excited about?<br />
<br><br> <br />
"One of the first syn-bio research projects I ever heard about was synthetic manufacturing of the anti-malarial drug artemisinin, which can be credited to Jay Keasling and his research group at UC Berkeley, and to this day, I still consider it one of the most exciting advances. Artemisinin is produced by plants but plant production can be extremely volatile; during a particularly poor growing season, thousands more people could become more susceptible to malaria because of lack of drug production. The turning point is that now the Keasling group has figured out a way to genetically engineer Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce an artemisinin precursor and this method boosts production tremendously. Malaria is still a huge problem in developing countries and I'm really excited to see how far this project can go. Right now, the drug is licensed to Sanofi and being scaled up to produce 35 tons and the project is backed by the Gates Foundation so... let's hope for the best!" <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-41"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
In general, how do you feel about humans purposely modifying organisms or species so they will be more useful to us?<br />
<br><br><br />
"If humans can benefit from modifying organisms or species they should, as long as it is done in a humane, sustainable way."<br />
<br><br><br />
How would you define humane use of animals?<br />
<br><br><br />
“By humane I mean in a way that doesn't cause unnecessary suffering or excruciating pain to the animals because life is precious and shouldn't be mistreated if we can help it.” <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-42"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
Do you think there is a limit in how far we should go with syn bio?<br />
<br><br><br />
"Synthetic biology is an area of research which has unlimited potential for growth and innovation. I believe that synthetic biology has the capacity to be hugely advantageous to the scientific community and to society as a whole. It would be irresponsible to ignore the potentially harmful applications of synthetic biology. However, the potential benefits provided by research in this area exceed the disadvantages. Through establishing firm regulations in this area I believe that research can be conducted in a safe and productive manner. I believe it is the responsibility of members of society, including those in the scientific community, to establish the ethical groundwork which will shape the aims and applications of synthetic biology." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-43"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada<br />
<br><br><br />
Synthetic biology creates biological systems that do not natural exist. Does anything about synthetic biology make you feel uncomfortable?<br />
<br><br><br />
“The idea of synthetic biology doesn't make me feel uncomfortable but the applications and potential outcomes are somewhat worrisome. I don’t know much about the topic on hand but just as long as there are regulations in place and governing bodies to overlook the research and applications, I would feel at ease with it all.” <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-44"><br />
iGEM Calgary | Calgary, Alberta, Canada <br />
<br><br><br />
“I know it's an old school example, but my favorite application of syn bio would have to be when they got E. coli to make human insulin. That definitely revolutionized how we look at type 1 diabetes and really improved people's lives.” <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-45"><br />
Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
“I can see why people often raise ethical concerns about synthetic biology and GMOs. To some extent, we are artificially manipulating nature, or as some people say, “playing God.” But at the same time, I feel that the technological innovations and benefit towards society due to genetic engineering far outweighs these qualms. For example, the Golden Rice Project strived to engineer a strain of rice rich in beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. Vitamin A deficiency is one of the major causes of malnutrition and has historically plagued many undeveloped nations. GMOs provide a medium to produce nutrients and materials such as vitamin A in bulk, and thereby help alleviate problems like Vitamin A deficiency. With proper regulation, I see GMOs as a huge opportunity that can be safely utilized for our benefit.” <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-46"><br />
Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
Where do we draw the line with syn bio?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I do not agree with the term “playing God”. In my opinion, we have a duty to use the technology we have to improve the quality of human life as well as continue forward progress. The line should be drawn where humanity and planet earth as a whole begin to suffer from the use of synthetic biology. There is a massive amount to be gained through the use of this new and rapidly expanding field. Utilizing syn bio, we may find a way to remedy many of the current issues we are experiencing, such as world hunger, combating deadly disease, etc. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-47"><br />
Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
Why do you love iGEM?<br />
<br><br><br />
“iGEM is awesome. On this team, not only have I learned so much about biological engineering, but I have made lifelong friends who share my passion for biology and creating new things.” <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-48"><br />
Cornell University | Ithaca, NY<br />
<br><br><br />
Undergraduate researchers in the DeLisa Group|<br />
<br><br><br />
What recent or upcoming research projects in synthetic biology and genetic engineering are you most excited about? What would be your dream syn-bio project?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I am very excited about the possibility of incorporating human cellular machinery in bacteria. There are significant post-translational modifications that have a strong impact on the function of proteins, such as folding and glycosylation. However, these processes are not necessarily conserved between humans and bacteria. Bridging that step and giving bacteria that functionality to create human proteins, post-translational modifications and all, is a big dream of mine. If I were given one syn-bio wish, it would be to be able to predict the structure of whatever functioning enzyme I wanted, and to be able to make it (is that two wishes?). The idea that we could manipulate biology at the molecular level might seem crazy, but it's something I have high hopes for future generations if not our own." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-49"><br />
Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
What upcoming research are you most excited to see happen in the field of syn-bio?<br />
<br><br><br />
"If you were to ask me this question a year from now, my answer would probably be different. The pace at which researchers are pushing innovation in this field is absolutely incredible; a year from now, who knows how many discoveries will be published that will shape synthetic biology? For the moment though, I’m most excited to see what can still be accomplished with CRISPR: such precise DNA-editing tools will always have an enormous impact on synthetic biology and biology as a whole. We saw a similar effect many years ago with restriction enzymes; granting people the ability to reliably modify DNA evolved biology by leaps and bounds. CRISPR is still in its infancy yet has exploded on the scene. Just thinking about it excites me and makes me want to push the limits of this system." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-50"><br />
NASA Jet Propulsion Lab | Pasadena, CA <br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think the field of electrical engineering brings to syn-bio? <br />
<br><br><br />
"I don't think the field of electrical engineering really brings anything to the field of syn-bio. iGEM tries to create this analogy between EE and syn-bio by having these "genetic circuits". This "genetic circuit" analogy is a great tool for explaining to non-bio people what is happening and it makes for a great buzzword to get funding.....but thats really it. Granted, one could make the argument that iGEM has mimicked various electrical components like nand gates or not gates and such. But that's just bioengineers copying EE. That isn't to say that engineering in general doesn't help biology. The great thing about iGEM is that it puts engineers and biologists in the same room and makes them work together. This way the engineering approach "break a system down to its core components, look at each component individually, put components back together so that they meet the requirements" is combined with biology. Engineers are great at taking an idea and building it so that it can withstand the harsh standards of life. Basically what I'm saying is EE specifically doesn't bring anything to syn-bio, but engineering in general allows people to analyze syn bio problems by thinking outside the box." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-51"><br />
NASA Jet Propulsion Lab | Pasadena, CA <br />
<br><br><br />
What are some ways that electrical engineering and molecular biology intersect? <br />
<br><br><br />
"The only real way these two fields intersect is in standardization. As an EE, I can go to a website like www.digikey.com look up a part and read the datasheet on the part to see if it meets my needs. If it does I buy it, if it doesn't I keep looking. Having a standard system is very important for two reasons. First, it gives everyone a common language and a set of tools to work with, which makes it so much easier to get things done. More importantly it lowers the barriers to entry, making it possible for more people to help in advancing the field. This is why iGEM emphasizes characterization so much. Having a giant standardized repository of stand alone parts that are well characterize will allow the field of syn bio to develop very quickly." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-52"><br />
NASA Jet Propulsion Lab | Pasadena, CA <br />
<br><br><br />
What attracted your interest to iGEM?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I joined iGEM because to me the field of syn-bio was like an undiscovered country, waiting to be explored. The other project teams on campus allowed me to build cars, submarines, airplanes etc. These are things that engineers have been doing for ages. Plus, those fields were already heavily developed and there wasn't as much room for creativity or new ideas. iGEM on the other hand, was a new competition with lots of room to be creative. It also allowed me to combine my interests in biology and engineering at the same time which was great. In short, I joined iGEM because it was a novel competition that allowed me to explore my interests in biology and engineering." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-53"><br />
Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
What has been your favorite or most memorable experience in iGEM so far? <br />
<br><br><br />
"For me, nothing beats working in the lab alone, either because you're working at some ungodly hour or there's just simply no one around. It's a truly blissful experience; time ceases to exist and you are isolated with nothing but you and your science. And then the music... the music would pour through your soul and fill the gaps in between. Not just any music but your favorite kind of music that you can blast because no one else is there to listen. That's definitely an experience worth having again and again." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-54"><br />
Geiranger, Norway<br />
<br><br><br />
What do you think is the biggest accomplishment that iGEM has achieved?<br />
<br><br><br />
"I believe that iGEM’s greatest accomplishment has been introducing synthetic biology to thousands of undergraduates and giving them experience they cannot usually obtain in an ordinary research lab. Participating in iGEM gives students the opportunity to take a project from conception to completion with full control over its direction and management. iGEM offers a unique experience in the world of biology that accelerates the rate of research and discovery to allow teams to make a real impact with their projects in only a single year." <br />
</div><br />
<div class="humans-text humans-55"><br />
Cornell University | Ithaca, NY <br />
<br><br><br />
What does synthetic biology and iGEM mean to you? <br />
<br><br><br />
"To me, synthetic biology is the ability to reengineer life to achieve beyond the capabilities it was given by nature. The possibilities here are truly limitless. It gives us the opportunity to detect human diseases, produce more efficient consumer products, and develop new technologies. Synthetic biology is also what brings the entire Cornell iGEM team together, and for that I'm grateful!" <br />
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
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Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
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For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
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After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
<br><br><br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
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<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
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<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
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<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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<h1>Overview</h1><br />
It is tempting as scientists to think that we can treat risk assessment as we would treat any scientific protocols - that with a few key steps and critical considerations, we will always end up with the right answer. However, assessing risk, particularly for environmental projects, is not that simple. Thinking about potential impacts and risks often turns up more questions than answers, and it is difficult to know where to start. For this reason, we have employed three approaches to risk assessment. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms. The next was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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<h1>Environmental Health & Safety (EHS)</h1><br />
Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department lays the groundwork for determining safe research practices on campus, and greatly informed our own <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/safety">safety protocols</a>. They specifically suggested the following risk assessment criteria for researchers working with recombinant organisms. <br />
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<ul><br />
<li><b>Formation</b> – <i>The creation of a genetically-altered micro-organism through deliberate or accidental means. </i><br>For our purposes, our modified organism was altered intentionally, thus we know all of the donor organisms (T7 bacteriophage, <i>H. pylori</i>, <i>P. aeruginosa</i>, <i>N. tabacum</i>) and the recipient organism (<i>Escherichia coli</i> BL21-AI and <i>Escherichia coli</i> DH5&alpha;) are not hazardous. <br />
</li><br />
<li><b>Release</b> – <i>The deliberate release or accidental escape of some of these micro-organisms in the workplace and/or into the environment.</i> <br> Our filtration device includes a hollow filter reactor, which is specifically designed to hold cells inside, yet let water and other materials pass through it. The hollow fiber reactor is made of high flux polysulfone and has a molecular weight cut off at 5 kilodaltons, retaining about half of any molecule that is of that weight. It is highly unlikely that our cells would be capable of escaping the filter device. </li><br />
<li><b>Proliferation/Competition</b> – <i>The subsequent multiplication, genetic reconstruction, growth, transport, modification and die-off of these micro-organisms in the environment, including possible transfer of genetic material to other micro-organisms. </i><br> The inclusion of the metallothionein gene in our organism severely impedes growth, thus other cells in the environment will outcompete our genetically engineered strain.</li><br />
<li><b>Establishment </b>– <i>The establishment of these micro-organisms within an ecosystem niche, including possible colonization of humans or other biota.</i> <br>Since our cells are both slow-growing and highly unlikely to escape from the filtration device, it is improbable that the organism will be able to create a niche and outcompete healthy cells within the ecosystem. </li><br />
<li><b>Effect </b>– <i>The subsequent occurrence of human or ecological effects due to interaction of the organism with some host or environmental factor.</i><br>Ideally, our project would not have an effect on the environment or any other host. However, if there were to be a leak somewhere in our system, the largest concern would be if another organism were to somehow take up DNA lost from our cells. This would require a naturally competent bacterial strain to come across a leak in our system that yields an intact plasmid, and the plasmid would have to be able to replicate. In all likelihood, in the absence of selective pressure, the plasmid would actually be deleterious to the cell due to the increased metabolic load and would therefore probably be expelled.<sup>[1]</sup><br />
</li><br />
</ul><br />
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<h1>Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</h1><br />
The EPA’s Comprehensive Environmental Assessment (CEA) is a tool to allow scientists to broaden their perspectives by incorporating the experiences, expertise, and concerns of diverse stakeholders. CEA differs from traditional methods of risk assessment by recognizing that risk assessment is fundamentally a decision-making process in which scientists, experts, and the public should be engaged in transparent dialogue. The goal is to evaluate limitations and trade-offs to arrive at holistic conclusions about the primary issues that researchers should be addressing in their research planning. <br />
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The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars in Washington, D.C., recently launched efforts to lay out a framework to apply CEA to synthetic biology. This groundbreaking project set out to assess the CEA approach’s relevance to synthetic biology, in anticipation of the growing demand for synthetic biology-based solutions to global issues. They arrived at the conclusion that scientists should focus on four major areas of risk assessment: altered physiology, competition and biodiversity, evolutionary prediction, and gene transfer. In the past, using this framework has helped to uncover its limitations and the ways in which we could improve our own approach to environmental risk assessment. Therefore, we have decided to incorporate a more in-depth cost-benefit analysis, information on existing water treatment practices, and public perspectives through our Humans & SynBio project.<sup>[2,3,5]</sup><br />
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<ul><br />
<li><b>Altered Physiology:</b><br />
Our modified E. coli cells differ from their <i>E. coli</i> BL21-AI and <i>E. coli</i> DH5&alpha; predecessors in that our modified strains contain the T7 promoter with a GST-YMT gene, which codes for <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> metallothionein, a metal-binding protein. Our <i>E. coli</i> have three different overexpressed transport proteins that work with the metallothioneins to uptake and sequester lead, mercury, and nickel heavy metal ions. We are using the lead transporter gene <i>CPB4</i>, originally from <i>Nicotiana tabacum</i>, under control by the Anderson promoter. The mercury sequestration system is composed of <i>merT</i> and <i>merP</i>, genes originally found in <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. MerP is a periplasmic mercury ion scavenging protein. MerT is an integrated membrane protein that works to transport mercury ions into the cell’s cytoplasm. Finally, the nickel transporter is the <i>nixA</i> gene found in <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>.<br><br><br />
In addition to the three aforementioned strains, we constructed a fourth strain of E. coli, the reporter strain. We inserted <i>amilCP</i> behind both a nickel/cobalt activated promoter, Prcn, and a mercury activated promoter, PmerT. This functioned as a sign of when the above mentioned cells were metal saturated. Basically, when metal ions enter the reporter cell, the AmilCP is engaged, turning the cell blue, indicating that the other cells are saturated. <br><br><br />
Given these changes, we would expect that there would be a change in cell growth because the production of metallothioneins renders the strain slow-growing. We tested our theory through various growth assays, detailed in <A href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/metallothionein#Results">Metallothionein Results</A>. We found that the growth rate of our engineered cells was severely impaired, such that over a period of one day, the total cell concentration was roughly half that of a wild-type cell.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Competition and Biodiversity:</b><br><br />
In the extremely unlikely event of release from our device, our cells would likely be outcompeted very quickly by native environmental strains due to their decreased growth rate. Other cells would multiply much more quickly and overwhelm the engineered cells in most environments. However, in environments with exceptionally high metal concentrations, our engineered cells would actually have higher fitness than the wild-type cells due to their ability to sequester the metals (see <A href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/wetlab/metallothionein#Results">Metallothionein Results</A>). These conditions would presumably never be reached; it would take a massive quantity of concentrated metal solution, coupled with the physical destruction of our device, for this to ever be a matter of concern. The only other circumstance in which our cells would be expected to grow more rapidly than the wild-type would be under conditions of strong antibiotic selection. Our cells currently do contain antibiotic resistance genes, but further development of our strains could remove this by a well-designed chromosomal integration process.<br><br> <br />
However, to avoid the possibility of release, we’ve implemented sturdy physical barriers between our cells and the environment. Within the filtration device, the genetically modified cells are held within a hollow fiber reactor, which seriously restricts the movement of particles above 20 kD, meaning that most individual proteins would be unable to escape, much less entire cells.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Evolutionary Prediction:</b><br> <br />
The only potentially dangerous component of our cells is once again antibiotic resistance, which would be eliminated in the development of a field-deployable product. A more difficult and therefore more interesting question is that of whether the cells would evolve away from their original function. The original induction of metallothionein production would saturate the cells with proteins, and in the absence of growth medium, the growth rate of the cells would be extremely slow. The proteins themselves would also be unable to escape from the reactor, so the total metallothionein concentration would in theory remain constant (barring degradation with time), even as cell concentration might very slowly increase. This then becomes an issue of timescale, and it seems that the bacterial cartridge would likely be replaced before this would become an issue.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Gene Transfer:</b><br><br />
The issue of most concern would probably be the transfer of our antibiotic resistance genes from the E. coli to other organisms if the cells were to escape, but as mentioned earlier, this problem could be avoided entirely. It is also true that neither plasmid nor chromosomal DNA would be able to escape the fiber reactor, so engineered DNA would never have contact with the environment in the first place.<br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b>Impact:</b><br><br />
This year Cornell iGEM surveyed a variety of people to get a better understanding of the general public’s opinion about Genetically Modified Organisms (GMOs) and the bioethics of the various applications. Not only did we create a survey and get hundreds of responses to pool data from, but we also did a general social networking project. Similar to Humans of New York, Humans & SynBio features individual interviews urging people to think deeper about synthetic biology to see their various opinions about it. Interestingly, we discovered that many people are unclear about the definition and purpose of synthetic biology. In addition, we noticed general hesitence towards acceptance of synthetic biology within food and animal products, but acceptance and curiosity about integrating synthetic biology in human life quality improvement. In our case, an overwhelming number of people thought that our project was an ethical use of synthetic biology. Albeit, it is important to consider the limitations of our survey, which are discussed later on. <br><br><br />
So how do people’s opinions about synthetic biology affect the risk assessment of our project? Well consider this: a project that people know very little about will generate fear. In our study, we found that a lot of people find genetically modified organisms to be a “risky” topic, but if we explained to them our project in more detail, they were more willing to accept it. Thus, there is a need for a broader education about synthetic biology to the public, and a need for transparent communication between scientists and the community. <br />
</li><br><br />
<li><b><a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/modeling">Cost-Benefit Analysis</a></b><br><br />
<br />
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<h1>Bioethics</h1><br />
We designed our project in accordance with the ethical principles identified by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues (2010). Our primary motive is public beneficence: to improve global environmental and public health by remediating metal contamination in water. We have also demonstrated responsible stewardship by considering the environmental implications of our project; the ecological impact of placing our genetically modified strain in water would be minimal because our filtration system will not allow bacteria to escape, and we have structured our future directions around risk management for the future. In addition, our project is an intellectually responsible pursuit: it cannot foreseeably be used to cause people harm. In the spirit of democratic deliberation, we launched our Humans & SynBio campaign, to get people thinking and talking about the ethics of synthetic biology. Our proposed system would be easy, cost-effective, and potentially usable on a global scale, demonstrating justice and fairness in its intended implementation. Additionally, the modularity of our platform allows it to be adapted to the needs of different communities, in order to best serve global populations and environments.<sup>[4]</sup><br />
<br />
<h1>Limitations and Future Directions</h1><br />
We have learned from our studies that there needs to be more education about synthetic biology. Too few people know about the field for there to be educated opinions about it. In addition, it would be helpful to have a comparison of opinions before and after we discuss what synthetic biology is. In order to make our human practices assessments more effective, we would need to have a broader sample size of people taking surveys and answering our questions. Because we live on a fairly liberal university campus with a constituency that socioeconomically slants towards the upper-middle class, our answers may be biased. However, if we were to interview a much larger and diverse sample size, our survey results would be more informative. <br><br>Risk assessment can constantly be improved upon. It would be interesting to know what versions of our project, within our portfolio of future ideas and applications, would be the most widely used and accepted. What scale filter would be most effective? Which ones would be more efficient to produce and to market? Which ones would impact the most lives? The ideal implementation of our project will occur when the technological development is made to match the exact needs of the community.<br />
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<h1>References</h1><br />
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<ol><br />
<li>Cornell Environmental Health and Safety. (2014). Biological Safety Levels 1 and 2 Written Program. Available from https://securepublish.ehs.cornell.edu:8499/LabSafety/biological-safety/biosafety-manuals/Biological_Safety_Levels_1_and_2_Manual.pdf</li><br />
<li>Dana, G. V., Kuiken, T., Rejeski, D., & Snow, A. A. (2012). Synthetic biology: Four steps to avoid a synthetic-biology disaster. Nature, 483. doi:10.1038/483029a</li><br />
<li>Powers, C. M., Dana, G., Gillespie, P., Gwinn, M. R., Hendren, C. O., Long, T. C., Wang, A., Davis, J. M. (2012). Comprehensive Environmental Assessment: A Meta-Assessment Approach. Environ. Sci. Technol., 46, 9202−9208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es3023072</li><br />
<li>Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues. (2010). New directions: The ethics of synthetic biology and emerging technologies. Washington, D.C.: Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Synthetic Biology Project. (2011, July 28). Comprehensive Environmental Assessment and Its Application to Synthetic Biology Applications. Retrieved from http://www.synbioproject.org/events/archive/cea/</li><br />
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<h1>Human Practices</h1> <br />
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Cornell iGEM Human Practices came into the year with much potential. Over the course of the past spring, summer, and fall we developed significant personal and academic investments in the subjects our team was tackling as a whole.<br />
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We set out to create Human Practices components that contributed to and complemented with the work our team was doing, had a meaningful impact on our local and global communities, and were innovative, novel, and educational to future teams. To this end, we did the following: (1) engaged in extensive <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/outreach">outreach</a>, (2) learned about the environmental, social, economic, and political issues that shaped the world of the biochemistry we were tackling, (3) launched a new social media platform called <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/humans">Humans and SynBio</a> in collaboration with teams from across the world, (4) put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/survey">survey</a> to understand the constructs underlying opinions about synthetic biology, (5) built a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/ethics">Comprehensive Environmental Assessment</a>, following up on our efforts from previous years, (6) facilitated collaborations within our university to put together a <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/futureapp">portfolio</a> of possible implementation of our genetically engineered technologies, (7) reached out to other iGEM teams to collect <a href="https://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/environ">water samples</a> for testing, and (8) considered the bioethical and safety implications of our work at large. <br />
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<h1>Humans and SynBio </h1><br />
This year we aimed to include a Human Practices component that had a global impact, was adaptable, and served to educate both iGEM teams and the communities in which they operated, enhancing their relationships with each other. To this end, we took inspiration from the popular photoblog Humans of New York, which chronicles the personalities, visages, and life experiences of the people of New York City. HONY, as it’s called, has gained a worldwide following and has spawned numerous spin-off projects, including Humans of Ithaca and Humans of Cornell University. We sought to emulate HONY’s singular style, a mode of social media posting that is informative, striking, and familiar: every picture includes as its point of focus a person or group of people, and is accompanied by a quote from their conversation with the photographer, a piece of text that often highlights some unique quality of the interviewees.<br />
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For our project, we built a <a href="http://www.facebook.com/HumansandSynBio">Facebook page</a>. We produced a <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b6/Humans_and_Synbio_Invitation_-_Cornell_iGEM.pdf">document</a> that invited iGEM teams from across the world to contribute posts. This invitation outlines interview protocols, instructions for obtaining permission to post an interview transcript and photo online, and how the project relates to the broader goals shared by the iGEM competition and its constituent teams.<br />
<br><br><br />
After e-mailing this to all teams whose e-mails were readily available, as well as posting our invitation on the iGEM Facebook group several times this summer, results started to flow in. The submissions weren’t the only memorable element of this outreach - we learned a great deal about how individuals around the world think about and relate to synthetic biology.<br />
<br><br><br />
We continue to actively solicit and accept submissions for Humans & Synbio. Please contact us through Facebook if you are interested in participating!<br />
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<h1>SynBio Opinions </h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, e-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Results are summarized and pictured on the corresponding page, accompanied by a sample survey. Of note is the fact that out of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project:<br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e. lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of <i>E. coli</i> that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins - a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the <i>E. coli</i> cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the <i>E. coli</i> cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project." <br />
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<h1>Environmental Water Samples </h1><br />
Instead of solely analyzing water samples from our area (Fall Creek in Ithaca, NY), we were curious to see how many other areas around the United States had traces of heavy metal contamination. Thus, we sent out a request for other iGEM teams to send us environmental water samples from their areas. We got responses from all across the nation, ranging from California, Utah, Michigan, Indiana, and Connecticut. In return, we analyzed their samples via ICP-AES (Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectromy) and generated an individual water quality report for each team. Our goal was to develop a better understanding of heavy water contamination in drinking water in the United States, and the analyses returned a surprising variety of heavy metal concentrations in environmental water samples. <br />
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<h1>Risk Assessment </h1><br />
As engineers not only do we strive to design and create, we must ensure that whatever our product, it is safe for use, production, and marketing. In addition, we analyzed risk for community, the organism, the environment, and industries. In total, we conducted three different approaches to our risk assessment for Lead it Go. The first was developed by Cornell’s Environmental Health & Safety Department, pertaining specifically to work with recombinant organisms and the possible ramifications if they were to be released into the wild. The next, CEA (Comprehensive Environmental Assessment) was developed by the Environmental Protection Agency as a general environmental risk assessment and modified by both the Woodrow Wilson Center and our team for use on our synthetic biology project. Finally, we strived to embody the design principles set forth by the Presidential Commission for the Study of Bioethical Issues, to implement synthetic biology for the betterment of humanity. Each approach has its limitations, but all of them have helped to inform our project design, research practices, and considerations for further development of our project.<br />
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Team Members</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
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Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
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Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
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Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
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By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
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Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
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His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
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Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
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His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling. Making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Graduate Advisors</h1><br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/biosTeam:Cornell/team/bios2014-10-18T03:04:12Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
<br />
Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
<br />
His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
<br><br />
<br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling. Making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/team/biosTeam:Cornell/team/bios2014-10-18T03:03:25Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1 style="padding: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px;">Bios</h1><br />
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<h3>Eric Holmes</h3><br />
Beware of Eric Holmes, the fearless leader of CUGEM who grew up in the hood. His disturbing character is immediately evident by his love for dead fish, as his latest kill is proudly displayed on his phone case. He relentlessly pursues these innocent creatures in the hope of wiping them off the face of the earth. Some call it fishing. Watch out for his killer jokes; you may shoot yourself after hearing them ten times. These also usually involve fish. In addition, he seems to enjoy trekking for days through miles of monotonous forest in order to …end up where he started. He occasionally drags innocent freshmen along for the ride. Despite all this, no one can dispute that Eric is a brilliant bioengineer, and so his curious hobbies have gone unquestioned. <br />
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<h3>Arun Chakravorty</h3><br />
Arun Chakravorty was found on the sandy shores of California, fully grown, in fetal position, borne from the sea foam of the great pacific. No one is sure how Arun came to be, but they have attributed his bubbly personality to the sea foam from whence he came, and his rich color to the sun, which he laid in for many days before he was discovered, giving him a tan that makes pale white girls cringe with jealousy. Arun, after rising from the gold sand on which he was found, then travelled the world, learning invaluable skills like cloning, a Capella, and FIFA. He needed strikers for his exclusively Argentinian FIFA team, so he travelled to Argentina and persuaded two men named Palacio and Milito to train and become world class soccer players. He then realized he could combine his three skills of cloning, singing, and FIFA, and become one of the most unique people to walk the face of the earth. He travelled to Ithaca, New York, and joined Cornell iGEM. Now, Arun spends his days cloning while simultaneously playing FIFA and singing songs of both praise and loathing (depending on the situation) for Milito and Palacio, with whom he plays as. Arun hates Palacio for growing a rat tail, but still enjoys his superior soccer capabilities. Arun’s hobbies include long walks on the beach and base jumping. He was also the inspiration for Tom Haverford, a character in the hit series, Parks and Recreation. <br />
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<h3>Samah Hoque</h3><br />
At first, Samah Hoque might seem like your ordinary iGem wet lab minion. But don’t be fooled by her innocent smile and kind demeanor. After graduating from Hogwarts School of Witchcraft and Wizardry, Samah turned down a job from the Ministry of Magic and came to Cornell University, where the eternal frozen tundra and endless days without sunlight constantly remind her of London. She spends plenty of time down in the basement lab space of Weill because it brings back her fondest childhood memories of living in a cramped cupboard under the stairs. With a single spell, Samah is able to bring bacteria to life by tricking them into thinking LB is delicious butterbeer. In dire lab situations, Samah must conjure her patronus, a rare form of Escherichia coli to ward away all evils from her precious bacterial colonies. When not in lab, Samah can be found dominating Quidditch games on the Arts Quad or reading about the dark arts in the library. 100 points to Samah Hoque for being iGem’s secret weapon. <br />
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<h3>Casey Zhang</h3><br />
Casey toils away in lab night and day, but only to feign a hardworking nature, as few are aware that this is because she prefers to remain discreet about her dwelling in the legendary interstitial space. (It has been heard that she unlocks it with a special pattern of light reflected by her carefully painted nails.) There is little known about the contents of this mysterious corner of our building, though we do suspect that it is filled with a surplus of baked goods, based on the delicious aroma wafting into the basement from a crack in its door. It is only fitting that the creator of these fine fragrances is none other than Casey, whose cream puffs will send you into the heaven of all food comas. But you must also be wary, for no one is quite certain of her recipes. The last iGEMer that recklessly wandered into the interstitial space reappeared weeks later as a half-eaten bag of dorito chips, so we are forced to wait for Casey to approach us with her offerings. Yet those, too, may be bewitched – any who cannot resist the goodness should fear transformation into a cuddly puppy. Unless you’re into that. Never fear, this adorable witch definitely won’t be able to eat you alive, though, because you would be long gone before she could finish chewing her first bite. <br />
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<h3>Kevin Hui</h3><br />
Entering Kevin Hui's kitchen is a life changing experience. Whether it's an oven-roasted chicken, apple-crumb pie, or fancy biscotti served with ginger cheesecake that you desire, Kevin can make it, and he will leave you craving for more. His discerning tongue makes team socials far more savory. <br />
That said, this foodie from Long Island is also an aspiring assassin. If he's not busy cooking you dinner or wiping the floor in a Dota 2 match, he's probably plotting your murder. Each of his targets receives a uniquely catered ending. You better not get on his wrong side or the rice noodles you're enjoying may well be the end of you. <br />
One way to hold on to your precious life is to never mess with this man's pizza. He will eat only the finest NYC thin crust pies and will find anything below his standards offensive. Anyone from Chicago would be well advised to keep their distance from this conniver. <br />
If you are special enough to earn a spot on his hit list, instrumental music and Steam sales are known to pacify him. And if you somehow manage to survive, you'll find that this master chef, pizza connoisseur, and hobbyist assassin is an indispensable member of the Cornell iGEM team. <br />
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<h3>Gargi Ratnaparkhi</h3><br />
Gargi, standing at 3’7” and originally from the Shire, now resides exclusively in lab. She journeyed to Ithaca all the way from Middle Earth for the sole purpose of aiding Cornell iGEM. On any given day or time, you can find her staring angrily at the centrifuge while waiting for her minipreps or staring angrily at cells, trying to force them to transform with her mind. Although infamous for her skills in Ice Ball (patent pending) and her delicious cake, Gargi is less known for her not too terrible saxophone playing and her ability to crack boulders over her swimmer’s shoulders as though they were eggs. Although there is so much more to be said about Gargi Ratnaparki, this direct quote sums her up pretty well: “Five minipreps? I eat five minipreps for breakfast.” <br />
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<h3>Aaron Gittelman</h3><br />
In a land far, far away, where the grass stayed green and the water crystal blue, where minipreps worked and all was good, lived a young dragon-rider who soared the sky as carefree and lighthearted as the breeze that took him. Everywhere he flew over, music followed. The timbre and vibrancy of his voice, interwoven with the depth and complexity of his bass, spun even the simplest tunes into enchanting melodies. Oh how smooth and sweet they were! Everyone swooned at the mere echoes -- and did I mention his good looks? In the air, he and his dragon were one. But one day, his dragon fell ill. The deep emerald scales gave in to a pale sickly orange. For years, the rider searched for an answer, but what could it have been? Then, whispers came. "Look within." Hoping to hone his skills in the molecular world, he decided to join iGEM to first master the techniques of synthetic biology. Interviewers tried to stump him, but unbeknownst to the community, riders grew up around the art. The yellow tint in his eyes glowed as his intent gaze pierced through the dense air. His replies were as accurate as poised. By the end, he was not just any other newcomer. He was Aaron Gittelman – his name said it all. <br />
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<h3>Sharlene Dong</h3><br />
N Vrou van die raaisel, 'n vrou van raaisel.<br />
Ek sien jy dit durf waag om hierdie bio te vertaal haar donkerste geheime te<br />
ontsluit. Jy is gewaarsku. <br />
<br><br><br />
Haar status: dodelik. Die P100 is haar wapen van<br />
keuse. Op 'n skaal van 1-4, Sharlene is Biosafety Vlak 10 Sy kan etanol<br />
steriliseer jou tenderest druk punte voor spuit haar vrag van dodelike<br />
gifstowwe. Wat deur die manier, is gesintetiseer gebruik om kennis oorgedra van<br />
antieke 5000-jarige Chinese alchemicy. Sy vlieg, nooit loop, het sy horlosies,<br />
nooit slaap. Jou enigste hoop op oorlewing is om haar te lei met 'n boeiende<br />
episode van Game of Thrones. Dit of blink voorwerpe.<br />
<br><br><br />
Jy het dit so ver, jy is dapper.<br />
<br><br><br />
<br />
Afrikaans filler text (or is it...), because Latin is too mainstream. Sharlene’s a fan. <br />
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<h3>Neema Patel</h3><br />
Neema Patel...how do I begin to explain Neema Patel? Neema Patel is magical. It's said that her legs are insured for $10,000. People say that she does bubble tea commercials in Taiwan. Her favorite movie is Mean Girls. Once she met Chris Pratt at an all-you-can-eat buffet. He told her to stop hoarding all the cupcakes. One time during Ice Ball (many times actually), she threw ice at me...it was not awesome. <br />
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<h3>Olya Spassibojko</h3><br />
No person is ever what they appear to be, and Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas is certainly no exception. Look under those perfectly placed spectacles and you’ll find an avid Anberlin advocate fluent in Ubbi Dubbi and prone to turning anything and everything turquoise. No one really knows how to spell her name, and people have learned it is better not to try. The brave souls who did were stripped of their sanity, never to recover. She has made a home out of the grand trees of Ithaca, and if you are lucky you might catch a glimpse of her masterfully navigating them. It is rumoured that from her birth in the distant Russian mountains, she attained her nimble skills during her tutalage under the continent's most notorious ninja. She will purr if you pet her, but petters beware – stay too long and you too will find yourself infected with a deep love of domestic felines and working with yeast. She climbs, she meows, she takes her bunny out on walks. She is Olya Spazzabyolkajdksajfiodas: resident cat lover and professional monkey. <br />
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<h3>Sara Gregg</h3><br />
SaraGregg is Cornell iGEM’s resident celebrity power couple rivaling the firepower of Brangelina and the sheer intrigue of Kimye. When she’s not using her gazelle-like endurance prowess to ski across Ithaca or run to dry lab meetings on Sunday mornings (a little extra sleep never hurts, right?) she’s using it to put in late night hours at the machine shop or to swoon over Korean dramas until 4am. A master of the 3D printer, she’ll print a plastic cake and simply stare at it, willing the tasty morsel she’s been craving into existence. This girl from small-town Ohio is a true city girl at heart, and all you Gregory Sarah’s out there better watch out for her; Sara is ready to produce her very own SynBio drama and the first SaraGreggGregSarah power couple to rule them all. <br />
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<h3>Steven Li</h3><br />
Steven Li is a super hero. His power of course, is: ________. Despite being quite elusive to even his closest of team members, who haven't seen him in months, Super-Stealthy-Steven can be recognized by his iconic wooden cross necklace, from which he draws his power. Rumored to be a demigod born from the Western God Franisco-San Francisco to you- He has decided to leave his home, many leagues away, to solve the many crimes of current Eastern society the main one being: selfies. In a private interview, to which he never appeared, it is documented that Steven is diligently working on destroying the power of selfies by photo-bombing each and every one. Because of the plethera of selfies being taken in our day and age, Steven is rather busy and doesn't stay in one place for very long. So if you haven't seen Steven in awhile, don't worry he is off being the grand super hero that he is! <br />
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<h3>Joseph Fridman</h3><br />
The year was 1989. Even as the Cold War raged on, the USSR and the ideology it represented were in their death throes. In an act of desperation, the Politburo sought to develop a new propaganda apparatus, hoping that by effectively spreading pro-Soviet sentiment worldwide support for the enfeebled superpower would increase, and the tides would turn. To that end, Joseph Fridman was created. With a disarming kindness and an extraordinary intellect, he was capable of convincing anyone whom he spoke to that the path to prosperity was painted red. After a battery of evaluations, Fridman was sent to America with the goal of neutralizing it as an adversary to communism. However, upon arrival in the US, he was staggered by the wealth and majesty of the republic. After thinking it through, he decided to defect to the capitalist West. Without his assistance, the Soviet empire soon collapsed. Now an American citizen, the former sleeper agent has settled down, studying psychology at Cornell University (with the obvious purpose of honing his power of persuasion) and working to convince the population of Ithaca of the preeminence of CUGEM. <br />
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<h3>Ryan Ashley</h3><br />
There are rumors. People say things – see things – around our labs. Blonde-haired apparitions float in and out of the corners of our eyes. Visions of a gentle smile flash through team members’ minds. Perfect gels appear on the countertop, and despite the immaculate labeling, no one knows who ran them. One team member, who wishes to remain anonymous, says that on one quiet lonely afternoon as he walked by one of the sinks, he noticed it was dirty, caked with mud and beakers strewn about. Since he was the only one in the lab at the time, he decided to clean it up, but when he turned to look at the sink again, it was completely cleaned! There is agreement among the team that something … else lurks in our workspace. We’ve taken to calling our mysterious helper “Ryan” (the name just seemed to fit). We don’t know what it is or what it wants, but we do know our project wouldn’t be half as well done without it. <br />
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<h3>Rishabh Singh</h3><br />
They speak of a man learned beyond all others, unbound by mortal flesh. For eons, he wandered this plane, seeking new pleasures to satisfy his ageless conscience. Nothing was outside his grasp. In his wake, nations fell, civilizations flourished, and as always, the women swooned. Gradually, through the thousands of millennia, this man’s true name of power was lost to the shifting sands of time. But, word among the people speak of a him currently residing in Cornell University, assuming the identity of “Rishabh”, though veterans of the field know this is simply one of the many guises he has chosen. He currently dedicates himself to the Cornell iGEM team, lending an eternity of knowledge to this humble project team. When he is not gracing his presence in the iGEM lab space, he prefers the quiet sanctity of the indoors, proving himself among the best in the FPS gaming, his years as a skilled military tactician rendering his enemies little more than a mob of confused toddlers. Legend also speaks of his legendary pie making skills, though few live to tell the tale of a pie of such high caliber, as the sheer ecstasy of tasting one of these legendary morsels causes the human body to permanently cease function (in some parts of the world, death in such a way is considered an honorable one). <br />
This biography serves as more than just a record, it is a herald, a warning for times to come. The one named Rishabh is powerful beyond measure, though his current form may be unassuming. Woe to those that stand in his way, as he is not known to be merciful. The last recorded time his wrath was incurred, the Black Death occurred. Not even the very best of heroes can even dream of facing his final form, which is also known to be incredible sassy. So beware, beware to all those who hope to undermine his efforts. In even the most secretive of moments, do not forget. <br />
He won’t. <br />
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<h3>Ritvik Sarkar</h3><br />
What is the Ritvik? I'm glad you asked. Ritvik used to be our team's secret secret nonlethal weapon, until a series of not completely unrelated explosions and earthquakes alerted national media to its existence. Ritvik is the original prototype for our project, with its 20 micron filter hair outperforming all competition. We are still struggling to develop a successor that has even half the ability to make wet things into dry things. Capable of building models to ensure our team's success as well as other smaller ventures such as hostile takeover of midwestern states, Ritvik is an essential component of our team. Without its capabilities as a replacement pump system, we would be incapable of surmounting the one foot of head that stalls our team's inevitable victory. <br />
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<h3>Swati Sureka</h3><br />
You'd remember when you first met her, in lab. It's pretty striking at first: She [Swati] sits motionless, like a spider in the centre of its web, but that web has a thousand radiations, and she knows well every quiver of each of them. Beakers, notebooks, laptops, disembodied voices, bits and pieces of cardboard, flora and fauna of the like that have never been seen before on Planet Earth - all circle her in the air, flying around like so many transporters, enzymes, and cellular automata. She does little herself. She only plans. But her agents are numerous and splendidly organised. Is there research to be done, a paper to be abstracted, we will say, a block of DNA to be characterized, a project to be undertaken - the word is passed to the SWATi Team, the matter is organised and carried out. And if that all sounds a little intimidating, have no fear: Swati is sworn by oath to the Old Gods and the New to defend, advance, and justify through feats of meaningful scientific accomplishment the existence of human life. Just make sure you don't forget to pay your social dues... <br />
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<h3>George Danias</h3><br />
George Danias? <br><br />
Many have dreamt and heard his name<br><br />
<br />
Only to find themselves shocked and maimed<br><br />
<br />
By his unputdownable creativity,<br><br />
<br />
Ingenuity and alacrity,<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
His inventions rise from ground<br><br />
<br />
Like his infinite wisdom that always astounds<br><br />
<br />
His mechanical chess pieces guard his palace<br><br />
<br />
Where he makes cells as radiant as the aurora borealis<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Although only a part of the team since this year<br><br />
<br />
Everyone seems to notice when he disappears<br><br />
<br />
So treasure his presence, for he’s only nice<br><br />
<br />
When you’re not one of his lab mice<br><br />
<br />
<br><br />
<br />
Many wonder why he has chosen to impact our lives,<br><br />
But to that question, he chooses to derive<br><br />
A massive differential equation<br><br />
Showcasing why it is the best and most valuable occasion<br><br />
<br><br />
He often is staring at the sky<br><br />
Not pondering when, where, or why,<br><br />
But deciding the fate of planets and stars<br><br />
Like a couple billion years ago, he decided on mars.<br><br />
<br><br />
<br />
So in fact he didn’t apply to the team<br><br />
But decided it would be good for our self-esteem<br> <br />
<br><br />
<br />
<br />
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<h3>Tina Su</h3><br />
Date a girl who reads. Find her in a cozy coffee shop, Stella's, tucked behind the fall foliage in the bustle of Cornell Collegetown. Wherever you find her, she'll be smiling. Making sure it lingers even when people talking to her look away. Kiss her in the rain under the glow of a streetlamp because you saw it in a film. Remark at its huge significance. Date a girl who reads because she is a storyteller. You with Hemingway, Nabokov and Austen, in the library, on the metro platform at nine and three-quarters, in the corner cafe, perched on the window of your room. You, who makes my life so difficult. <br />
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<h3>Neil Chitrao</h3><br />
Deep beneath the Alamogordo testing range, the United States planned their most ambitious project yet. So shrouded in secrecy was this project, not even the President of the United States was aware of its undertaking. It was to be a grand culmination of centuries of research, dwarfing even the scale of the Manhattan Project. The premise was simple: to create a humanoid embodiment of the spirit of American patriotism. Nicknamed the N.E.I.L., or Nationalistically Empowered Intelligent Lifeform, he was to be an exemplar of the American standard and ingenuity. Unfortunately he was too modern for his time, and the team of scientists, fearing for another “Cold War” style confrontation, locked N.E.I.L. in stasis until the time was right to reintroduce him to American society. <br />
<br><br><br />
That time is now.<br />
<br><br><br />
Numerous field reports have triangulated his position at Cornell University, where he has subtly placed himself within Cornell’s iGEM team. Though he tries to mask his identity, his designs are unmistakable. He is fueled by twin-powered nuclear fission reactors, rendering sleep unnecessary, explaining the numerous hours he has been sighted in the lab working on inhuman hours of sleep. It is also nigh impossible to be in his presence without the word “America” being uttered at least once, a remnant of his circuitry from the highly patriotic wartime years. Delving further into conversation, you will find a vast database of knowledge of weaponry and military aircraft, an unsurprising find due to his production during the 1940s. Despite his advanced systems, he bides his time, remaining in his low-profile state until the time arises to take up arms to defend the American ideal once more. <br />
<br />
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<h3>Michelle Zhang</h3><br />
Now for Michelle there’s little I can say:<br><br />
Her skill is matched by none; her scheming eyes<br><br />
Do always flit betwixt pipettes, with ne’er <br><br />
A microliter out of place. Oh my! <br><br><br />
<br />
Above the busy humming of our lair, <br><br />
Amidst the bustling team, her focus grows; <br><br />
Her data gathers, as if out of air. <br><br />
Graphs pop on screen; a smile begins to show.<br><br><br />
<br />
Fluorescent lights now flicker, silence falls<br><br />
Upon the lab… we just make out the clicks<br><br />
Of Eppendorf tubes popping. Softly call,<br><br />
“Who’s there?” Ms. Zhang emerges, oh so slick. <br><br><br />
<br />
What more can I say of this wondrous fiend?<br><br />
Her mysteries abound; ‘tis all I’ve gleaned.<br />
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<h3>Jonlin Chen</h3><br />
The shining light of the grand Lighthouse of Alexandria pierced through the ebony Arabian night, guiding the royal ships of King Ptolemy II Philadelphus to the safety of the Pharos shore. After departing the Eastern Desert with crates of spices, linen, and gold, Egyptian sailors bowed to the mercy of the Great Sea and endured Her thrashing waves and whipping rain on their way home. The darkness often consumed faith in reaching Great Alexandria, that is until the fire-burning Lighthouse parted the night sky and illuminated the secure Nile Delta and familiar shores. Jonlin Chen, although human and not 120 meters tall, is Cornell iGEM's guiding light and source of all hope during times of darkness. While we, less-skilled iGEM members, are literally drowning in incomplete minipreps and restriction digests and utterly clueless on where to begin, Jonlin is the one person we can count on to show us the way. Whether it is a frantic phone call in the morning before class or a 2am Groupme message of desperation, Jonlin is always ready to help. Her fire-burning passion for bioengineering and iGEM fuels our team and shines through the often gloomy labspace during exam weeks and consecutive weeks of unsuccessful transformations, and is an inspiration to us all.<br />
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<h3>Grace Livermore</h3><br />
Beyond the isles of man, in the shaded grove where the heavens gently caress the Earth sits the very heart of nature itself. It is here that the land retains its pristine landscape, unfettered and untainted by the influences of mankind’s expansion. The very natural order was under siege, and Mother Nature required a vanguard to fight on her behalf. Using primitive arcane energies that shaped the Earth itself, the very essence of nature was harnessed, coalescing into a single being. Thus, Grace came into being, so aptly named to be the saving grace of nature’s purity. <br />
<br> <br><br />
But where to start? The damage done is great, but like all great heroes, small steps come before giant bounds, and Grace knew the perfect place to start. She now works tirelessly on Cornell’s iGEM team, conducting research that can rectify the contamination that grips this planet. Despite all her continuing dedication to the team, she never fails to forget the roots from which she came. An avid rock climber, she enjoys scaling the formidable walls to attune herself with the Earth. She is also learned in song and dance, particularly the style of Bhangra, for which she has joined Cornell’s Bhangra team and has had much success. But above all, she is a defender of nature; a hero to us all. <br />
<br />
</div><br />
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<h3>Jeffrey Ly</h3><br />
Future billionaire playboy philanthropist, Jeffrey can do it all. An acting virtuoso, it was said that he once challenged Batman to the lead in Les Miserables and the loser had to wear their underwear on the outside for the rest of time. Indeed, Jeffrey is the reason that Leonardo Dicaprio has never won an Oscar. Once, when counseling Dicaprio after not winning the Oscars again, Jeffrey told Dicaprio a joke about the Oscars to cheer him up… needless to say, he didn’t get it. When he’s not off fundamentally transforming our perceptions of superheroes for the better or the worse, Jeffrey is the life of the party at Cornell iGEM, forever cheering up people in those late night cram sessions. <br />
<br />
</div><br />
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<h3>Tim Abbott</h3><br />
Tim Abbott was the original cybernetic organism from which James Cameron based the terminator upon. He was sent back in time from a post-apocalyptic future in an effort to protect members of the Cornell iGEM team which would go on to design a novel metal sequestration fiber reactor. Once the war would break out between artificially intelligent machines and humans, humans would hold their own for a surprising amount of time. But their greatest downfall would come when the machines contaminated all the world’s water supplies with heavy metals. By successfully aiding the 2014 iGEM team in completing their metal sequestration fiber reactor, Tim effectively has ensured the future of all of mankind.<br />
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</a><br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b7/Oie_7HqDHyZuk18F-2.jpg<br />
" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
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<h3>Prashant Sharma</h3><br />
In a spectacular laboratory experiment (similar to the one that created the Powerpuff girls), researchers managed to combine the wisdom of a great redwood tree with the humor and wit of Kanye West to produce the artist formerly known as Prince, currently known as Prashant “Shawn” Sharma. As a senior member of Cornell iGEM, Shawn imparts his vast stores of worldly knowledge onto the ‘youngins, sometimes dropping some advice on a sick double clutch fadeaway he saw Kobe perform once, other times, schooling teammates on the intricacies of synthetic biology. As a chemistry/biology double major, Shawn is clearly a mad-man and should not be approached under any circumstances, unless you come bearing naval oranges, his favorite fruit. Perhaps one of the more intriguing facts about Shawn is that every car model with an “S” in the name is named in honor of Shawn, including the Toyota Corolla S, the Tesla Model S, and obviously the Mercedes S Class.<br />
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<h3>Rebecca Chew</h3><br />
She's no bird, not an airplane...she's Rebecca Chew, the super ChemE that dabbles in modeling, dry lab, and wet lab! One day she's in goggles, another creating insane models, either way, nothing can move forward without her. How does she do all this? Two words: BUBBLE TEA. The consumption of glucose and caffeine molecules is her secret potion. One sip of this delightful beverage is enough for her to become a machine.<br />
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<h3>Nupur Bhatt</h3><br />
Thousands of years ago, nature spirits and humans coexisted as one. They walked the ground we walked on. They lived in the valleys we lived in. Until humans began harming their homes, their families. That was when gods split their world with ours. The Night of Crystal Rift. We only know about Karuna from ancient scriptures, this alternate dimension on Earth. It is said the spirits still walk the ground we walk on, but we don't see them. We don't hear them. Then two decades ago, the gods decided to give humans a second chance. Scyllarus. That's what they call her. When she was born into Karuna, sages on Earth saw the dark night glow. An orange aurora streaked the sky. She is the daughter of the wild, destined to synthesize the bridge between the human world and the spiritual world. The day she stepped into the human world, she took the name of Nupur. Her spiritual powers took form in tangible human abilities. Her strong base notes. Her swift coding skills. Her quiet demeanor hides her true powers, but she is observing...finding ways to mend the past.<br />
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<h3>Mac Sennett</h3><br />
He doesn’t always operate heavy machinery, but when he does, the finger of God once again touches the earth through his work. He once purposefully maligned one of his creations, just to see what failure felt like. After he drove his car off the lot, the value increased. He once got a compliment on his appearance from his reflection. Raw materials he uses and BioBricks assemble themselves for him. Police frequently pull him over to ask for his autograph. He makes all cloning strategies succeed, even GoldenGate. The “College of Sennett” was founded at Cornell because he asked them to. He has taught old dogs every trick in the book, even the ones that aren’t written. Each night, the Sandman dreams of Mac. <br />
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<h3>Christine Soong</h3><br />
Having retired from saving the world as the country’s top CIA agent, Christine returned to scout for potential successors. While not training her prodigies, she casually works on the circuitry to control our top secret fiber reactor. Her ultimate goal in life is to adopt 101 Dalmatians to accompany her on her long runs and kayaking trips! <br />
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<h3>Rafael Martinez</h3><br />
Now this is a story all about how Rafa’s life got flipped – turned upside down<br />
And I’d like to take a minute just sit right there<br />
I’ll tell you how he became a prince and a billionaire<br />
A town called Ithaca’s where he stayed<br />
Inside Milstein is where he spent most of his days<br />
Drawin’ and plottin’ relaxin’ all cool<br />
And all Building some dragons outside of the school<br />
When a couple of guys, who were up to some good<br />
Started building towers in the neighborhood<br />
He got a great little job and a title with flair<br />
Now he’s master architect he makes his projects with care <br />
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<h3>Erica Alonzo</h3><br />
In a world oppressed by the bland and mundane, where creativity is stifled in the wink of an eye. Where uniqueness is punishable by death. Societies have all devolved into nothing but brainless servants of The Man, and there is only one person who can stop them. Join Erica, an unlikely heroine, as she utilizes her wit, charm and sass to bring an end to The Legion of Tropes and their dastardly (albeit trite) plans of enslaving the human race. One woman will help bring the light of excitement back into this dismal planet. This Fall, prepare to get your creative juices flowing in 'Dee Zine: And The Legion of Tropes.' This film is not yet rated.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Faculty Advisors</h1><br />
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<h3>Dr. Shivaun Archer - Biomedical Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Shivaun Archer is a Senior Lecturer in charge of the Biomedical Engineering Undergraduate Instructional Laboratories. She designs and teaches undergraduate instructional labs for five biomedical engineering courses: BME 131, BME 301, BME 302, BME 401, and BME 402. The labs are designed to illustrate the course material and bring research to undergraduate education whilst exposing students to cutting edge technology and research methodology. A significant emphasis in all the labs is biomedical nanotechnology. Each of the five courses has a hands-on lab module that focuses specifically on nanobiotechnology. Overall, the lab modules enhance the hands-on training of Cornell students in the areas of microfabrication, microfluidics, biosensors, nano/microbiotechnology, and drug delivery. In recognition of her efforts in undergraduate education, Dr. Archer has received a prestigious College of Engineering Teaching award. <br />
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Before coming to Cornell, Dr. Archer worked for five years at Lynntech, Inc. a small research company specializing in biotechnology, biomaterials, chemical and biological sensors, medical biotechnology, and environmental remediation. Her work on wastewater treatment for long term space missions resulted in her receiving two NASA Inventions Space Act Awards. She also holds a joint appointment as a Research Associate in the School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering. Her research interests include nanobiotechnology and tissue engineering. <br />
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<h3>Dr. Matthew DeLisa - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Matthew DeLisa received his B.S. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Connecticut in 1996; his Ph.D. in Chemical Engineering from the University of Maryland in 2001; and did postdoctoral work at the University of Texas-Austin, Department of Chemical Engineering. DeLisa joined the Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University as an assistant professor in 2003 and was promoted to associate professor in 2009. He recently served as a Gastprofessur at ETH Zürich in the Institut für Mikrobiologie. <br />
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Professor DeLisa's research focuses on understanding and controlling the molecular mechanisms underlying protein biogenesis -- folding and assembly, membrane translocation and post-translational modifications -- in the complex environment of a living cell. His contributions to science and engineering include the invention of numerous commercially important technologies for facilitating the discovery, design and manufacturing of human drugs and seminal discoveries in the areas of cellular protein folding and protein translocation. DeLisa has received several awards for his work including an NSF CAREER award, a NYSTAR Watson Young Investigator award, a Beckman Foundation Young Investigator award, an Office of Naval Research Young Investigator award, and a NYSTAR Distinguished Faculty Award. He was also named one of the top 35 young innovators (TR35) by MIT's Technology Review in 2005 and was selected as the inaugural recipient of the Wiley-Blackwell Biotechnology and Bioengineering Daniel I.C. Wang award, which honors a distinguished young researcher in this field. Most recently, he was honored with a Cornell Provost's Award for Distinguished Scholarship and was the recipient of the Young Investigator Award from the American Chemical Society's BIOT division.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Bruce Land - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Bruce Land is a Senior Lecturer in Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell. He teaches three courses in ECE and advises masters of engineering projects in ECE and Biomedical Engineering. When time allows, he does some neural modeling and spike train analysis. He has been in this position since 1998. <br />
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Land received a BS in physics from Harvey Mudd College in 1968 and a Ph.D. in neurobiology from Cornell University in 1976 . He was a Muscular Dystrophy Association postdoc in NBB at Cornell for three years, then a lecturer in NBB for seven years. During this time he worked with Miriam Salpeter on the coupling of activity at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction, both experimentally and by computer modeling. In 1987 he moved to the Cornell Theory Center as a computational research associate, then started supporting graphics and animation. He was visualization project leader at the CTC from 1989 to 1998. From 1992 to 1998 he taught an introductory computer graphics course in Computer Science at Cornell. From 1998 to 2007 he taught computer programming and electronics courses in NBB and was a Senior Research Associate in Neurobiology and Behavior.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Julius B. Lucks - Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering</h3><br />
Julius B. Lucks is Assistant Professor of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering at Cornell University, and a James C. and Rebecca Q. Morgan Sesquicentennial Faculty Fellow. After attending the North Carolina School of Science and Mathematics for high school, he became an undergraduate at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill where he performed research in organic synthesis and the application of density functional theory to studying the electronic properties of atoms and molecules as a Goldwater Scholar. After graduating with a BS in Chemistry, he spent a summer working with Robert Parr before obtaining an M. Phil. in Theoretical Chemistry at Cambridge University as a Churchill Scholar. As a Hertz Fellow at Harvard University, he researched problems in theoretical biophysics including RNA folding and translocation, viral capsid structure and viral genome organization, under David R. Nelson. As a Miller Fellow at UC Berkeley in the laboratory of Adam P. Arkin, he engineered versatile RNA-sensing transcriptional regulators that can be easily reconfigured to independently regulate multiple genes, logically control gene expression, and propagate signals as RNA molecules in gene networks. He also lead the team that developed SHAPE-Seq, an experimental technique that utilizes next generation sequencing for probing RNA secondary and tertiary structures of hundreds of RNAs in a single experiment. <br />
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Professor Lucks’ research combines both experiment and theory to ask fundamental questions about the design principles that govern how RNAs fold and function in living organisms, and how these principles can be used to engineer biomolecular systems, and open doors to new medical therapeutics.<br />
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<h3>Dr. Xiling Shen - Electrical and Computer Engineering</h3><br />
Dr. Xiling Shen has been an assistant professor in the School of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Cornell University since August 2009. <br />
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Born in Shanghai, China, Dr. Xiling Shen went on to receive his BS and MS degree from the Electrical Engineering Department of Stanford University in 2001. He then worked at Barcelona Design Inc. for two years, specializing in analog circuit design and optimization, before joining Professor Mark Horowtiz' research group in the Electrical Engineering Department at Stanford in 2003. In the first two years of his PhD, he collaborated with Professor Joseph Kahn on using adaptive spatial equalization to compensate modal dispersion in multimode fibers. From 2005 to 2008, he worked with Professor Harley McAdams, Professor Lucy Shapiro, and Professor David Dill on modeling and analyzing the asymmetric division of Caulobacter crescentus. Xiling’s postdoctoral work focused on synthetic biology with Dr. Adam Arkin in Bioengineering at UC Berkeley prior to joining the faculty at Cornell University’s School of Electrical and Computer Engineering.<br />
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<h3>Dr. David Wilson - Molecular Biology and Genetics</h3><br />
David Wilson is a Professor in the Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics (MBG) at Cornell. He is a member of the MBG, Microbiology, and Toxicology fields and serves on the graduate committees of students who minor in Biochemistry of Microbiology. <br />
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He received his B.A. from Harvard in 1961, his Ph.D. in Biochemistry from Stanford Medical School in 1966, and did postdoctoral work at the Department of Biophysics at Johns Hopkins Medical School from 1966-67 before coming to Cornell as an Assistant Professor in 1967. He is a member of the American Society of Biological Chemists, the American Society of Microbiologists and the American Association for the Advancement of Science. He is a member of the Johns Hopkins Society of Scholars and is director of the Cornell Institute for Comparative and Environmental Toxicology.<br />
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The Wilson laboratory studies the enzymology of plant cell wall degradation with a major focus on cellulases, which are important industrial enzymes and have potential in the production of renewable, non-polluting fuels and chemicals. Members of the Wilson Lab use a combination of genomics, protein engineering, and molecular biology their research.<br />
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<h1 style="margin-top: 0px;">Graduate Advisors</h1><br />
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<h4>Nathan Kruer-Zerhusen</h4><br />
Wilson Lab<br />
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<h4>Aravind Natarajan</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/70/Cornell_jason.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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<h4>Jason Kahn</h4><br />
Luo Lab<br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_taylor.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f6/Cornell_taylor.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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<h4>Taylor Stevenson</h4><br />
DeLisa Lab<br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Cornell_Adviors_Aljosa.jpg" data-toggle="lightbox" data-gallery="bios" class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/ba/Cornell_Adviors_Aljosa.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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<h4>Aljosa Trmcic</h4><br />
PhD, Food Science Lab<br />
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<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/50/Cornell_devin.jpg" class="img-responsive grad_bio"><br />
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<h4>Devin Doud</h4><br />
Angenent Lab<br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:55:48Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
<br><br><br />
In addition, we asked people about what they think of when they think about synthetic biology. We have compiled a list of their responses and <a href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kTt6mcOuQAVQ" target="_blank">mapped to their respective geographic locations</a>.<br />
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<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
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<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
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Preferences for tracks have been compiled into a graph, and from the data, it appears that our sample has the strongest preference for utilizing synthetic biology for health and medical issues. Tracks such as manufacturing have a more mixed review.<br />
<br><br><br />
We have <a href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E" target="_blank">constructed a map</a> to depict variations in track preference based on location. Green pinpoints indicate a strong preference for the particular track (1 on the rating scale utilized, strongly agree) and red indicates a strong opposition for the particular track. The tracks that are represented include health and medicine, energy, environment, manufacturing, information processing and food and nutrition. On the map, the ratings for energy and environment are averaged to form one map due to constraints from the GoogleMap server (only handles a maximum of 5 map layers). Users can toggle between tracks to see the variability between tracks. <br />
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<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
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</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"> <br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/styleTeam:Cornell/style2014-10-18T02:54:40Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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content: "\e027";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-inbox:before {<br />
content: "\e028";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-play-circle:before {<br />
content: "\e029";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-repeat:before {<br />
content: "\e030";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-refresh:before {<br />
content: "\e031";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-list-alt:before {<br />
content: "\e032";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-lock:before {<br />
content: "\e033";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-flag:before {<br />
content: "\e034";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-headphones:before {<br />
content: "\e035";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-volume-off:before {<br />
content: "\e036";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-volume-down:before {<br />
content: "\e037";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-volume-up:before {<br />
content: "\e038";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-qrcode:before {<br />
content: "\e039";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-barcode:before {<br />
content: "\e040";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tag:before {<br />
content: "\e041";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tags:before {<br />
content: "\e042";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-book:before {<br />
content: "\e043";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-bookmark:before {<br />
content: "\e044";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-print:before {<br />
content: "\e045";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-camera:before {<br />
content: "\e046";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-font:before {<br />
content: "\e047";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-bold:before {<br />
content: "\e048";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-italic:before {<br />
content: "\e049";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-text-height:before {<br />
content: "\e050";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-text-width:before {<br />
content: "\e051";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-align-left:before {<br />
content: "\e052";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-align-center:before {<br />
content: "\e053";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-align-right:before {<br />
content: "\e054";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-align-justify:before {<br />
content: "\e055";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-list:before {<br />
content: "\e056";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-indent-left:before {<br />
content: "\e057";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-indent-right:before {<br />
content: "\e058";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-facetime-video:before {<br />
content: "\e059";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-picture:before {<br />
content: "\e060";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-map-marker:before {<br />
content: "\e062";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-adjust:before {<br />
content: "\e063";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tint:before {<br />
content: "\e064";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-edit:before {<br />
content: "\e065";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-share:before {<br />
content: "\e066";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-check:before {<br />
content: "\e067";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-move:before {<br />
content: "\e068";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-step-backward:before {<br />
content: "\e069";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-fast-backward:before {<br />
content: "\e070";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-backward:before {<br />
content: "\e071";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-play:before {<br />
content: "\e072";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-pause:before {<br />
content: "\e073";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-stop:before {<br />
content: "\e074";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-forward:before {<br />
content: "\e075";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-fast-forward:before {<br />
content: "\e076";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-step-forward:before {<br />
content: "\e077";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-eject:before {<br />
content: "\e078";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-chevron-left:before {<br />
content: "\e079";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-chevron-right:before {<br />
content: "\e080";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-plus-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e081";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-minus-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e082";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-remove-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e083";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-ok-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e084";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-question-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e085";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-info-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e086";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-screenshot:before {<br />
content: "\e087";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-remove-circle:before {<br />
content: "\e088";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-ok-circle:before {<br />
content: "\e089";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-ban-circle:before {<br />
content: "\e090";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-arrow-left:before {<br />
content: "\e091";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-arrow-right:before {<br />
content: "\e092";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-arrow-up:before {<br />
content: "\e093";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-arrow-down:before {<br />
content: "\e094";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-share-alt:before {<br />
content: "\e095";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-resize-full:before {<br />
content: "\e096";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-resize-small:before {<br />
content: "\e097";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-exclamation-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e101";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-gift:before {<br />
content: "\e102";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-leaf:before {<br />
content: "\e103";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-fire:before {<br />
content: "\e104";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-eye-open:before {<br />
content: "\e105";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-eye-close:before {<br />
content: "\e106";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-warning-sign:before {<br />
content: "\e107";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-plane:before {<br />
content: "\e108";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-calendar:before {<br />
content: "\e109";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-random:before {<br />
content: "\e110";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-comment:before {<br />
content: "\e111";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-magnet:before {<br />
content: "\e112";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-chevron-up:before {<br />
content: "\e113";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-chevron-down:before {<br />
content: "\e114";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-retweet:before {<br />
content: "\e115";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-shopping-cart:before {<br />
content: "\e116";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-folder-close:before {<br />
content: "\e117";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-folder-open:before {<br />
content: "\e118";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-resize-vertical:before {<br />
content: "\e119";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-resize-horizontal:before {<br />
content: "\e120";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-hdd:before {<br />
content: "\e121";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-bullhorn:before {<br />
content: "\e122";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-bell:before {<br />
content: "\e123";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-certificate:before {<br />
content: "\e124";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-thumbs-up:before {<br />
content: "\e125";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-thumbs-down:before {<br />
content: "\e126";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-hand-right:before {<br />
content: "\e127";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-hand-left:before {<br />
content: "\e128";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-hand-up:before {<br />
content: "\e129";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-hand-down:before {<br />
content: "\e130";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-right:before {<br />
content: "\e131";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-left:before {<br />
content: "\e132";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-up:before {<br />
content: "\e133";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-circle-arrow-down:before {<br />
content: "\e134";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-globe:before {<br />
content: "\e135";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-wrench:before {<br />
content: "\e136";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tasks:before {<br />
content: "\e137";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-filter:before {<br />
content: "\e138";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-briefcase:before {<br />
content: "\e139";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-fullscreen:before {<br />
content: "\e140";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-dashboard:before {<br />
content: "\e141";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-paperclip:before {<br />
content: "\e142";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-heart-empty:before {<br />
content: "\e143";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-link:before {<br />
content: "\e144";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-phone:before {<br />
content: "\e145";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-pushpin:before {<br />
content: "\e146";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-usd:before {<br />
content: "\e148";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-gbp:before {<br />
content: "\e149";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort:before {<br />
content: "\e150";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort-by-alphabet:before {<br />
content: "\e151";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort-by-alphabet-alt:before {<br />
content: "\e152";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort-by-order:before {<br />
content: "\e153";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort-by-order-alt:before {<br />
content: "\e154";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort-by-attributes:before {<br />
content: "\e155";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sort-by-attributes-alt:before {<br />
content: "\e156";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-unchecked:before {<br />
content: "\e157";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-expand:before {<br />
content: "\e158";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-collapse-down:before {<br />
content: "\e159";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-collapse-up:before {<br />
content: "\e160";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-log-in:before {<br />
content: "\e161";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-flash:before {<br />
content: "\e162";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-log-out:before {<br />
content: "\e163";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-new-window:before {<br />
content: "\e164";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-record:before {<br />
content: "\e165";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-save:before {<br />
content: "\e166";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-open:before {<br />
content: "\e167";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-saved:before {<br />
content: "\e168";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-import:before {<br />
content: "\e169";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-export:before {<br />
content: "\e170";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-send:before {<br />
content: "\e171";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-floppy-disk:before {<br />
content: "\e172";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-floppy-saved:before {<br />
content: "\e173";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-floppy-remove:before {<br />
content: "\e174";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-floppy-save:before {<br />
content: "\e175";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-floppy-open:before {<br />
content: "\e176";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-credit-card:before {<br />
content: "\e177";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-transfer:before {<br />
content: "\e178";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-cutlery:before {<br />
content: "\e179";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-header:before {<br />
content: "\e180";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-compressed:before {<br />
content: "\e181";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-earphone:before {<br />
content: "\e182";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-phone-alt:before {<br />
content: "\e183";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tower:before {<br />
content: "\e184";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-stats:before {<br />
content: "\e185";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sd-video:before {<br />
content: "\e186";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-hd-video:before {<br />
content: "\e187";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-subtitles:before {<br />
content: "\e188";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sound-stereo:before {<br />
content: "\e189";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sound-dolby:before {<br />
content: "\e190";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sound-5-1:before {<br />
content: "\e191";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sound-6-1:before {<br />
content: "\e192";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-sound-7-1:before {<br />
content: "\e193";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-copyright-mark:before {<br />
content: "\e194";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-registration-mark:before {<br />
content: "\e195";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-cloud-download:before {<br />
content: "\e197";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-cloud-upload:before {<br />
content: "\e198";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tree-conifer:before {<br />
content: "\e199";<br />
}<br />
.glyphicon-tree-deciduous:before {<br />
content: "\e200";<br />
}<br />
* {<br />
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;<br />
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
}<br />
*:before,<br />
*:after {<br />
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;<br />
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
}<br />
html {<br />
font-size: 10px;<br />
<br />
-webkit-tap-highlight-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);<br />
}<br />
body {<br />
font-family: "Helvetica Neue", Helvetica, Arial, sans-serif;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #333;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
input,<br />
button,<br />
select,<br />
textarea {<br />
font-family: inherit;<br />
font-size: inherit;<br />
line-height: inherit;<br />
}<br />
a {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
a:hover,<br />
a:focus {<br />
color: #555;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
<br />
}<br />
a:focus {<br />
outline: thin dotted;<br />
outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;<br />
outline-offset: -2px;<br />
}<br />
figure {<br />
margin: 0;<br />
}<br />
img {<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.img-responsive,<br />
.thumbnail > img,<br />
.thumbnail a > img,<br />
.carousel-inner > .item > img,<br />
.carousel-inner > .item > a > img {<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 100% \9;<br />
max-width: 100%;<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
.img-rounded {<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.img-thumbnail {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
width: 100% \9;<br />
max-width: 100%;<br />
height: auto;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
-webkit-transition: all .2s ease-in-out;<br />
-o-transition: all .2s ease-in-out;<br />
transition: all .2s ease-in-out;<br />
}<br />
.img-circle {<br />
border-radius: 50%;<br />
}<br />
hr {<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
border: 0;<br />
border-top: 1px solid #eee;<br />
}<br />
.sr-only {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
width: 1px;<br />
height: 1px;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: -1px;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0);<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
.sr-only-focusable:active,<br />
.sr-only-focusable:focus {<br />
position: static;<br />
width: auto;<br />
height: auto;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
overflow: visible;<br />
clip: auto;<br />
}<br />
h1,<br />
h2,<br />
h3,<br />
h4,<br />
h5,<br />
h6,<br />
.h1,<br />
.h2,<br />
.h3,<br />
.h4,<br />
.h5,<br />
.h6 {<br />
font-family: inherit;<br />
font-weight: 300;<br />
line-height: 1.1;<br />
color: inherit;<br />
border-bottom: none;<br />
}<br />
h1 small,<br />
h2 small,<br />
h3 small,<br />
h4 small,<br />
h5 small,<br />
h6 small,<br />
.h1 small,<br />
.h2 small,<br />
.h3 small,<br />
.h4 small,<br />
.h5 small,<br />
.h6 small,<br />
h1 .small,<br />
h2 .small,<br />
h3 .small,<br />
h4 .small,<br />
h5 .small,<br />
h6 .small,<br />
.h1 .small,<br />
.h2 .small,<br />
.h3 .small,<br />
.h4 .small,<br />
.h5 .small,<br />
.h6 .small {<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
line-height: 1;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
h1,<br />
.h1,<br />
h2,<br />
.h2,<br />
h3,<br />
.h3 {<br />
margin-top: 20px;<br />
margin-bottom: 10px;<br />
}<br />
h1 small,<br />
.h1 small,<br />
h2 small,<br />
.h2 small,<br />
h3 small,<br />
.h3 small,<br />
h1 .small,<br />
.h1 .small,<br />
h2 .small,<br />
.h2 .small,<br />
h3 .small,<br />
.h3 .small {<br />
font-size: 65%;<br />
}<br />
h4,<br />
.h4,<br />
h5,<br />
.h5,<br />
h6,<br />
.h6 {<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
margin-bottom: 10px;<br />
}<br />
h4 small,<br />
.h4 small,<br />
h5 small,<br />
.h5 small,<br />
h6 small,<br />
.h6 small,<br />
h4 .small,<br />
.h4 .small,<br />
h5 .small,<br />
.h5 .small,<br />
h6 .small,<br />
.h6 .small {<br />
font-size: 75%;<br />
}<br />
h1,<br />
.h1 {<br />
font-size: 36px;<br />
}<br />
h2,<br />
.h2 {<br />
font-size: 30px;<br />
}<br />
h3,<br />
.h3 {<br />
font-size: 24px;<br />
}<br />
h4,<br />
.h4 {<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
}<br />
h5,<br />
.h5 {<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
}<br />
h6,<br />
.h6 {<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
}<br />
p {<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
}<br />
.lead {<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
font-weight: 300;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.lead {<br />
font-size: 21px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
small,<br />
.small {<br />
font-size: 85%;<br />
}<br />
cite {<br />
font-style: normal;<br />
}<br />
mark,<br />
.mark {<br />
padding: .2em;<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
}<br />
.text-left {<br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
.text-right {<br />
text-align: right;<br />
}<br />
.text-center {<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
.text-justify {<br />
text-align: justify;<br />
}<br />
.text-nowrap {<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
}<br />
.text-lowercase {<br />
text-transform: lowercase;<br />
}<br />
.text-uppercase {<br />
text-transform: uppercase;<br />
}<br />
.text-capitalize {<br />
text-transform: capitalize;<br />
}<br />
.text-muted {<br />
color: rgba(27,118,209, 0.54);<br />
font-size: 90%;<br />
}<br />
.text-primary {<br />
color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
a.text-primary:hover {<br />
color: #3071a9;<br />
}<br />
.text-success {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
a.text-success:hover {<br />
color: #2b542c;<br />
}<br />
.text-info {<br />
color: #31708f;<br />
}<br />
a.text-info:hover {<br />
color: #245269;<br />
}<br />
.text-warning {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
a.text-warning:hover {<br />
color: #66512c;<br />
}<br />
.text-danger {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
a.text-danger:hover {<br />
color: #843534;<br />
}<br />
.bg-primary {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
a.bg-primary:hover {<br />
background-color: #3071a9;<br />
}<br />
.bg-success {<br />
background-color: #dff0d8;<br />
}<br />
a.bg-success:hover {<br />
background-color: #c1e2b3;<br />
}<br />
.bg-info {<br />
background-color: #d9edf7;<br />
}<br />
a.bg-info:hover {<br />
background-color: #afd9ee;<br />
}<br />
.bg-warning {<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
}<br />
a.bg-warning:hover {<br />
background-color: #f7ecb5;<br />
}<br />
.bg-danger {<br />
background-color: #f2dede;<br />
}<br />
a.bg-danger:hover {<br />
background-color: #e4b9b9;<br />
}<br />
.page-header {<br />
padding-bottom: 9px;<br />
margin: 40px 0 20px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #eee;<br />
}<br />
ul,<br />
ol {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 10px;<br />
}<br />
ul ul,<br />
ol ul,<br />
ul ol,<br />
ol ol {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.list-unstyled {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
}<br />
.list-inline {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
margin-left: -5px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
}<br />
.list-inline > li {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
padding-right: 5px;<br />
padding-left: 5px;<br />
}<br />
dl {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
}<br />
dt,<br />
dd {<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
}<br />
dt {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
dd {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.dl-horizontal dt {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 160px;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
clear: left;<br />
text-align: right;<br />
text-overflow: ellipsis;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
}<br />
.dl-horizontal dd {<br />
margin-left: 180px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
abbr[title],<br />
abbr[data-original-title] {<br />
cursor: help;<br />
border-bottom: 1px dotted #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.initialism {<br />
font-size: 90%;<br />
text-transform: uppercase;<br />
}<br />
blockquote {<br />
padding: 10px 20px;<br />
margin: 0 0 20px;<br />
font-size: 17.5px;<br />
border-left: 5px solid #eee;<br />
}<br />
blockquote p:last-child,<br />
blockquote ul:last-child,<br />
blockquote ol:last-child {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
blockquote footer,<br />
blockquote small,<br />
blockquote .small {<br />
display: block;<br />
font-size: 80%;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
blockquote footer:before,<br />
blockquote small:before,<br />
blockquote .small:before {<br />
content: '\2014 \00A0';<br />
}<br />
.blockquote-reverse,<br />
blockquote.pull-right {<br />
padding-right: 15px;<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
text-align: right;<br />
border-right: 5px solid #eee;<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.blockquote-reverse footer:before,<br />
blockquote.pull-right footer:before,<br />
.blockquote-reverse small:before,<br />
blockquote.pull-right small:before,<br />
.blockquote-reverse .small:before,<br />
blockquote.pull-right .small:before {<br />
content: '';<br />
}<br />
.blockquote-reverse footer:after,<br />
blockquote.pull-right footer:after,<br />
.blockquote-reverse small:after,<br />
blockquote.pull-right small:after,<br />
.blockquote-reverse .small:after,<br />
blockquote.pull-right .small:after {<br />
content: '\00A0 \2014';<br />
}<br />
blockquote:before,<br />
blockquote:after {<br />
content: "";<br />
}<br />
address {<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
font-style: normal;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
}<br />
code,<br />
kbd,<br />
pre,<br />
samp {<br />
font-family: Menlo, Monaco, Consolas, "Courier New", monospace;<br />
}<br />
code {<br />
padding: 2px 4px;<br />
font-size: 90%;<br />
color: #c7254e;<br />
background-color: #f9f2f4;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
kbd {<br />
padding: 2px 4px;<br />
font-size: 90%;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #333;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);<br />
}<br />
kbd kbd {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
font-size: 100%;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
pre {<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 9.5px;<br />
margin: 0 0 10px;<br />
font-size: 13px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #333;<br />
word-break: break-all;<br />
word-wrap: break-word;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
border: 1px solid #ccc;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
pre code {<br />
padding: 0;<br />
font-size: inherit;<br />
color: inherit;<br />
white-space: pre-wrap;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.pre-scrollable {<br />
max-height: 340px;<br />
overflow-y: scroll;<br />
}<br />
.container {<br />
padding-right: 15px;<br />
padding-left: 15px;<br />
margin-right: auto;<br />
margin-left: auto;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.container {<br />
width: 750px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 992px) {<br />
.container {<br />
width: 970px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 1200px) {<br />
.container {<br />
width: 1170px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.container-fluid {<br />
padding-right: 15px;<br />
padding-left: 15px;<br />
margin-right: auto;<br />
margin-left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.row {<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
margin-left: -15px;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-1, .col-sm-1, .col-md-1, .col-lg-1, .col-xs-2, .col-sm-2, .col-md-2, .col-lg-2, .col-xs-3, .col-sm-3, .col-md-3, .col-lg-3, .col-xs-4, .col-sm-4, .col-md-4, .col-lg-4, .col-xs-5, .col-sm-5, .col-md-5, .col-lg-5, .col-xs-6, .col-sm-6, .col-md-6, .col-lg-6, .col-xs-7, .col-sm-7, .col-md-7, .col-lg-7, .col-xs-8, .col-sm-8, .col-md-8, .col-lg-8, .col-xs-9, .col-sm-9, .col-md-9, .col-lg-9, .col-xs-10, .col-sm-10, .col-md-10, .col-lg-10, .col-xs-11, .col-sm-11, .col-md-11, .col-lg-11, .col-xs-12, .col-sm-12, .col-md-12, .col-lg-12 {<br />
position: relative;<br />
min-height: 1px;<br />
padding-right: 15px;<br />
padding-left: 15px;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-1, .col-xs-2, .col-xs-3, .col-xs-4, .col-xs-5, .col-xs-6, .col-xs-7, .col-xs-8, .col-xs-9, .col-xs-10, .col-xs-11, .col-xs-12 {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-12 {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-11 {<br />
width: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-10 {<br />
width: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-9 {<br />
width: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-8 {<br />
width: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-7 {<br />
width: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-6 {<br />
width: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-5 {<br />
width: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-4 {<br />
width: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-3 {<br />
width: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-2 {<br />
width: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-1 {<br />
width: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-12 {<br />
right: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-11 {<br />
right: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-10 {<br />
right: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-9 {<br />
right: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-8 {<br />
right: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-7 {<br />
right: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-6 {<br />
right: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-5 {<br />
right: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-4 {<br />
right: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-3 {<br />
right: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-2 {<br />
right: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-1 {<br />
right: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-pull-0 {<br />
right: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-12 {<br />
left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-11 {<br />
left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-10 {<br />
left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-9 {<br />
left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-8 {<br />
left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-7 {<br />
left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-6 {<br />
left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-5 {<br />
left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-4 {<br />
left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-3 {<br />
left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-2 {<br />
left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-1 {<br />
left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-push-0 {<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-12 {<br />
margin-left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-11 {<br />
margin-left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-10 {<br />
margin-left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-9 {<br />
margin-left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-8 {<br />
margin-left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-7 {<br />
margin-left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-6 {<br />
margin-left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-5 {<br />
margin-left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-4 {<br />
margin-left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-3 {<br />
margin-left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-2 {<br />
margin-left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-1 {<br />
margin-left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-xs-offset-0 {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.col-sm-1, .col-sm-2, .col-sm-3, .col-sm-4, .col-sm-5, .col-sm-6, .col-sm-7, .col-sm-8, .col-sm-9, .col-sm-10, .col-sm-11, .col-sm-12 {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-12 {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-11 {<br />
width: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-10 {<br />
width: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-9 {<br />
width: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-8 {<br />
width: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-7 {<br />
width: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-6 {<br />
width: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-5 {<br />
width: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-4 {<br />
width: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-3 {<br />
width: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-2 {<br />
width: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-1 {<br />
width: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-12 {<br />
right: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-11 {<br />
right: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-10 {<br />
right: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-9 {<br />
right: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-8 {<br />
right: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-7 {<br />
right: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-6 {<br />
right: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-5 {<br />
right: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-4 {<br />
right: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-3 {<br />
right: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-2 {<br />
right: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-1 {<br />
right: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-pull-0 {<br />
right: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-12 {<br />
left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-11 {<br />
left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-10 {<br />
left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-9 {<br />
left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-8 {<br />
left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-7 {<br />
left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-6 {<br />
left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-5 {<br />
left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-4 {<br />
left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-3 {<br />
left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-2 {<br />
left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-1 {<br />
left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-push-0 {<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-12 {<br />
margin-left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-11 {<br />
margin-left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-10 {<br />
margin-left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-9 {<br />
margin-left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-8 {<br />
margin-left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-7 {<br />
margin-left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-6 {<br />
margin-left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-5 {<br />
margin-left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-4 {<br />
margin-left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-3 {<br />
margin-left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-2 {<br />
margin-left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-1 {<br />
margin-left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-sm-offset-0 {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 992px) {<br />
.col-md-1, .col-md-2, .col-md-3, .col-md-4, .col-md-5, .col-md-6, .col-md-7, .col-md-8, .col-md-9, .col-md-10, .col-md-11, .col-md-12 {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-12 {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-11 {<br />
width: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-10 {<br />
width: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-9 {<br />
width: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-8 {<br />
width: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-7 {<br />
width: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-6 {<br />
width: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-5 {<br />
width: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-4 {<br />
width: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-3 {<br />
width: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-2 {<br />
width: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-1 {<br />
width: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-12 {<br />
right: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-11 {<br />
right: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-10 {<br />
right: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-9 {<br />
right: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-8 {<br />
right: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-7 {<br />
right: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-6 {<br />
right: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-5 {<br />
right: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-4 {<br />
right: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-3 {<br />
right: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-2 {<br />
right: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-1 {<br />
right: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-pull-0 {<br />
right: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-12 {<br />
left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-11 {<br />
left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-10 {<br />
left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-9 {<br />
left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-8 {<br />
left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-7 {<br />
left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-6 {<br />
left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-5 {<br />
left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-4 {<br />
left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-3 {<br />
left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-2 {<br />
left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-1 {<br />
left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-push-0 {<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-12 {<br />
margin-left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-11 {<br />
margin-left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-10 {<br />
margin-left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-9 {<br />
margin-left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-8 {<br />
margin-left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-7 {<br />
margin-left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-6 {<br />
margin-left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-5 {<br />
margin-left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-4 {<br />
margin-left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-3 {<br />
margin-left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-2 {<br />
margin-left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-1 {<br />
margin-left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-md-offset-0 {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 1200px) {<br />
.col-lg-1, .col-lg-2, .col-lg-3, .col-lg-4, .col-lg-5, .col-lg-6, .col-lg-7, .col-lg-8, .col-lg-9, .col-lg-10, .col-lg-11, .col-lg-12 {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-12 {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-11 {<br />
width: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-10 {<br />
width: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-9 {<br />
width: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-8 {<br />
width: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-7 {<br />
width: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-6 {<br />
width: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-5 {<br />
width: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-4 {<br />
width: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-3 {<br />
width: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-2 {<br />
width: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-1 {<br />
width: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-12 {<br />
right: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-11 {<br />
right: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-10 {<br />
right: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-9 {<br />
right: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-8 {<br />
right: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-7 {<br />
right: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-6 {<br />
right: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-5 {<br />
right: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-4 {<br />
right: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-3 {<br />
right: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-2 {<br />
right: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-1 {<br />
right: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-pull-0 {<br />
right: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-12 {<br />
left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-11 {<br />
left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-10 {<br />
left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-9 {<br />
left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-8 {<br />
left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-7 {<br />
left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-6 {<br />
left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-5 {<br />
left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-4 {<br />
left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-3 {<br />
left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-2 {<br />
left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-1 {<br />
left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-push-0 {<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-12 {<br />
margin-left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-11 {<br />
margin-left: 91.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-10 {<br />
margin-left: 83.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-9 {<br />
margin-left: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-8 {<br />
margin-left: 66.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-7 {<br />
margin-left: 58.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-6 {<br />
margin-left: 50%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-5 {<br />
margin-left: 41.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-4 {<br />
margin-left: 33.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-3 {<br />
margin-left: 25%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-2 {<br />
margin-left: 16.66666667%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-1 {<br />
margin-left: 8.33333333%;<br />
}<br />
.col-lg-offset-0 {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
table {<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
th {<br />
text-align: left;<br />
}<br />
.table {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
max-width: 100%;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > th,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > th,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > th,<br />
.table > thead > tr > td,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > td,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > td {<br />
padding: 8px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
vertical-align: top;<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > th {<br />
vertical-align: bottom;<br />
border-bottom: 2px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.table > caption + thead > tr:first-child > th,<br />
.table > colgroup + thead > tr:first-child > th,<br />
.table > thead:first-child > tr:first-child > th,<br />
.table > caption + thead > tr:first-child > td,<br />
.table > colgroup + thead > tr:first-child > td,<br />
.table > thead:first-child > tr:first-child > td {<br />
border-top: 0;<br />
}<br />
.table > tbody + tbody {<br />
border-top: 2px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.table .table {<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.table-condensed > thead > tr > th,<br />
.table-condensed > tbody > tr > th,<br />
.table-condensed > tfoot > tr > th,<br />
.table-condensed > thead > tr > td,<br />
.table-condensed > tbody > tr > td,<br />
.table-condensed > tfoot > tr > td {<br />
padding: 5px;<br />
}<br />
.table-bordered {<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.table-bordered > thead > tr > th,<br />
.table-bordered > tbody > tr > th,<br />
.table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th,<br />
.table-bordered > thead > tr > td,<br />
.table-bordered > tbody > tr > td,<br />
.table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td {<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.table-bordered > thead > tr > th,<br />
.table-bordered > thead > tr > td {<br />
border-bottom-width: 2px;<br />
}<br />
.table-striped > tbody > tr:nth-child(odd) > td,<br />
.table-striped > tbody > tr:nth-child(odd) > th {<br />
background-color: #f9f9f9;<br />
}<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > td,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > th {<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
}<br />
table col[class*="col-"] {<br />
position: static;<br />
display: table-column;<br />
float: none;<br />
}<br />
table td[class*="col-"],<br />
table th[class*="col-"] {<br />
position: static;<br />
display: table-cell;<br />
float: none;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > td.active,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > td.active,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > td.active,<br />
.table > thead > tr > th.active,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > th.active,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > th.active,<br />
.table > thead > tr.active > td,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.active > td,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.active > td,<br />
.table > thead > tr.active > th,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.active > th,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.active > th {<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
}<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.active:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.active:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.active:hover > td,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .active,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.active:hover > th {<br />
background-color: #e8e8e8;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > td.success,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > td.success,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > td.success,<br />
.table > thead > tr > th.success,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > th.success,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > th.success,<br />
.table > thead > tr.success > td,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.success > td,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.success > td,<br />
.table > thead > tr.success > th,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.success > th,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.success > th {<br />
background-color: #dff0d8;<br />
}<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.success:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.success:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.success:hover > td,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .success,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.success:hover > th {<br />
background-color: #d0e9c6;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > td.info,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > td.info,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > td.info,<br />
.table > thead > tr > th.info,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > th.info,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > th.info,<br />
.table > thead > tr.info > td,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.info > td,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.info > td,<br />
.table > thead > tr.info > th,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.info > th,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.info > th {<br />
background-color: #d9edf7;<br />
}<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.info:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.info:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.info:hover > td,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .info,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.info:hover > th {<br />
background-color: #c4e3f3;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > td.warning,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > td.warning,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > td.warning,<br />
.table > thead > tr > th.warning,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > th.warning,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > th.warning,<br />
.table > thead > tr.warning > td,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.warning > td,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.warning > td,<br />
.table > thead > tr.warning > th,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.warning > th,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.warning > th {<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
}<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.warning:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.warning:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.warning:hover > td,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .warning,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.warning:hover > th {<br />
background-color: #faf2cc;<br />
}<br />
.table > thead > tr > td.danger,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > td.danger,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > td.danger,<br />
.table > thead > tr > th.danger,<br />
.table > tbody > tr > th.danger,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr > th.danger,<br />
.table > thead > tr.danger > td,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.danger > td,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.danger > td,<br />
.table > thead > tr.danger > th,<br />
.table > tbody > tr.danger > th,<br />
.table > tfoot > tr.danger > th {<br />
background-color: #f2dede;<br />
}<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > td.danger:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr > th.danger:hover,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.danger:hover > td,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr:hover > .danger,<br />
.table-hover > tbody > tr.danger:hover > th {<br />
background-color: #ebcccc;<br />
}<br />
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {<br />
.table-responsive {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
overflow-x: auto;<br />
overflow-y: hidden;<br />
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;<br />
-ms-overflow-style: -ms-autohiding-scrollbar;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.table-responsive > .table {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.table-responsive > .table > thead > tr > th,<br />
.table-responsive > .table > tbody > tr > th,<br />
.table-responsive > .table > tfoot > tr > th,<br />
.table-responsive > .table > thead > tr > td,<br />
.table-responsive > .table > tbody > tr > td,<br />
.table-responsive > .table > tfoot > tr > td {<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
}<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered {<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:first-child {<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:last-child {<br />
border-right: 0;<br />
}<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > th,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > th,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > td,<br />
.table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > td {<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
fieldset {<br />
min-width: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
legend {<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
font-size: 21px;<br />
line-height: inherit;<br />
color: #333;<br />
border: 0;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #e5e5e5;<br />
}<br />
label {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
max-width: 100%;<br />
margin-bottom: 5px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
input[type="search"] {<br />
-webkit-box-sizing: border-box;<br />
-moz-box-sizing: border-box;<br />
box-sizing: border-box;<br />
}<br />
input[type="radio"],<br />
input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
margin: 4px 0 0;<br />
margin-top: 1px \9;<br />
line-height: normal;<br />
}<br />
input[type="file"] {<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
input[type="range"] {<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
select[multiple],<br />
select[size] {<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
input[type="file"]:focus,<br />
input[type="radio"]:focus,<br />
input[type="checkbox"]:focus {<br />
outline: thin dotted;<br />
outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;<br />
outline-offset: -2px;<br />
}<br />
output {<br />
display: block;<br />
padding-top: 7px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #555;<br />
}<br />
.form-control {<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
height: 34px;<br />
padding: 6px 12px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #555;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
background-image: none;<br />
border: 1px solid #ccc;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
-webkit-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, -webkit-box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;<br />
-o-transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;<br />
transition: border-color ease-in-out .15s, box-shadow ease-in-out .15s;<br />
}<br />
.form-control:focus {<br />
border-color: #66afe9;<br />
outline: 0;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, .6);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0,0,0,.075), 0 0 8px rgba(102, 175, 233, .6);<br />
}<br />
.form-control::-moz-placeholder {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
opacity: 1;<br />
}<br />
.form-control:-ms-input-placeholder {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.form-control::-webkit-input-placeholder {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.form-control[disabled],<br />
.form-control[readonly],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .form-control {<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
background-color: #eee;<br />
opacity: 1;<br />
}<br />
textarea.form-control {<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
input[type="search"] {<br />
-webkit-appearance: none;<br />
}<br />
input[type="date"],<br />
input[type="time"],<br />
input[type="datetime-local"],<br />
input[type="month"] {<br />
line-height: 34px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143 \0;<br />
}<br />
input[type="date"].input-sm,<br />
input[type="time"].input-sm,<br />
input[type="datetime-local"].input-sm,<br />
input[type="month"].input-sm {<br />
line-height: 30px;<br />
}<br />
input[type="date"].input-lg,<br />
input[type="time"].input-lg,<br />
input[type="datetime-local"].input-lg,<br />
input[type="month"].input-lg {<br />
line-height: 46px;<br />
}<br />
.form-group {<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.radio,<br />
.checkbox {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: block;<br />
min-height: 20px;<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
margin-bottom: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.radio label,<br />
.checkbox label {<br />
padding-left: 20px;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
}<br />
.radio input[type="radio"],<br />
.radio-inline input[type="radio"],<br />
.checkbox input[type="checkbox"],<br />
.checkbox-inline input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
margin-top: 4px \9;<br />
margin-left: -20px;<br />
}<br />
.radio + .radio,<br />
.checkbox + .checkbox {<br />
margin-top: -5px;<br />
}<br />
.radio-inline,<br />
.checkbox-inline {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
padding-left: 20px;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
}<br />
.radio-inline + .radio-inline,<br />
.checkbox-inline + .checkbox-inline {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-left: 10px;<br />
}<br />
input[type="radio"][disabled],<br />
input[type="checkbox"][disabled],<br />
input[type="radio"].disabled,<br />
input[type="checkbox"].disabled,<br />
fieldset[disabled] input[type="radio"],<br />
fieldset[disabled] input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
}<br />
.radio-inline.disabled,<br />
.checkbox-inline.disabled,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .radio-inline,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .checkbox-inline {<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
}<br />
.radio.disabled label,<br />
.checkbox.disabled label,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .radio label,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .checkbox label {<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
}<br />
.form-control-static {<br />
padding-top: 7px;<br />
padding-bottom: 7px;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.form-control-static.input-lg,<br />
.form-control-static.input-sm {<br />
padding-right: 0;<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-sm,<br />
.form-horizontal .form-group-sm .form-control {<br />
height: 30px;<br />
padding: 5px 10px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 1.5;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
select.input-sm {<br />
height: 30px;<br />
line-height: 30px;<br />
}<br />
textarea.input-sm,<br />
select[multiple].input-sm {<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
.input-lg,<br />
.form-horizontal .form-group-lg .form-control {<br />
height: 46px;<br />
padding: 10px 16px;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
line-height: 1.33;<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
select.input-lg {<br />
height: 46px;<br />
line-height: 46px;<br />
}<br />
textarea.input-lg,<br />
select[multiple].input-lg {<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
.has-feedback {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
.has-feedback .form-control {<br />
padding-right: 42.5px;<br />
}<br />
.form-control-feedback {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 25px;<br />
right: 0;<br />
z-index: 2;<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 34px;<br />
height: 34px;<br />
line-height: 34px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
.input-lg + .form-control-feedback {<br />
width: 46px;<br />
height: 46px;<br />
line-height: 46px;<br />
}<br />
.input-sm + .form-control-feedback {<br />
width: 30px;<br />
height: 30px;<br />
line-height: 30px;<br />
}<br />
.has-success .help-block,<br />
.has-success .control-label,<br />
.has-success .radio,<br />
.has-success .checkbox,<br />
.has-success .radio-inline,<br />
.has-success .checkbox-inline {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
.has-success .form-control {<br />
border-color: #3c763d;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
}<br />
.has-success .form-control:focus {<br />
border-color: #2b542c;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 6px #67b168;<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 6px #67b168;<br />
}<br />
.has-success .input-group-addon {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
background-color: #dff0d8;<br />
border-color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
.has-success .form-control-feedback {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
.has-warning .help-block,<br />
.has-warning .control-label,<br />
.has-warning .radio,<br />
.has-warning .checkbox,<br />
.has-warning .radio-inline,<br />
.has-warning .checkbox-inline {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
.has-warning .form-control {<br />
border-color: #8a6d3b;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
}<br />
.has-warning .form-control:focus {<br />
border-color: #66512c;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 6px #c0a16b;<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 6px #c0a16b;<br />
}<br />
.has-warning .input-group-addon {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
border-color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
.has-warning .form-control-feedback {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
.has-error .help-block,<br />
.has-error .control-label,<br />
.has-error .radio,<br />
.has-error .checkbox,<br />
.has-error .radio-inline,<br />
.has-error .checkbox-inline {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
.has-error .form-control {<br />
border-color: #a94442;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075);<br />
}<br />
.has-error .form-control:focus {<br />
border-color: #843534;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 6px #ce8483;<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .075), 0 0 6px #ce8483;<br />
}<br />
.has-error .input-group-addon {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
background-color: #f2dede;<br />
border-color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
.has-error .form-control-feedback {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
.has-feedback label.sr-only ~ .form-control-feedback {<br />
top: 0;<br />
}<br />
.help-block {<br />
display: block;<br />
margin-top: 5px;<br />
margin-bottom: 10px;<br />
color: #737373;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.form-inline .form-group {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .form-control {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
width: auto;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .input-group {<br />
display: inline-table;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .input-group .input-group-addon,<br />
.form-inline .input-group .input-group-btn,<br />
.form-inline .input-group .form-control {<br />
width: auto;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .input-group > .form-control {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .control-label {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .radio,<br />
.form-inline .checkbox {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .radio label,<br />
.form-inline .checkbox label {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .radio input[type="radio"],<br />
.form-inline .checkbox input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
position: relative;<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.form-inline .has-feedback .form-control-feedback {<br />
top: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.form-horizontal .radio,<br />
.form-horizontal .checkbox,<br />
.form-horizontal .radio-inline,<br />
.form-horizontal .checkbox-inline {<br />
padding-top: 7px;<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.form-horizontal .radio,<br />
.form-horizontal .checkbox {<br />
min-height: 27px;<br />
}<br />
.form-horizontal .form-group {<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
margin-left: -15px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.form-horizontal .control-label {<br />
padding-top: 7px;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
text-align: right;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.form-horizontal .has-feedback .form-control-feedback {<br />
top: 0;<br />
right: 15px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.form-horizontal .form-group-lg .control-label {<br />
padding-top: 14.3px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.form-horizontal .form-group-sm .control-label {<br />
padding-top: 6px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.btn {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
padding: 6px 12px;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
-webkit-user-select: none;<br />
-moz-user-select: none;<br />
-ms-user-select: none;<br />
user-select: none;<br />
background-image: none;<br />
border: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.btn:focus,<br />
.btn:active:focus,<br />
.btn.active:focus {<br />
outline: thin dotted;<br />
outline: 5px auto -webkit-focus-ring-color;<br />
outline-offset: -2px;<br />
}<br />
.btn:hover,<br />
.btn:focus {<br />
color: #333;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn:active,<br />
.btn.active {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
outline: 0;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .125);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .125);<br />
}<br />
.btn.disabled,<br />
.btn[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn {<br />
pointer-events: none;<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=65);<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
opacity: .65;<br />
}<br />
.btn-default {<br />
color: #333;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border-color: #ccc;<br />
}<br />
.btn-default:hover,<br />
.btn-default:focus,<br />
.btn-default:active,<br />
.btn-default.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default {<br />
color: #333;<br />
background-color: #e6e6e6;<br />
border-color: #adadad;<br />
}<br />
.btn-default:active,<br />
.btn-default.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-default {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-default.disabled,<br />
.btn-default[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default,<br />
.btn-default.disabled:hover,<br />
.btn-default[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default:hover,<br />
.btn-default.disabled:focus,<br />
.btn-default[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default:focus,<br />
.btn-default.disabled:active,<br />
.btn-default[disabled]:active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default:active,<br />
.btn-default.disabled.active,<br />
.btn-default[disabled].active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-default.active {<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border-color: #ccc;<br />
}<br />
.btn-default .badge {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.btn-primary {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
border-color: #357ebd;<br />
}<br />
.btn-primary:hover,<br />
.btn-primary:focus,<br />
.btn-primary:active,<br />
.btn-primary.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #3071a9;<br />
border-color: #285e8e;<br />
}<br />
.btn-primary:active,<br />
.btn-primary.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-primary {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-primary.disabled,<br />
.btn-primary[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary,<br />
.btn-primary.disabled:hover,<br />
.btn-primary[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:hover,<br />
.btn-primary.disabled:focus,<br />
.btn-primary[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:focus,<br />
.btn-primary.disabled:active,<br />
.btn-primary[disabled]:active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary:active,<br />
.btn-primary.disabled.active,<br />
.btn-primary[disabled].active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-primary.active {<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
border-color: #357ebd;<br />
}<br />
.btn-primary .badge {<br />
color: #428bca;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.btn-success {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #5cb85c;<br />
border-color: #4cae4c;<br />
}<br />
.btn-success:hover,<br />
.btn-success:focus,<br />
.btn-success:active,<br />
.btn-success.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #449d44;<br />
border-color: #398439;<br />
}<br />
.btn-success:active,<br />
.btn-success.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-success {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-success.disabled,<br />
.btn-success[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success,<br />
.btn-success.disabled:hover,<br />
.btn-success[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success:hover,<br />
.btn-success.disabled:focus,<br />
.btn-success[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success:focus,<br />
.btn-success.disabled:active,<br />
.btn-success[disabled]:active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success:active,<br />
.btn-success.disabled.active,<br />
.btn-success[disabled].active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-success.active {<br />
background-color: #5cb85c;<br />
border-color: #4cae4c;<br />
}<br />
.btn-success .badge {<br />
color: #5cb85c;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.btn-info {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #5bc0de;<br />
border-color: #46b8da;<br />
}<br />
.btn-info:hover,<br />
.btn-info:focus,<br />
.btn-info:active,<br />
.btn-info.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #31b0d5;<br />
border-color: #269abc;<br />
}<br />
.btn-info:active,<br />
.btn-info.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-info {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-info.disabled,<br />
.btn-info[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info,<br />
.btn-info.disabled:hover,<br />
.btn-info[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info:hover,<br />
.btn-info.disabled:focus,<br />
.btn-info[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info:focus,<br />
.btn-info.disabled:active,<br />
.btn-info[disabled]:active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info:active,<br />
.btn-info.disabled.active,<br />
.btn-info[disabled].active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-info.active {<br />
background-color: #5bc0de;<br />
border-color: #46b8da;<br />
}<br />
.btn-info .badge {<br />
color: #5bc0de;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.btn-warning {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #f0ad4e;<br />
border-color: #eea236;<br />
}<br />
.btn-warning:hover,<br />
.btn-warning:focus,<br />
.btn-warning:active,<br />
.btn-warning.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #ec971f;<br />
border-color: #d58512;<br />
}<br />
.btn-warning:active,<br />
.btn-warning.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-warning {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-warning.disabled,<br />
.btn-warning[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning,<br />
.btn-warning.disabled:hover,<br />
.btn-warning[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning:hover,<br />
.btn-warning.disabled:focus,<br />
.btn-warning[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning:focus,<br />
.btn-warning.disabled:active,<br />
.btn-warning[disabled]:active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning:active,<br />
.btn-warning.disabled.active,<br />
.btn-warning[disabled].active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-warning.active {<br />
background-color: #f0ad4e;<br />
border-color: #eea236;<br />
}<br />
.btn-warning .badge {<br />
color: #f0ad4e;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.btn-danger {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #d9534f;<br />
border-color: #d43f3a;<br />
}<br />
.btn-danger:hover,<br />
.btn-danger:focus,<br />
.btn-danger:active,<br />
.btn-danger.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #c9302c;<br />
border-color: #ac2925;<br />
}<br />
.btn-danger:active,<br />
.btn-danger.active,<br />
.open > .dropdown-toggle.btn-danger {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-danger.disabled,<br />
.btn-danger[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger,<br />
.btn-danger.disabled:hover,<br />
.btn-danger[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger:hover,<br />
.btn-danger.disabled:focus,<br />
.btn-danger[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger:focus,<br />
.btn-danger.disabled:active,<br />
.btn-danger[disabled]:active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger:active,<br />
.btn-danger.disabled.active,<br />
.btn-danger[disabled].active,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-danger.active {<br />
background-color: #d9534f;<br />
border-color: #d43f3a;<br />
}<br />
.btn-danger .badge {<br />
color: #d9534f;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.btn-link {<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
color: #428bca;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-link,<br />
.btn-link:active,<br />
.btn-link[disabled],<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-link {<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-link,<br />
.btn-link:hover,<br />
.btn-link:focus,<br />
.btn-link:active {<br />
border-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.btn-link:hover,<br />
.btn-link:focus {<br />
color: #2a6496;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.btn-link[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-link:hover,<br />
.btn-link[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .btn-link:focus {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-lg,<br />
.btn-group-lg > .btn {<br />
padding: 10px 16px;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
line-height: 1.33;<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-sm,<br />
.btn-group-sm > .btn {<br />
padding: 5px 10px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 1.5;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-xs,<br />
.btn-group-xs > .btn {<br />
padding: 1px 5px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 1.5;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-block {<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.btn-block + .btn-block {<br />
margin-top: 5px;<br />
}<br />
input[type="submit"].btn-block,<br />
input[type="reset"].btn-block,<br />
input[type="button"].btn-block {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.fade {<br />
opacity: 0;<br />
-webkit-transition: opacity .15s linear;<br />
-o-transition: opacity .15s linear;<br />
transition: opacity .15s linear;<br />
}<br />
.fade.in {<br />
opacity: 1;<br />
}<br />
.collapse {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
.collapse.in {<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
tr.collapse.in {<br />
display: table-row;<br />
}<br />
tbody.collapse.in {<br />
display: table-row-group;<br />
}<br />
.collapsing {<br />
position: relative;<br />
height: 0;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
-webkit-transition: height .35s ease;<br />
-o-transition: height .35s ease;<br />
transition: height .35s ease;<br />
}<br />
.caret {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
width: 0;<br />
height: 0;<br />
margin-left: 2px;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
border-top: 4px solid;<br />
border-right: 4px solid transparent;<br />
border-left: 4px solid transparent;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-toggle:focus {<br />
outline: 0;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 100%;<br />
left: 0;<br />
z-index: 1000;<br />
display: none;<br />
float: left;<br />
min-width: 200px;<br />
margin: 2px 0 0;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
background-color: #231F20;<br />
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box;<br />
background-clip: padding-box;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);<br />
box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0, 0, 0, .175);<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu.pull-right {<br />
right: 0;<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu .divider {<br />
height: 1px;<br />
margin: 9px 0;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
background-color: #e5e5e5;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu > li > a {<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 0px 20px;<br />
clear: both;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,<br />
.dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {<br />
color: #262626;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu > .active > a,<br />
.dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,<br />
.dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus {<br />
color: #262626;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a,<br />
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
background-image: none;<br />
filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(enabled = false);<br />
}<br />
.open > .dropdown-menu {<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
.open > a {<br />
outline: 0;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu-right {<br />
right: 0;<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-menu-left {<br />
right: auto;<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-header {<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 3px 20px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
}<br />
.dropdown-backdrop {<br />
position: fixed;<br />
top: 0;<br />
right: 0;<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
z-index: 990;<br />
}<br />
.pull-right > .dropdown-menu {<br />
right: 0;<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.dropup .caret,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .caret {<br />
content: "";<br />
border-top: 0;<br />
border-bottom: 4px solid;<br />
}<br />
.dropup .dropdown-menu,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom .dropdown .dropdown-menu {<br />
top: auto;<br />
bottom: 100%;<br />
margin-bottom: 1px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-right .dropdown-menu {<br />
right: 0;<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-right .dropdown-menu-left {<br />
right: auto;<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.btn-group,<br />
.btn-group-vertical {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn {<br />
position: relative;<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn:hover,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:hover,<br />
.btn-group > .btn:focus,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:focus,<br />
.btn-group > .btn:active,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:active,<br />
.btn-group > .btn.active,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn.active {<br />
z-index: 2;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn:focus,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:focus {<br />
outline: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group .btn + .btn,<br />
.btn-group .btn + .btn-group,<br />
.btn-group .btn-group + .btn,<br />
.btn-group .btn-group + .btn-group {<br />
margin-left: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-toolbar {<br />
margin-left: -5px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-toolbar .btn-group,<br />
.btn-toolbar .input-group {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.btn-toolbar > .btn,<br />
.btn-toolbar > .btn-group,<br />
.btn-toolbar > .input-group {<br />
margin-left: 5px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle) {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn:first-child {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn:first-child:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle) {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn:last-child:not(:first-child),<br />
.btn-group > .dropdown-toggle:not(:first-child) {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn-group {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn-group:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) > .btn {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn-group:first-child > .btn:last-child,<br />
.btn-group > .btn-group:first-child > .dropdown-toggle {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn-group:last-child > .btn:first-child {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group .dropdown-toggle:active,<br />
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle {<br />
outline: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn + .dropdown-toggle {<br />
padding-right: 8px;<br />
padding-left: 8px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group > .btn-lg + .dropdown-toggle {<br />
padding-right: 12px;<br />
padding-left: 12px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle {<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .125);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 3px 5px rgba(0, 0, 0, .125);<br />
}<br />
.btn-group.open .dropdown-toggle.btn-link {<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn .caret {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-lg .caret {<br />
border-width: 5px 5px 0;<br />
border-bottom-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.dropup .btn-lg .caret {<br />
border-width: 0 5px 5px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group > .btn {<br />
display: block;<br />
float: none;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
max-width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group > .btn {<br />
float: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn + .btn,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn + .btn-group,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group + .btn,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group + .btn-group {<br />
margin-top: -1px;<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:first-child:not(:last-child) {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 4px;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn:last-child:not(:first-child) {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) > .btn {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) > .btn:last-child,<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:first-child:not(:last-child) > .dropdown-toggle {<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-vertical > .btn-group:last-child:not(:first-child) > .btn:first-child {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-justified {<br />
display: table;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
table-layout: fixed;<br />
border-collapse: separate;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-justified > .btn,<br />
.btn-group-justified > .btn-group {<br />
display: table-cell;<br />
float: none;<br />
width: 1%;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-justified > .btn-group .btn {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.btn-group-justified > .btn-group .dropdown-menu {<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
[data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn > input[type="radio"],<br />
[data-toggle="buttons"] > .btn > input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
z-index: -1;<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=0);<br />
opacity: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: table;<br />
border-collapse: separate;<br />
}<br />
.input-group[class*="col-"] {<br />
float: none;<br />
padding-right: 0;<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group .form-control {<br />
position: relative;<br />
z-index: 2;<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-lg > .form-control,<br />
.input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,<br />
.input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
height: 46px;<br />
padding: 10px 16px;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
line-height: 1.33;<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
select.input-group-lg > .form-control,<br />
select.input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,<br />
select.input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
height: 46px;<br />
line-height: 46px;<br />
}<br />
textarea.input-group-lg > .form-control,<br />
textarea.input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,<br />
textarea.input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn,<br />
select[multiple].input-group-lg > .form-control,<br />
select[multiple].input-group-lg > .input-group-addon,<br />
select[multiple].input-group-lg > .input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-sm > .form-control,<br />
.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,<br />
.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
height: 30px;<br />
padding: 5px 10px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 1.5;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
select.input-group-sm > .form-control,<br />
select.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,<br />
select.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
height: 30px;<br />
line-height: 30px;<br />
}<br />
textarea.input-group-sm > .form-control,<br />
textarea.input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,<br />
textarea.input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn,<br />
select[multiple].input-group-sm > .form-control,<br />
select[multiple].input-group-sm > .input-group-addon,<br />
select[multiple].input-group-sm > .input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
height: auto;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon,<br />
.input-group-btn,<br />
.input-group .form-control {<br />
display: table-cell;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon:not(:first-child):not(:last-child),<br />
.input-group-btn:not(:first-child):not(:last-child),<br />
.input-group .form-control:not(:first-child):not(:last-child) {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon,<br />
.input-group-btn {<br />
width: 1%;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon {<br />
padding: 6px 12px;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
line-height: 1;<br />
color: #555;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
background-color: #eee;<br />
border: 1px solid #ccc;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon.input-sm {<br />
padding: 5px 10px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon.input-lg {<br />
padding: 10px 16px;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon input[type="radio"],<br />
.input-group-addon input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group .form-control:first-child,<br />
.input-group-addon:first-child,<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn,<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group > .btn,<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .dropdown-toggle,<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn:not(:last-child):not(.dropdown-toggle),<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group:not(:last-child) > .btn {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon:first-child {<br />
border-right: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group .form-control:last-child,<br />
.input-group-addon:last-child,<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn,<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group > .btn,<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .dropdown-toggle,<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn:not(:first-child),<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group:not(:first-child) > .btn {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-addon:last-child {<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-btn {<br />
position: relative;<br />
font-size: 0;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-btn > .btn {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-btn > .btn + .btn {<br />
margin-left: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-btn > .btn:hover,<br />
.input-group-btn > .btn:focus,<br />
.input-group-btn > .btn:active {<br />
z-index: 2;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn,<br />
.input-group-btn:first-child > .btn-group {<br />
margin-right: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn,<br />
.input-group-btn:last-child > .btn-group {<br />
margin-left: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.nav {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
}<br />
.nav > li {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
.nav > li > a {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 10px 15px;<br />
}<br />
.nav > li > a:hover,<br />
.nav > li > a:focus {<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
.nav > li.disabled > a {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.nav > li.disabled > a:hover,<br />
.nav > li.disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.nav .open > a,<br />
.nav .open > a:hover,<br />
.nav .open > a:focus {<br />
}<br />
.nav .nav-divider {<br />
height: 1px;<br />
margin: 9px 0;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
background-color: #e5e5e5;<br />
}<br />
.nav > li > a > img {<br />
max-width: none;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs > li {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-bottom: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs > li > a {<br />
margin-right: 2px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
border: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs > li > a:hover {<br />
border-color: #eee #eee #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs > li.active > a,<br />
.nav-tabs > li.active > a:hover,<br />
.nav-tabs > li.active > a:focus {<br />
color: #555;<br />
cursor: default;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-bottom-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li {<br />
float: none;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {<br />
margin-bottom: 5px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .dropdown .dropdown-menu {<br />
top: auto;<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li {<br />
display: table-cell;<br />
width: 1%;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {<br />
margin-right: 0;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a,<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:hover,<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:focus {<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > li > a {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a,<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:hover,<br />
.nav-tabs.nav-justified > .active > a:focus {<br />
border-bottom-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.nav-pills > li {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.nav-pills > li > a {<br />
border-radius: 0px;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
font-weight: 600;<br />
}<br />
.nav-pills > li + li {<br />
margin-left: 2px;<br />
}<br />
.nav-pills > li.active > a,<br />
.nav-pills > li.active > a:hover,<br />
.nav-pills > li.active > a:focus {<br />
color: #231F20;<br />
}<br />
.nav-stacked > li {<br />
float: none;<br />
}<br />
.nav-stacked > li + li {<br />
margin-top: 2px;<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.nav-justified {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.nav-justified > li {<br />
float: none;<br />
}<br />
.nav-justified > li > a {<br />
margin-bottom: 5px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
.nav-justified > .dropdown .dropdown-menu {<br />
top: auto;<br />
left: auto;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.nav-justified > li {<br />
display: table-cell;<br />
width: 1%;<br />
}<br />
.nav-justified > li > a {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs-justified {<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > li > a {<br />
margin-right: 0;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a,<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:hover,<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:focus {<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > li > a {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-radius: 4px 4px 0 0;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a,<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:hover,<br />
.nav-tabs-justified > .active > a:focus {<br />
border-bottom-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.tab-content > .tab-pane {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
.tab-content > .active {<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
.nav-tabs .dropdown-menu {<br />
margin-top: -1px;<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar {<br />
position: relative;<br />
font-size: 22px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar {<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-header {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-collapse {<br />
padding-right: 15px;<br />
padding-left: 15px;<br />
overflow-x: visible;<br />
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;<br />
border-top: 1px solid transparent;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);<br />
}<br />
.navbar-collapse.in {<br />
overflow-y: auto;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-collapse {<br />
width: auto;<br />
border-top: 0;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-collapse.collapse {<br />
display: block !important;<br />
height: auto !important;<br />
padding-bottom: 0;<br />
overflow: visible !important;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-collapse.in {<br />
overflow-y: visible;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-fixed-top .navbar-collapse,<br />
.navbar-static-top .navbar-collapse,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-collapse {<br />
padding-right: 0;<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-fixed-top .navbar-collapse,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-collapse {<br />
max-height: 340px;<br />
}<br />
@media (max-width: 480px) and (orientation: landscape) {<br />
.navbar-fixed-top .navbar-collapse,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-collapse {<br />
max-height: 200px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.container > .navbar-header,<br />
.container-fluid > .navbar-header,<br />
.container > .navbar-collapse,<br />
.container-fluid > .navbar-collapse {<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
margin-left: -15px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.container > .navbar-header,<br />
.container-fluid > .navbar-header,<br />
.container > .navbar-collapse,<br />
.container-fluid > .navbar-collapse {<br />
margin-right: 0;<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-static-top {<br />
z-index: 1000;<br />
border-width: 0 0 1px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-static-top {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-fixed-top,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom {<br />
position: fixed;<br />
right: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
z-index: 1030;<br />
-webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);<br />
-o-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);<br />
transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-fixed-top,<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom {<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-fixed-top {<br />
top: 0;<br />
border-width: 0 0 1px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom {<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
border-width: 1px 0 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-brand {<br />
float: left;<br />
height: 50px;<br />
padding: 15px 15px;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-brand:hover,<br />
.navbar-brand:focus {<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar > .container .navbar-brand,<br />
.navbar > .container-fluid .navbar-brand {<br />
margin-left: -15px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-toggle {<br />
position: relative;<br />
float: right;<br />
padding: 9px 10px;<br />
margin-top: 8px;<br />
margin-right: 15px;<br />
margin-bottom: 8px;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
background-image: none;<br />
border: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-toggle:focus {<br />
outline: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-toggle .icon-bar {<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 22px;<br />
height: 2px;<br />
border-radius: 1px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-toggle .icon-bar + .icon-bar {<br />
margin-top: 4px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-toggle {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav {<br />
margin: 7.5px -15px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav > li > a {<br />
padding-top: 10px;<br />
padding-bottom: 10px;<br />
line-height: 39px;<br />
width: 200px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
}<br />
@media (max-width: 767px) {<br />
.navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu {<br />
position: static;<br />
float: none;<br />
width: auto;<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
border: 0;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a,<br />
.navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu .dropdown-header {<br />
padding: 5px 15px 5px 25px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a {<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {<br />
background-image: none;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-nav {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav > li {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav > li > a {<br />
padding-top: 15px;<br />
padding-bottom: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav.navbar-right:last-child {<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-left {<br />
float: left !important;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-right {<br />
float: right !important;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form {<br />
padding: 10px 15px;<br />
margin-top: 8px;<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
margin-bottom: 8px;<br />
margin-left: -15px;<br />
border-top: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .1), 0 1px 0 rgba(255, 255, 255, .1);<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-form .form-group {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .form-control {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
width: auto;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .input-group {<br />
display: inline-table;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .input-group .input-group-addon,<br />
.navbar-form .input-group .input-group-btn,<br />
.navbar-form .input-group .form-control {<br />
width: auto;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .input-group > .form-control {<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .control-label {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .radio,<br />
.navbar-form .checkbox {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
vertical-align: middle;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .radio label,<br />
.navbar-form .checkbox label {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .radio input[type="radio"],<br />
.navbar-form .checkbox input[type="checkbox"] {<br />
position: relative;<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form .has-feedback .form-control-feedback {<br />
top: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (max-width: 767px) {<br />
.navbar-form .form-group {<br />
margin-bottom: 5px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-form {<br />
width: auto;<br />
padding-top: 0;<br />
padding-bottom: 0;<br />
margin-right: 0;<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
border: 0;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-form.navbar-right:last-child {<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 0;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-fixed-bottom .navbar-nav > li > .dropdown-menu {<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 0;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-btn {<br />
margin-top: 8px;<br />
margin-bottom: 8px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-btn.btn-sm {<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
margin-bottom: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-btn.btn-xs {<br />
margin-top: 14px;<br />
margin-bottom: 14px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-text {<br />
margin-top: 15px;<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.navbar-text {<br />
float: left;<br />
margin-right: 15px;<br />
margin-left: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-text.navbar-right:last-child {<br />
margin-right: 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default {<br />
background-color: #231F20;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-brand {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-brand:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-brand:focus {<br />
color: #5e5e5e;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-text {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > li > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
/*text-shadow: 2px 2px 3px;*/<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .active > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
/*text-shadow: 2px 2px 3px;*/<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .disabled > a,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #ccc;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle {<br />
border-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle:focus {<br />
background-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {<br />
background-color: #888;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-collapse,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-form {<br />
border-color: #e7e7e7;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
/*text-shadow: 2px 2px 3px;*/<br />
}<br />
@media (max-width: 767px) {<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {<br />
color: #333;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus {<br />
color: #555;<br />
background-color: #e7e7e7;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #ccc;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-link {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .navbar-link:hover {<br />
color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .btn-link {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .btn-link:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .btn-link:focus {<br />
color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-default .btn-link[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-default .btn-link:hover,<br />
.navbar-default .btn-link[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-default .btn-link:focus {<br />
color: #ccc;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse {<br />
background-color: #222;<br />
border-color: #080808;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-brand {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-brand:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-brand:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-text {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > li > a {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > li > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > li > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .active > a,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .active > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .active > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #080808;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .disabled > a,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #444;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle {<br />
border-color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle:focus {<br />
background-color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-toggle .icon-bar {<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-collapse,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-form {<br />
border-color: #101010;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .open > a,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .open > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav > .open > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #080808;<br />
}<br />
@media (max-width: 767px) {<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .dropdown-header {<br />
border-color: #080808;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu .divider {<br />
background-color: #080808;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > li > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .active > a:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #080808;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-nav .open .dropdown-menu > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #444;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-link {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .navbar-link:hover {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .btn-link {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .btn-link:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .btn-link:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.navbar-inverse .btn-link[disabled]:hover,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-inverse .btn-link:hover,<br />
.navbar-inverse .btn-link[disabled]:focus,<br />
fieldset[disabled] .navbar-inverse .btn-link:focus {<br />
color: #444;<br />
}<br />
.breadcrumb {<br />
padding: 8px 15px;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.breadcrumb > li {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
}<br />
.breadcrumb > li + li:before {<br />
padding: 0 5px;<br />
color: #ccc;<br />
content: "/\00a0";<br />
}<br />
.breadcrumb > .active {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.pagination {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
margin: 20px 0;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > li {<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > li > a,<br />
.pagination > li > span {<br />
position: relative;<br />
float: left;<br />
padding: 6px 12px;<br />
margin-left: -1px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
color: #428bca;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > li:first-child > a,<br />
.pagination > li:first-child > span {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
border-top-left-radius: 4px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > li:last-child > a,<br />
.pagination > li:last-child > span {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 4px;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > li > a:hover,<br />
.pagination > li > span:hover,<br />
.pagination > li > a:focus,<br />
.pagination > li > span:focus {<br />
color: #2a6496;<br />
background-color: #eee;<br />
border-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > .active > a,<br />
.pagination > .active > span,<br />
.pagination > .active > a:hover,<br />
.pagination > .active > span:hover,<br />
.pagination > .active > a:focus,<br />
.pagination > .active > span:focus {<br />
z-index: 2;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
cursor: default;<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
border-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.pagination > .disabled > span,<br />
.pagination > .disabled > span:hover,<br />
.pagination > .disabled > span:focus,<br />
.pagination > .disabled > a,<br />
.pagination > .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.pagination > .disabled > a:focus {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.pagination-lg > li > a,<br />
.pagination-lg > li > span {<br />
padding: 10px 16px;<br />
font-size: 18px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination-lg > li:first-child > a,<br />
.pagination-lg > li:first-child > span {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 6px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination-lg > li:last-child > a,<br />
.pagination-lg > li:last-child > span {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 6px;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination-sm > li > a,<br />
.pagination-sm > li > span {<br />
padding: 5px 10px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination-sm > li:first-child > a,<br />
.pagination-sm > li:first-child > span {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 3px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.pagination-sm > li:last-child > a,<br />
.pagination-sm > li:last-child > span {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 3px;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.pager {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
margin: 20px 0;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
}<br />
.pager li {<br />
display: inline;<br />
}<br />
.pager li > a,<br />
.pager li > span {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
padding: 5px 14px;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-radius: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.pager li > a:hover,<br />
.pager li > a:focus {<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: #eee;<br />
}<br />
.pager .next > a,<br />
.pager .next > span {<br />
float: right;<br />
}<br />
.pager .previous > a,<br />
.pager .previous > span {<br />
float: left;<br />
}<br />
.pager .disabled > a,<br />
.pager .disabled > a:hover,<br />
.pager .disabled > a:focus,<br />
.pager .disabled > span {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
cursor: not-allowed;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.label {<br />
display: inline;<br />
padding: .2em .6em .3em;<br />
font-size: 75%;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
line-height: 1;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
vertical-align: baseline;<br />
border-radius: .25em;<br />
}<br />
a.label:hover,<br />
a.label:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
}<br />
.label:empty {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn .label {<br />
position: relative;<br />
top: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.label-default {<br />
background-color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.label-default[href]:hover,<br />
.label-default[href]:focus {<br />
background-color: #5e5e5e;<br />
}<br />
.label-primary {<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.label-primary[href]:hover,<br />
.label-primary[href]:focus {<br />
background-color: #3071a9;<br />
}<br />
.label-success {<br />
background-color: #5cb85c;<br />
}<br />
.label-success[href]:hover,<br />
.label-success[href]:focus {<br />
background-color: #449d44;<br />
}<br />
.label-info {<br />
background-color: #5bc0de;<br />
}<br />
.label-info[href]:hover,<br />
.label-info[href]:focus {<br />
background-color: #31b0d5;<br />
}<br />
.label-warning {<br />
background-color: #f0ad4e;<br />
}<br />
.label-warning[href]:hover,<br />
.label-warning[href]:focus {<br />
background-color: #ec971f;<br />
}<br />
.label-danger {<br />
background-color: #d9534f;<br />
}<br />
.label-danger[href]:hover,<br />
.label-danger[href]:focus {<br />
background-color: #c9302c;<br />
}<br />
.badge {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
min-width: 10px;<br />
padding: 3px 7px;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
line-height: 1;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
white-space: nowrap;<br />
vertical-align: baseline;<br />
background-color: #B5B5B5;<br />
border-radius: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.badge:empty {<br />
display: none;<br />
}<br />
.btn .badge {<br />
position: relative;<br />
top: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.btn-xs .badge {<br />
top: 0;<br />
padding: 1px 5px;<br />
}<br />
a.badge:hover,<br />
a.badge:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item.active > .badge,<br />
.nav-pills > .active > a > .badge {<br />
color: #428bca;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.nav-pills > li > a > .badge {<br />
margin-left: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.jumbotron {<br />
padding: 30px;<br />
max-height: 180px;<br />
//margin-bottom: 30px;<br />
color: inherit;<br />
background-image: url("https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f8/Cornell_background.png");<br />
background-position: center;<br />
}<br />
.jumbotron h1,<br />
.jumbotron .h1 {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
margin-top: 25px;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
font-size: 73px;<br />
font-family: Calibri;<br />
}<br />
.jumbotron p {<br />
margin-bottom: 15px;<br />
font-size: 21px;<br />
font-weight: 200;<br />
}<br />
.jumbotron > hr {<br />
border-top-color: #d5d5d5;<br />
}<br />
.container .jumbotron {<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.jumbotron .container {<br />
max-width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.jumbotron {<br />
//padding-top: 108px;<br />
padding-bottom: 50px;<br />
}<br />
.container .jumbotron {<br />
padding-right: 60px;<br />
padding-left: 60px;<br />
}<br />
.jumbotron h1,<br />
.jumbotron .h1 {<br />
font-size: 63px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbnail {<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 4px;<br />
margin-top: 30px;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
line-height: 1.42857143;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
-webkit-transition: all .2s ease-in-out;<br />
-o-transition: all .2s ease-in-out;<br />
transition: all .2s ease-in-out;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbnail > img,<br />
.thumbnail a > img {<br />
margin-right: auto;<br />
margin-left: auto;<br />
}<br />
a.thumbnail:hover,<br />
a.thumbnail:focus,<br />
a.thumbnail.active {<br />
border-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.thumbnail .caption {<br />
padding: 9px;<br />
color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.alert {<br />
padding: 15px;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
border: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.alert h4 {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.alert .alert-link {<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
}<br />
.alert > p,<br />
.alert > ul {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.alert > p + p {<br />
margin-top: 5px;<br />
}<br />
.alert-dismissable,<br />
.alert-dismissible {<br />
padding-right: 35px;<br />
}<br />
.alert-dismissable .close,<br />
.alert-dismissible .close {<br />
position: relative;<br />
top: -2px;<br />
right: -21px;<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.alert-success {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
background-color: #dff0d8;<br />
border-color: #d6e9c6;<br />
}<br />
.alert-success hr {<br />
border-top-color: #c9e2b3;<br />
}<br />
.alert-success .alert-link {<br />
color: #2b542c;<br />
}<br />
.alert-info {<br />
color: #31708f;<br />
background-color: #d9edf7;<br />
border-color: #bce8f1;<br />
}<br />
.alert-info hr {<br />
border-top-color: #a6e1ec;<br />
}<br />
.alert-info .alert-link {<br />
color: #245269;<br />
}<br />
.alert-warning {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
border-color: #faebcc;<br />
}<br />
.alert-warning hr {<br />
border-top-color: #f7e1b5;<br />
}<br />
.alert-warning .alert-link {<br />
color: #66512c;<br />
}<br />
.alert-danger {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
background-color: #f2dede;<br />
border-color: #ebccd1;<br />
}<br />
.alert-danger hr {<br />
border-top-color: #e4b9c0;<br />
}<br />
.alert-danger .alert-link {<br />
color: #843534;<br />
}<br />
@-webkit-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {<br />
from {<br />
background-position: 40px 0;<br />
}<br />
to {<br />
background-position: 0 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@-o-keyframes progress-bar-stripes {<br />
from {<br />
background-position: 40px 0;<br />
}<br />
to {<br />
background-position: 0 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@keyframes progress-bar-stripes {<br />
from {<br />
background-position: 40px 0;<br />
}<br />
to {<br />
background-position: 0 0;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.progress {<br />
height: 20px;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .1);<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar {<br />
float: left;<br />
width: 0;<br />
height: 100%;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 20px;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 -1px 0 rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);<br />
-webkit-transition: width .6s ease;<br />
-o-transition: width .6s ease;<br />
transition: width .6s ease;<br />
}<br />
.progress-striped .progress-bar,<br />
.progress-bar-striped {<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
-webkit-background-size: 40px 40px;<br />
background-size: 40px 40px;<br />
}<br />
.progress.active .progress-bar,<br />
.progress-bar.active {<br />
-webkit-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;<br />
-o-animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;<br />
animation: progress-bar-stripes 2s linear infinite;<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar[aria-valuenow="1"],<br />
.progress-bar[aria-valuenow="2"] {<br />
min-width: 30px;<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar[aria-valuenow="0"] {<br />
min-width: 30px;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
background-color: transparent;<br />
background-image: none;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: none;<br />
box-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar-success {<br />
background-color: #5cb85c;<br />
}<br />
.progress-striped .progress-bar-success {<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar-info {<br />
background-color: #5bc0de;<br />
}<br />
.progress-striped .progress-bar-info {<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar-warning {<br />
background-color: #f0ad4e;<br />
}<br />
.progress-striped .progress-bar-warning {<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
}<br />
.progress-bar-danger {<br />
background-color: #d9534f;<br />
}<br />
.progress-striped .progress-bar-danger {<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(45deg, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 25%, transparent 25%, transparent 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 50%, rgba(255, 255, 255, .15) 75%, transparent 75%, transparent);<br />
}<br />
.media,<br />
.media-body {<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
zoom: 1;<br />
}<br />
.media,<br />
.media .media {<br />
margin-top: 15px;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.media-object {<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
.media-heading {<br />
margin: 0 0 5px;<br />
}<br />
.media > .pull-left {<br />
margin-right: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.media > .pull-right {<br />
margin-left: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.media-list {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
}<br />
.list-group {<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: block;<br />
padding: 10px 15px;<br />
margin-bottom: -1px;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item:first-child {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 4px;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item:last-child {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 4px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item > .badge {<br />
float: right;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item > .badge + .badge {<br />
margin-right: 5px;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item {<br />
color: #555;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item .list-group-item-heading {<br />
color: #333;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item:focus {<br />
color: #555;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item.disabled,<br />
.list-group-item.disabled:hover,<br />
.list-group-item.disabled:focus {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
background-color: #eee;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item.disabled .list-group-item-heading,<br />
.list-group-item.disabled:hover .list-group-item-heading,<br />
.list-group-item.disabled:focus .list-group-item-heading {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item.disabled .list-group-item-text,<br />
.list-group-item.disabled:hover .list-group-item-text,<br />
.list-group-item.disabled:focus .list-group-item-text {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item.active,<br />
.list-group-item.active:hover,<br />
.list-group-item.active:focus {<br />
z-index: 2;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
border-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-heading,<br />
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-heading,<br />
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-heading,<br />
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-heading > small,<br />
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-heading > small,<br />
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-heading > small,<br />
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-heading > .small,<br />
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-heading > .small,<br />
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-heading > .small {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item.active .list-group-item-text,<br />
.list-group-item.active:hover .list-group-item-text,<br />
.list-group-item.active:focus .list-group-item-text {<br />
color: #e1edf7;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item-success {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
background-color: #dff0d8;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-success {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-success .list-group-item-heading {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-success:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-success:focus {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
background-color: #d0e9c6;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-success.active,<br />
a.list-group-item-success.active:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-success.active:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #3c763d;<br />
border-color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item-info {<br />
color: #31708f;<br />
background-color: #d9edf7;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-info {<br />
color: #31708f;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-info .list-group-item-heading {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-info:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-info:focus {<br />
color: #31708f;<br />
background-color: #c4e3f3;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-info.active,<br />
a.list-group-item-info.active:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-info.active:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #31708f;<br />
border-color: #31708f;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item-warning {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-warning {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-warning .list-group-item-heading {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-warning:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-warning:focus {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
background-color: #faf2cc;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-warning.active,<br />
a.list-group-item-warning.active:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-warning.active:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #8a6d3b;<br />
border-color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item-danger {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
background-color: #f2dede;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-danger {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-danger .list-group-item-heading {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-danger:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-danger:focus {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
background-color: #ebcccc;<br />
}<br />
a.list-group-item-danger.active,<br />
a.list-group-item-danger.active:hover,<br />
a.list-group-item-danger.active:focus {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #a94442;<br />
border-color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item-heading {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 5px;<br />
}<br />
.list-group-item-text {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
line-height: 1.3;<br />
}<br />
.panel {<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
border: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);<br />
box-shadow: 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);<br />
}<br />
.panel-body {<br />
padding: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.panel-heading {<br />
padding: 10px 15px;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid transparent;<br />
border-top-left-radius: 3px;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel-heading > .dropdown .dropdown-toggle {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.panel-title {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
font-size: 16px;<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.panel-title > a {<br />
color: inherit;<br />
}<br />
.panel-footer {<br />
padding: 10px 15px;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .list-group {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .list-group .list-group-item {<br />
border-width: 1px 0;<br />
border-radius: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .list-group:first-child .list-group-item:first-child {<br />
border-top: 0;<br />
border-top-left-radius: 3px;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .list-group:last-child .list-group-item:last-child {<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel-heading + .list-group .list-group-item:first-child {<br />
border-top-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.list-group + .panel-footer {<br />
border-top-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table,<br />
.panel > .panel-collapse > .table {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 3px;<br />
border-top-right-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:first-child {<br />
border-top-left-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > thead:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:first-child > .table:first-child > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th:last-child {<br />
border-top-right-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child {<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:first-child {<br />
border-bottom-left-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tbody:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive:last-child > .table:last-child > tfoot:last-child > tr:last-child th:last-child {<br />
border-bottom-right-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .panel-body + .table,<br />
.panel > .panel-body + .table-responsive {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child th,<br />
.panel > .table > tbody:first-child > tr:first-child td {<br />
border-top: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table-bordered,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered {<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:first-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:first-child {<br />
border-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > th:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:last-child,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr > td:last-child {<br />
border-right: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > th,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > thead > tr:first-child > th,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > th,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:first-child > th {<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > td,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > th,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tbody > tr:last-child > th,<br />
.panel > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > th,<br />
.panel > .table-responsive > .table-bordered > tfoot > tr:last-child > th {<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel > .table-responsive {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group {<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group .panel {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group .panel + .panel {<br />
margin-top: 5px;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group .panel-heading {<br />
border-bottom: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group .panel-footer {<br />
border-top: 0;<br />
}<br />
.panel-group .panel-footer + .panel-collapse .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel-default {<br />
border-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel-default > .panel-heading {<br />
color: #333;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
border-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel-default > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel-default > .panel-heading .badge {<br />
color: #f5f5f5;<br />
background-color: #333;<br />
}<br />
.panel-default > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom-color: #ddd;<br />
}<br />
.panel-primary {<br />
border-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.panel-primary > .panel-heading {<br />
color: #fff;<br />
background-color: #428bca;<br />
border-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.panel-primary > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.panel-primary > .panel-heading .badge {<br />
color: #428bca;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.panel-primary > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom-color: #428bca;<br />
}<br />
.panel-success {<br />
border-color: #d6e9c6;<br />
}<br />
.panel-success > .panel-heading {<br />
color: #3c763d;<br />
background-color: #dff0d8;<br />
border-color: #d6e9c6;<br />
}<br />
.panel-success > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top-color: #d6e9c6;<br />
}<br />
.panel-success > .panel-heading .badge {<br />
color: #dff0d8;<br />
background-color: #3c763d;<br />
}<br />
.panel-success > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom-color: #d6e9c6;<br />
}<br />
.panel-info {<br />
border-color: #bce8f1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-info > .panel-heading {<br />
color: #31708f;<br />
background-color: #d9edf7;<br />
border-color: #bce8f1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-info > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top-color: #bce8f1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-info > .panel-heading .badge {<br />
color: #d9edf7;<br />
background-color: #31708f;<br />
}<br />
.panel-info > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom-color: #bce8f1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-warning {<br />
border-color: #faebcc;<br />
}<br />
.panel-warning > .panel-heading {<br />
color: #8a6d3b;<br />
background-color: #fcf8e3;<br />
border-color: #faebcc;<br />
}<br />
.panel-warning > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top-color: #faebcc;<br />
}<br />
.panel-warning > .panel-heading .badge {<br />
color: #fcf8e3;<br />
background-color: #8a6d3b;<br />
}<br />
.panel-warning > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom-color: #faebcc;<br />
}<br />
.panel-danger {<br />
border-color: #ebccd1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-danger > .panel-heading {<br />
color: #a94442;<br />
background-color: #f2dede;<br />
border-color: #ebccd1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-danger > .panel-heading + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-top-color: #ebccd1;<br />
}<br />
.panel-danger > .panel-heading .badge {<br />
color: #f2dede;<br />
background-color: #a94442;<br />
}<br />
.panel-danger > .panel-footer + .panel-collapse > .panel-body {<br />
border-bottom-color: #ebccd1;<br />
}<br />
.embed-responsive {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: block;<br />
height: 0;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
}<br />
.embed-responsive .embed-responsive-item,<br />
.embed-responsive iframe,<br />
.embed-responsive embed,<br />
.embed-responsive object {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 0;<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
height: 100%;<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
.embed-responsive.embed-responsive-16by9 {<br />
padding-bottom: 56.25%;<br />
}<br />
.embed-responsive.embed-responsive-4by3 {<br />
padding-bottom: 75%;<br />
}<br />
.well {<br />
min-height: 20px;<br />
padding: 19px;<br />
margin-bottom: 20px;<br />
background-color: #f5f5f5;<br />
border: 1px solid #e3e3e3;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);<br />
box-shadow: inset 0 1px 1px rgba(0, 0, 0, .05);<br />
}<br />
.well blockquote {<br />
border-color: #ddd;<br />
border-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .15);<br />
}<br />
.well-lg {<br />
padding: 24px;<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
}<br />
.well-sm {<br />
padding: 9px;<br />
border-radius: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.close {<br />
float: right;<br />
font-size: 21px;<br />
font-weight: bold;<br />
line-height: 1;<br />
color: #000;<br />
text-shadow: 0 1px 0 #fff;<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=20);<br />
opacity: .2;<br />
}<br />
.close:hover,<br />
.close:focus {<br />
color: #000;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=50);<br />
opacity: .5;<br />
}<br />
button.close {<br />
-webkit-appearance: none;<br />
padding: 0;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
background: transparent;<br />
border: 0;<br />
}<br />
.modal-open {<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
}<br />
.modal {<br />
position: fixed;<br />
top: 0;<br />
right: 0;<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
z-index: 1050;<br />
display: none;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
-webkit-overflow-scrolling: touch;<br />
outline: 0;<br />
}<br />
.modal.fade .modal-dialog {<br />
-webkit-transition: -webkit-transform .3s ease-out;<br />
-o-transition: -o-transform .3s ease-out;<br />
transition: transform .3s ease-out;<br />
-webkit-transform: translate3d(0, -25%, 0);<br />
-o-transform: translate3d(0, -25%, 0);<br />
transform: translate3d(0, -25%, 0);<br />
}<br />
.modal.in .modal-dialog {<br />
-webkit-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);<br />
-o-transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);<br />
transform: translate3d(0, 0, 0);<br />
}<br />
.modal-open .modal {<br />
overflow-x: hidden;<br />
overflow-y: auto;<br />
}<br />
.modal-dialog {<br />
position: relative;<br />
width: auto;<br />
margin: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.modal-content {<br />
position: relative;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box;<br />
background-clip: padding-box;<br />
border: 1px solid #999;<br />
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
outline: 0;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 3px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);<br />
box-shadow: 0 3px 9px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);<br />
}<br />
.modal-backdrop {<br />
position: fixed;<br />
top: 0;<br />
right: 0;<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
z-index: 1040;<br />
background-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.modal-backdrop.fade {<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=0);<br />
opacity: 0;<br />
}<br />
.modal-backdrop.in {<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=50);<br />
opacity: .5;<br />
}<br />
.modal-header {<br />
padding: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.modal-header .close {<br />
margin-top: -2px;<br />
}<br />
.modal-body {<br />
position: relative;<br />
padding: 15px;<br />
}<br />
.modal-footer {<br />
padding: 15px;<br />
text-align: right;<br />
border-top: 1px solid #e5e5e5;<br />
}<br />
.modal-footer .btn + .btn {<br />
margin-bottom: 0;<br />
margin-left: 5px;<br />
}<br />
.modal-footer .btn-group .btn + .btn {<br />
margin-left: -1px;<br />
}<br />
.modal-footer .btn-block + .btn-block {<br />
margin-left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.modal-scrollbar-measure {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: -9999px;<br />
width: 50px;<br />
height: 50px;<br />
overflow: scroll;<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.modal-dialog {<br />
width: 600px;<br />
margin: 30px auto;<br />
}<br />
.modal-content {<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);<br />
box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0, 0, 0, .5);<br />
}<br />
.modal-sm {<br />
width: 300px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
@media (min-width: 992px) {<br />
.modal-lg {<br />
width: 900px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.tooltip {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
z-index: 1070;<br />
display: block;<br />
font-size: 12px;<br />
line-height: 1.4;<br />
visibility: visible;<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=0);<br />
opacity: 0;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.in {<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=90);<br />
opacity: .9;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.top {<br />
padding: 5px 0;<br />
margin-top: -3px;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.right {<br />
padding: 0 5px;<br />
margin-left: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.bottom {<br />
padding: 5px 0;<br />
margin-top: 3px;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.left {<br />
padding: 0 5px;<br />
margin-left: -3px;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip-inner {<br />
max-width: 200px;<br />
padding: 3px 8px;<br />
color: #fff;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
background-color: #000;<br />
border-radius: 4px;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip-arrow {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
width: 0;<br />
height: 0;<br />
border-color: transparent;<br />
border-style: solid;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.top .tooltip-arrow {<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 50%;<br />
margin-left: -5px;<br />
border-width: 5px 5px 0;<br />
border-top-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.top-left .tooltip-arrow {<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 5px;<br />
border-width: 5px 5px 0;<br />
border-top-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.top-right .tooltip-arrow {<br />
right: 5px;<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
border-width: 5px 5px 0;<br />
border-top-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.right .tooltip-arrow {<br />
top: 50%;<br />
left: 0;<br />
margin-top: -5px;<br />
border-width: 5px 5px 5px 0;<br />
border-right-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.left .tooltip-arrow {<br />
top: 50%;<br />
right: 0;<br />
margin-top: -5px;<br />
border-width: 5px 0 5px 5px;<br />
border-left-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.bottom .tooltip-arrow {<br />
top: 0;<br />
left: 50%;<br />
margin-left: -5px;<br />
border-width: 0 5px 5px;<br />
border-bottom-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.bottom-left .tooltip-arrow {<br />
top: 0;<br />
left: 5px;<br />
border-width: 0 5px 5px;<br />
border-bottom-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.tooltip.bottom-right .tooltip-arrow {<br />
top: 0;<br />
right: 5px;<br />
border-width: 0 5px 5px;<br />
border-bottom-color: #000;<br />
}<br />
.popover {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
z-index: 1060;<br />
display: none;<br />
max-width: 276px;<br />
padding: 1px;<br />
text-align: left;<br />
white-space: normal;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
-webkit-background-clip: padding-box;<br />
background-clip: padding-box;<br />
border: 1px solid #ccc;<br />
border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);<br />
border-radius: 6px;<br />
-webkit-box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);<br />
box-shadow: 0 5px 10px rgba(0, 0, 0, .2);<br />
}<br />
.popover.top {<br />
margin-top: -10px;<br />
}<br />
.popover.right {<br />
margin-left: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.popover.bottom {<br />
margin-top: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.popover.left {<br />
margin-left: -10px;<br />
}<br />
.popover-title {<br />
padding: 8px 14px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
font-size: 14px;<br />
font-weight: normal;<br />
line-height: 18px;<br />
background-color: #f7f7f7;<br />
border-bottom: 1px solid #ebebeb;<br />
border-radius: 5px 5px 0 0;<br />
}<br />
.popover-content {<br />
padding: 9px 14px;<br />
}<br />
.popover > .arrow,<br />
.popover > .arrow:after {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
display: block;<br />
width: 0;<br />
height: 0;<br />
border-color: transparent;<br />
border-style: solid;<br />
}<br />
.popover > .arrow {<br />
border-width: 11px;<br />
}<br />
.popover > .arrow:after {<br />
content: "";<br />
border-width: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.popover.top > .arrow {<br />
bottom: -11px;<br />
left: 50%;<br />
margin-left: -11px;<br />
border-top-color: #999;<br />
border-top-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);<br />
border-bottom-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.popover.top > .arrow:after {<br />
bottom: 1px;<br />
margin-left: -10px;<br />
content: " ";<br />
border-top-color: #fff;<br />
border-bottom-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.popover.right > .arrow {<br />
top: 50%;<br />
left: -11px;<br />
margin-top: -11px;<br />
border-right-color: #999;<br />
border-right-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);<br />
border-left-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.popover.right > .arrow:after {<br />
bottom: -10px;<br />
left: 1px;<br />
content: " ";<br />
border-right-color: #fff;<br />
border-left-width: 0;<br />
}<br />
.popover.bottom > .arrow {<br />
top: -11px;<br />
left: 50%;<br />
margin-left: -11px;<br />
border-top-width: 0;<br />
border-bottom-color: #999;<br />
border-bottom-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);<br />
}<br />
.popover.bottom > .arrow:after {<br />
top: 1px;<br />
margin-left: -10px;<br />
content: " ";<br />
border-top-width: 0;<br />
border-bottom-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.popover.left > .arrow {<br />
top: 50%;<br />
right: -11px;<br />
margin-top: -11px;<br />
border-right-width: 0;<br />
border-left-color: #999;<br />
border-left-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, .25);<br />
}<br />
.popover.left > .arrow:after {<br />
right: 1px;<br />
bottom: -10px;<br />
content: " ";<br />
border-right-width: 0;<br />
border-left-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.carousel {<br />
position: relative;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner {<br />
position: relative;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
height: 100%;<br />
overflow: hidden;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .item {<br />
position: relative;<br />
display: none;<br />
background-size: cover;<br />
-webkit-transition: .6s ease-in-out left;<br />
-o-transition: .6s ease-in-out left;<br />
transition: .6s ease-in-out left;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .item > img,<br />
.carousel-inner > .item > a > img {<br />
line-height: 1;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .active,<br />
.carousel-inner > .next,<br />
.carousel-inner > .prev {<br />
display: block;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .active {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .next,<br />
.carousel-inner > .prev {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 0;<br />
width: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .next {<br />
left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .prev {<br />
left: -100%;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .next.left,<br />
.carousel-inner > .prev.right {<br />
left: 0;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .active.left {<br />
left: -100%;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-inner > .active.right {<br />
left: 100%;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 0;<br />
bottom: 0;<br />
left: 0;<br />
width: 15%;<br />
font-size: 20px;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=50);<br />
opacity: .5;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.carousel-control.left {<br />
/*<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, .5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001) 100%);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, .5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001) 100%);<br />
background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, .5)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001)));<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, .5) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001) 100%);<br />
filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#80000000', endColorstr='#00000000', GradientType=1);<br />
background-repeat: repeat-x;<br />
*/<br />
}<br />
<br />
.carousel-control.right {<br />
right: 0;<br />
left: auto;<br />
/*<br />
background-image: -webkit-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, .5) 100%);<br />
background-image: -o-linear-gradient(left, rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, .5) 100%);<br />
background-image: -webkit-gradient(linear, left top, right top, from(rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001)), to(rgba(0, 0, 0, .5)));<br />
background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(0, 0, 0, .0001) 0%, rgba(0, 0, 0, .5) 100%);<br />
filter: progid:DXImageTransform.Microsoft.gradient(startColorstr='#00000000', endColorstr='#80000000', GradientType=1);<br />
background-repeat: repeat-x;*/<br />
}<br />
<br />
.carousel-control:hover,<br />
.carousel-control:focus {<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
text-decoration: none;<br />
filter: alpha(opacity=90);<br />
outline: 0;<br />
opacity: .9;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .icon-prev,<br />
.carousel-control .icon-next,<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left,<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
top: 50%;<br />
z-index: 5;<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .icon-prev,<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left {<br />
left: 50%;<br />
margin-left: -50px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .icon-next,<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right {<br />
right: 50%;<br />
margin-right: -50px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .icon-prev,<br />
.carousel-control .icon-next {<br />
width: 20px;<br />
height: 20px;<br />
margin-top: -10px;<br />
font-family: serif;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .icon-prev:before {<br />
content: '\2039';<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .icon-next:before {<br />
content: '\203a';<br />
}<br />
.carousel-indicators {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
bottom: 10px;<br />
left: 50%;<br />
z-index: 15;<br />
width: 60%;<br />
padding-left: 0;<br />
margin-left: -30%;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
list-style: none;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-indicators li {<br />
display: inline-block;<br />
width: 10px;<br />
height: 10px;<br />
margin: 1px;<br />
text-indent: -999px;<br />
cursor: pointer;<br />
background-color: #000 \9;<br />
background-color: rgba(0, 0, 0, 0);<br />
border: 1px solid #fff;<br />
border-radius: 10px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-indicators .active {<br />
width: 12px;<br />
height: 12px;<br />
margin: 0;<br />
background-color: #fff;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-caption {<br />
position: absolute;<br />
right: 15%;<br />
bottom: 20px;<br />
left: 15%;<br />
z-index: 10;<br />
padding-top: 20px;<br />
padding-bottom: 20px;<br />
color: #B5B5B5;<br />
text-align: center;<br />
//text-shadow: 0 1px 2px rgba(0, 0, 0, .6);<br />
}<br />
.carousel-caption .btn {<br />
text-shadow: none;<br />
}<br />
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left,<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right,<br />
.carousel-control .icon-prev,<br />
.carousel-control .icon-next {<br />
width: 30px;<br />
height: 30px;<br />
margin-top: -15px;<br />
font-size: 30px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-left,<br />
.carousel-control .icon-prev {<br />
margin-left: -15px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-control .glyphicon-chevron-right,<br />
.carousel-control .icon-next {<br />
margin-right: -15px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-caption {<br />
right: 20%;<br />
left: 20%;<br />
padding-bottom: 30px;<br />
}<br />
.carousel-indicators {<br />
bottom: 20px;<br />
}<br />
}<br />
.clearfix:before,<br />
.clearfix:after,<br />
.dl-horizontal dd:before,<br />
.dl-horizontal dd:after,<br />
.container:before,<br />
.container:after,<br />
.container-fluid:before,<br />
.container-fluid:after,<br />
.row:before,<br />
.row:after,<br />
.form-horizontal .form-group:before,<br />
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}<br />
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margin: 0;<br />
}<br />
<br />
.thumbnail.gal> img{<br />
margin-top: 0px;<br />
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<br />
.thumbnail.no_top {<br />
margin-top: 0;<br />
}</div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:51:16Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/hprac/header}}<br />
<html><br />
<script type="text/javascript"><br />
$(window).load(function() {<br />
$('li.p_hprac_survey').addClass('active');<br />
});<br />
</script><br />
<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
<br><br><br />
In addition, we asked people about what they think of when they think about synthetic biology. We have compiled a list of their responses and <a href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kTt6mcOuQAVQ">mapped to their respective geographic locations</a>.<br />
</div> <br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<object data="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Cornell_SurveyScreenshots.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="100%" height="500px"><br />
<p>It appears you don't have a PDF plugin for this browser. You can <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Cornell_SurveyScreenshots.pdf">click here to download the PDF file.</a></p><br />
</object><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
Preferences for tracks have been compiled into a graph, and from the data, it appears that our sample has the strongest preference for utilizing synthetic biology for health and medical issues. Tracks such as manufacturing have a more mixed review.<br />
<br><br><br />
We have <a href="http://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E">constructed a map</a> to depict variations in track preference based on location. Green pinpoints indicate a strong preference for the particular track (1 on the rating scale utilized, strongly agree) and red indicates a strong opposition for the particular track. The tracks that are represented include health and medicine, energy, environment, manufacturing, information processing and food and nutrition. On the map, the ratings for energy and environment are averaged to form one map due to constraints from the GoogleMap server (only handles a maximum of 5 map layers). Users can toggle between tracks to see the variability between tracks. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"> <br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:50:38Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/hprac/header}}<br />
<html><br />
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<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
<br><br><br />
In addition, we asked people about what they think of when they think about synthetic biology. We have compiled a list of their responses and <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kTt6mcOuQAVQ">mapped to their respective geographic locations</a>.<br />
</div> <br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<object data="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Cornell_SurveyScreenshots.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="100%" height="500px"><br />
<p>It appears you don't have a PDF plugin for this browser. You can <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Cornell_SurveyScreenshots.pdf">click here to download the PDF file.</a></p><br />
</object><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/41/Cornell_Track_Ratings.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
Preferences for tracks have been compiled into a graph, and from the data, it appears that our sample has the strongest preference for utilizing synthetic biology for health and medical issues. Tracks such as manufacturing have a more mixed review.<br />
<br><br><br />
We have <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E">constructed a map</a> to depict variations in track preference based on location. Green pinpoints indicate a strong preference for the particular track (1 on the rating scale utilized, strongly agree) and red indicates a strong opposition for the particular track. The tracks that are represented include health and medicine, energy, environment, manufacturing, information processing and food and nutrition. On the map, the ratings for energy and environment are averaged to form one map due to constraints from the GoogleMap server (only handles a maximum of 5 map layers). Users can toggle between tracks to see the variability between tracks. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"> <br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:50:17Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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{{:Team:Cornell/project/hprac/header}}<br />
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<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
<br><br><br />
In addition, we asked people about what they think of when they think about synthetic biology. We have compiled a list of their responses and <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kTt6mcOuQAVQ">mapped to their respective geographic locations</a>.<br />
</div> <br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
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<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
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Preferences for tracks have been compiled into a graph, and from the data, it appears that our sample has the strongest preference for utilizing synthetic biology for health and medical issues. Tracks such as manufacturing have a more mixed review.<br />
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We have <a href="https://www.google.com/maps/d/u/0/viewer?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E">constructed a map</a> to depict variations in track preference based on location. Green pinpoints indicate a strong preference for the particular track (1 on the rating scale utilized, strongly agree) and red indicates a strong opposition for the particular track. The tracks that are represented include health and medicine, energy, environment, manufacturing, information processing and food and nutrition. On the map, the ratings for energy and environment are averaged to form one map due to constraints from the GoogleMap server (only handles a maximum of 5 map layers). Users can toggle between tracks to see the variability between tracks. <br />
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<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
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<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
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Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
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Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
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<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
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Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
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<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
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Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
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<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
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Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background/nickelTeam:Cornell/project/background/nickel2014-10-18T02:41:55Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
<br><br><br />
Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
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New South Wales, Austrailia<br />
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Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
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<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
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<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf.</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
<br />
</ol><br />
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<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
<br><br><br />
Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-16"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/67/Cornell_NickelCaseStudy.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption center"><br />
New South Wales, Austrailia<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<div id="nixA"><br />
<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf.</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
<br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background/nickelTeam:Cornell/project/background/nickel2014-10-18T02:40:00Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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$('li.p_back_nickel').addClass('active');<br />
});<br />
</script><br />
<body><br />
<div class="container"><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
<br><br><br />
Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-16"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/67/Cornell_NickelCaseStudy.jpg"><br />
<div class="caption center"><br />
New South Wales, Austrailia<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<div id="nixA"><br />
<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf.</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
<br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background/nickelTeam:Cornell/project/background/nickel2014-10-18T02:38:38Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
<br><br><br />
Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-8 col-xs-12"><br />
<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
<br><br><br />
Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-4 col-xs-16"><br />
<div class="thumbnail"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/67/Cornell_NickelCaseStudy.jpg"><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<div id="nixA"><br />
<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf.</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
<br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:36:33Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
</div><br />
<iframe src="https://www.google.com/map/embed?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E" width="640" height="480"></iframe><br />
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<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
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<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
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<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"> <br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</body><br />
</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:36:12Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<div>{{:Team:Cornell/header}}<br />
{{:Team:Cornell/project/hprac/header}}<br />
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<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
<br><br><br />
"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<iframe src="https://www.google.com/map/embed?mid=zzk_pIIFJMOE.kT0zI2J0Nk_E" width="640" height="480"></iframe><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<object data="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Cornell_SurveyScreenshots.pdf" type="application/pdf" width="100%" height="500px"><br />
<p>It appears you don't have a PDF plugin for this browser. You can <a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Cornell_SurveyScreenshots.pdf">click here to download the PDF file.</a></p><br />
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<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d1/Cornell_GMOs.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/fa/Cornell_Gov_funding_pie_chart.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/72/Cornell_Ethical_concerns.jpg"> <br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/86/Cornell_Teach_synbio.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
<div class="center"><br />
<br><br />
Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"> <br />
<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_3.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/44/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_2.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b5/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_1.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ef/Cornell_Rural_vs._urban_4.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/37/Cornell_Water_contamination.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-6 col-xs-9"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/4f/Cornell_Acceptable_app.jpg"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div> <br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-12 col-xs-18"><br />
Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
<div class="row"><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/34/Cornell_I_am_worried_that_there_are_heavy_metals_in_my_drinking_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Cornell_I_believe_that_human_activity_is_partially_responsible_for_climate_changes.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Cornell_I_make_a_conscious_effort_to_conserve_water.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
<div class="col-md-3 col-xs-4"><br />
<a class="thumbnail link med" data-toggle="lightbox" href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
<img src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8f/Cornell_Synthetic_biology_can_provide_solutions_to_environmental_problems.png"><br />
</a><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
</div><br />
</div><br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/hprac/surveyTeam:Cornell/project/hprac/survey2014-10-18T02:35:36Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Survey</h1><br />
We surveyed a sample of our colleagues, peers, and community members (n=166), hoping to understand how individuals’ opinions about environmental issues and about the viability of synthetic biology affected their stated judgement of our synthetic biology application. We disseminated this survey using Facebook, E-mail, and other forms of social media. We also sent out invitations to all the iGEM teams who had their contact e-mails readily available on their websites. Of the respondents who provided a complete set of responses (n=162), a distinct minority (n=3) indicated that they either disagreed or strongly disagreed (on a 5-point Likert scale) with the use of synthetic biology to implement the following description of our project: <br />
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"This year Cornell iGEM will be focused on developing an alternative solution to heavy metal water pollution (i.e lead, mercury, or nickel). Our hope is to create a water filtration device composed of E. coli that have been genetically engineered to produce metallothioneins-a protein that has a high affinity for binding with heavy metals. In other words, water containing heavy metals will be pumped through the E. coli cells and the heavy metals will be taken out of the water and into the E. coli cells. Our hope is to design our device for point-source filtration, so attaching it to the end of a factory pipe filtering out heavy metal content before it enters the ecosystem. However, there are many other applications for our project."<br />
<br><br><br />
As a result of the intense clustering of opinions, as well as the general homogeneity of demographic and educational background, we were able to learn several things about a similar population but cannot make a broader statistical claim about the interplay between background, an individual’s views about environmentalism, and their opinions about synthetic biology. Over 100 (n=106) of our respondents were students, most of whom offered rather robust definitions of “synthetic biology”. <br />
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<h1>iGEM Tracks</h1><br />
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<h1>Results</h1><br />
<h3>1. Opinions of Synthetic Biology</h3><br />
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<b>Results Based on Level of Education</b><br />
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Opinions regarding the benefits versus ethical concerns of GMOs appear to vary in similar ways throughout all educational levels. For the ‘high school’ and ‘some college’ groups, there seem to be a similar number of people who strongly agree or agree (light blue and orange) and who disagree or strongly disagree (yellow and dark blue). The proportion who remain neutral also appears to be consistent. For those with graduate degrees, there seem to be more people who are opposed to genetically modified organisms and for those with undergraduate degrees, more people have positive opinions. <br />
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Individuals who have received a higher level of education appear to support the teaching of synthetic biology more so than those of lower educational levels, though the trend is not obvious. Currently there are courses at Cornell University, such as ECE 3530/BME 4980: Introduction to Systems and Synthetic Biology, exploring synthetic biology.<br />
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<h3>2. Opinions of the Cornell iGEM 2014 Project</h3><br />
<b>Results Based on Location (Rural, Suburban, Urban)</b><br />
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Urbanicity, or the degree to which a location is urbanized, is an environmental construct with massive implications for many dimensions of an individual’s life, including their lifetime mental health, their exposure and tolerance for different types of information, and more. Our survey found that individuals living in rural areas were more likely to have strong positive views about water conservation, but that overall the percentage of individuals who “strongly agree” or “agree” with making a conscious effort towards water conservation are constant across urbanicity. <br />
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<b>Results Based on Education Level</b><br />
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Overall, concern about water contamination rises with an individual’s level of education, a trend made apparent by the percentage taken up by “Strongly Agree” or “Agree” responses. This is consistent with statistical meta-analyses we’ve reviewed about the origin of environmental concern (see: Liere & Dunlap, 1980)<br />
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<b>Results Based on Gender</b><br />
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Overall, the trends in responses are very similar for men and women. Responses to “I believe human activity is partially responsible for climate change” and “synthetic biology can provide solutions to environmental problems” are very similar. It appears that both men and women believe that humans are at least partially responsible for recent problems in the environment but are also hopeful that synthetic biology could provide solutions. An interesting offshoot of this project would be to investigate exactly how people anticipate that synthetic biology could help and specifically which environmental problem should be primarily targeted. The results from the questions ‘I am worried that there are heavy metals in my drinking water” and “I make a conscious effort to conserve water” appear to be more disparate. More men disagree that there may be heavy metals in drinking water and more women responded that they make a conscious effort to conserve water. It should also be noted that all responses are self-reported, leading to possible biases and skewed data. A more rigorous examination should be carried out in order to make stronger conclusions.<br />
<h1>Conclusions</h1><br />
Although some conclusions can be made, a few cautions should be mentioned as a disclaimer. There are several aspects of our survey that can be improved upon, if this approach should be attempted again. <br />
<br><br><br />
<ol><br />
<li><br />
<b>Non-representative sampling</b>: Our sample was distributed primarily via social network sites and email; consequently our survey sample consists primarily of undergraduate students. There is also a high proportion of teenagers and graduate students. Overall, a large proportion of our sample consists of young adults in suburban locations, who may have more liberal viewpoints. The sample is also heavily concentrated in the east coast of the United States. Consequently more diversity in geographical location and age should be emphasized in future studies. The snowball and convenience sampling of our survey prevents us from making more rigorous conclusions based on a representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Self-Reported Data</b>: Because all of our data gathered was self-reported, the results may be heavily skewed. For example, even though all survey responses were recorded anonymously, respondents may be more likely to respond with positive answers (“Yes, I make a conscious effort to conserve water”) regardless of whether it is actually accurate or not. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Significance Testing</b>: Results should be tested more rigorously to analyze whether the differences are statistically significant or due to chance variations. <br />
</li><br />
<li><br />
<b>Sample Size</b>: Currently, our sample size is approximately 165. There are slight variations with each separate analysis because some people omitted specific responses, precluding the inclusion of their data in the overall analysis. More samples should be collected to form a more representative sample. <br />
</li><br />
</ol><br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatthttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Cornell/project/background/nickelTeam:Cornell/project/background/nickel2014-10-18T02:29:09Z<p>N.Bhatt: </p>
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<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
<br><br><br />
Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
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Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
<br><br><br />
Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
<ul><br />
<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
</ul><br />
<br />
<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
<ul><br />
<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
</ul><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
<br><br><br />
The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
<br><br><br />
Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
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<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
<br><br><br />
<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
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<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
<hr><br />
<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf.</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
</li><br />
<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
</li><br />
<br />
</ol><br />
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<h1>Health Risks</h1><br />
Nickel is a natural element that constitutes approximately 0.009% of the earth's crust. Nickel sulfides, silicates and oxides are commonly used in mining and natural resources.<sup>[1]</sup> The most common nickel sulfide mineral is pentlandite (NiFe)<sub>9</sub>S<sub>8</sub> accounts for the majority of nickel produced globally.<sup>[2,3]</sup> Domestic nickel production comes from the smelting of natural nickel ores, refining nickel matte, an impure metallic sulfide product from smelting of sulfides of metal ores, reclamation of nickel metal from nickel based or non-nickel based scrap metal, including salvaged machinery, sheet metal, aircraft and other vehicular parts and discarded consumer goods such as batteries. <br />
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Nickel compounds are used in construction, mining, smelting, electrical equipment manufacturing, and battery and fuel cell production, among numerous other materials. During construction, there is a high risk for nickel contamination. They can also make their way into the household through ceramics since they often form the bond between enamel and iron. <br />
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Nickel compounds are so toxic because they are highly resistant to corrosion and oxidation in air and aqueous environments; they are resistant to corrosion by organic acids and exposure to chlorine, fluorine, hydrogen chloride and molten salts.<br />
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Estimated average daily dietary intake is 0.1-0.3 mg/day.<sup>[4,5]</sup> Less than 0.2 mg/day of which is consumed via food and 5-25 ug/day from water.<sup>[2]</sup> Dermal exposure is one of the most common routes of exposure and even low levels of exposure may cause nickel allergic dermatitis.<sup>[6-8]</sup><br />
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<b>Common Effects</b>:<sup>[1]</sup><br />
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<li>Gastrointestinal distress like: nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea</li><br />
<li>Dermatitis (eczema like effects: rash, itchiness)</li><br />
<li>Neurological effects</li><br />
<li>Nickel specific asthma</li><br />
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<b>Extreme Cases:</b><br />
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<li> Coma </li><br />
<li> Death </li><br />
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<h1>Case Study</h1><br />
<b>New South Wales, Australia:</b> In 2004, New South Wales, Australia observed a huge spike in nickel concentration in their drinking water. (See graph) Although scientists don't know the exact reasons for how nickel concentrations increased so dramatically, as shown in figure 1, they hypothesize that it could be the result of a natural reduction of flow rate during a period of drought and the subsequent introduction of mine water into the drinking water supply. Overall fluctuations of nickel concentrations over the three years were attributed to natural dilution and changes in demands of water.<br />
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The Australian Drinking Water Guidelines mandates a safety threshold of 0.02 mg Ni/L water, a value that is based on 70 kg (154 lbs) average body weight, 2 L water consumed daily and 1000 as the safety factor to account for uncertainty of extending animal study results to humans. The residents of New South Wales are assumed to have a similar diet to the rest of Australia's population so that the results of the study can be extended to the whole country. The study also assumed that the entire population of New South Wales was nickel-sensitive. This would lead to a lower Lowest Observed Adverse Effect Level (LOAEL) and set stricter limit for tolerable mean nickel concentrations. The result of the study showed that the mean nickel concentration, 0.03 mg/L with a 95% confidence interval of 0.02-0.04 mg/L, is only approximately 7% of the LOAEL. Thus the mean nickel concentration in drinking water in New South Wales appears to have no health risks.<br />
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Although no real risks were detected, the town implemented increased surveillance of nickel concentrations and made plans to use alternative sources to supplement drinking water supplies during droughts. This study shows the importance of continued vigilance in maintaining high water quality standards at all times, had the concentration of nickel increased past the LOAEL, health effects could have been more drastic.<sup>[9]</sup><br />
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<h1>Current Remediation Techniques</h1><br />
<b>Cyclic electrowinning/precipitation (CEP) :</b> use of electrical current to transform positively charged metal cations into a stable, solid state where they can be easily separated from water and removed. <br>Drawback: concentration of cations must be high (threshold of 100 ppm)<br />
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<b>Chemical precipitation:</b> use of hydroxides and sulfides to precipitate cations.<br> Advantages:<ol><li>Well-established, many available chemicals and equipment</li><li>Convenient, self-operating and low-maintenance due to closed system nature</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Formation of toxic sludge from precipitate, which is environmentally and economically costly to remove</li><li>Requires extra flocculation/coagulation due to precipitation</li><li>Each metal has a distinct pH for optimum precipitation</li><li>Corrosive chemicals increases safety concerns</li></ol><br />
<b>Ion exchange:</b> reversible chemical reaction where ions from water or wastewater solution are exchanged for similarly charged ions attached to a stationary solid particle that are usually inorganic zeolites or resins.<br />
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<b>Reverse osmosis:</b> effective molecular filter to remove dissolved solutes through a membrane <br>Advantages:<ol><li>Reduces concentration of all ionic contaminants, not just the heavy metal in question</li><li>Can be scaled up easily</li></ol>Disadvantages:<ol><li>Expensive</li><li>Requires high pressure</li><li>Too sensitive to operating conditions</li></ol><br />
<b>Phytoremediation:</b> use of plants to remediate heavy metals in contaminated soil, sludge, water etc.<br />
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<b>Microbial remediation:</b> use of microorganisms to degrade hazardous contaminants<br />
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<h1><i>nixA</i></h1><br />
The transport protein being utilized for this project is <i>nixA</i> from <i>Helicobacter pylori</i>. This protein resembles many eukaryotic integral membrane proteins and represents a high-affinity nickel transport system when expressed in <i>E. coli</i>.<sup>[10]</sup> The <i>nixA</i> gene has been introduced into <i>E. coli</i> previously to sequester Ni<sup>2+</sup> from water at 4 times the level of wild type cells.<sup>[11]</sup> We hope to improve upon this system by combining the <i>nixA</i> gene with a different metallothionein than previously used, utilizing a different regulatory system, and creating modular genetic parts. <br />
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<h1 style="margin-bottom: 0px">References</h1><br />
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<ol><br />
<li>Sullivan, R. J. (Litton Systems, Inc.) Air Pollution Aspects of Nickel and Its Compounds. NTIS No. PB188070. September 1969. p.18.</li><br />
<li>Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology. Third Edition. Volume 15. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York. 1980. pp.787-797.</li><br />
<li>Nriagu, J. O. ed. Nickel in the Environment. John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York. 1980. p. 55.</li><br />
<li>Christensen OB, Lagesson V. Nickel concentration of blood and urine after oral administration. Ann Clin Lab Sci 1981; 11: 119–25.</li><br />
<li>Committee on Toxicity of Chemicals in Food Consumer Products and the Environment. Nickel leaching from kettle elements into boiled water. London: Committee onToxicity; 2003. Available from: http://www.food.gov.uk/multimedia/pdfs/2003-02.pdf (Cited 24 October 2008.)</li><br />
<li>Beattie PE, Green C, Lowe G, Lewis-Jones MS. Which children should we patch test? Clin Exp Dermatol 2006; 32: 6–11.</li><br />
<li>Militello G, Jacob SE, Crawford GH. Allergic contact dermatitis in children. Curr Opin Pediatr 2006; 18: 385–90. doi:10.1097/01.mop.0000236387.56709.6d</li><br />
<li>Silverberg NB, Licht J, Friedler S et al. Nickel contact hypersensitivity in children. Pediatr Dermatol 2002; 19: 110–3. doi:10.1046/j.1525-1470.2002.00057.x</li><br />
<li>Alam, Noore, Stephen J. Corbett, and Helen C. Ptolemy. "Environmental Health Risk Assessment of Nickel Contamination of Drinking Water in a County Town in NSW." <i>NSW Public Health Bulletin</i> (2008): n. pag. Web. http://www.publish.csiro.au/?act=view_file&file_id=NB97043.pdf.</li><br />
<li>Mobley, H., Garner, R., & Bauerfeind, P. (1995). Helicobacter pylori nickel-transport gene nixA: Synthesis of catalytically active urease in <i>Escherichia coli</i> independent of growth conditions. <i>Molecular Microbiology</i>, 97-109.<br />
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<li>Krishnaswamy, R., & Wilson, D. (2000). Construction and Characterization of an <i>Escherichia coli</i> Strain Genetically Engineered for Ni(II) Bioaccumulation. <i>Applied and Environmental Microbiology</i>, 5383-5386.<br />
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</html></div>N.Bhatt