http://2014.igem.org/wiki/index.php?title=Special:Contributions&feed=atom&limit=250&target=Fanny+Boulet2014.igem.org - User contributions [en]2024-03-28T10:45:04ZFrom 2014.igem.orgMediaWiki 1.16.5http://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/InspirationsTeam:Paris Saclay/Project/Inspirations2014-10-18T03:05:49Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Plato, Allegory of the Cave */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/project_header}}<br />
<br />
=Inspirations=<br />
<br />
Even though many works have guided our artistic reflection, we chose to focus on 4-3 (ça dépend si on arrive à tout traduire à temps) works which are representative of our main lines:<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte R. Magritte (1898-1967), La trahison des images (1929)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Magritte.png|200px|left]] [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte Magritte], the Surrealist Belgian artist displays through his work the duality of image, between truth and decoy. His art also embodies a real legacy for advertising of the 20th century.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the title of our project just as our videos)''<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity, through a Pieter Claesz’s (1596-1661) painting (1630)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Vanite.png|200px|left]]By frankly evoking leak of time, the ephemeral hallmark of life and the place of Humanity in the universe, [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity] fit directly in our efforts to define life.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the ethical part, the problematic of living thing’s definition has been mentioned within the team and during different meetings such as « curiositas ».)''<br />
<br />
==Additional references==<br />
<br />
The following may interest the more curious visitors of our wiki.<br />
<br />
===Plato, Allegory of the Cave===<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration4.jpg|100px|left]]This allegory proposed by Plato explains in illustrated terms human conditions of access to knowledge and reality.<br />
<br />
===Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593)===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration3.jpg|100px|left]]Usage of fruits (so living things) in order to talk about immortality and flatter human genus. (glorification of the Habsburg line, immutable like the seasons).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration4.jpgFile:Paris Saclay project-inspiration4.jpg2014-10-18T03:04:52Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T03:00:21Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival.JPG|700px|center|]]<br />
<br/><br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival3.png|center|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T02:58:22Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
<br/><br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.jpg|700px|center|]]<br />
<br/><br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival3.png|center|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/InspirationsTeam:Paris Saclay/Project/Inspirations2014-10-18T02:54:22Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/project_header}}<br />
<br />
=Inspirations=<br />
<br />
Even though many works have guided our artistic reflection, we chose to focus on 4-3 (ça dépend si on arrive à tout traduire à temps) works which are representative of our main lines:<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte R. Magritte (1898-1967), La trahison des images (1929)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Magritte.png|200px|left]] [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte Magritte], the Surrealist Belgian artist displays through his work the duality of image, between truth and decoy. His art also embodies a real legacy for advertising of the 20th century.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the title of our project just as our videos)''<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity, through a Pieter Claesz’s (1596-1661) painting (1630)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Vanite.png|200px|left]]By frankly evoking leak of time, the ephemeral hallmark of life and the place of Humanity in the universe, [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity] fit directly in our efforts to define life.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the ethical part, the problematic of living thing’s definition has been mentioned within the team and during different meetings such as « curiositas ».)''<br />
<br />
==Additional references==<br />
<br />
The following may interest the more curious visitors of our wiki.<br />
<br />
===Plato, Allegory of the Cave===<br />
<br />
This allegory proposed by Plato explains in illustrated terms human conditions of access to knowledge and reality.<br />
<br />
===Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593)===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration3.jpg|100px|left]]Usage of fruits (so living things) in order to talk about immortality and flatter human genus. (glorification of the Habsburg line, immutable like the seasons).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/InspirationsTeam:Paris Saclay/Project/Inspirations2014-10-18T02:54:06Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/project_header}}<br />
<br />
=Inspirations=<br />
<br />
Even though many works have guided our artistic reflection, we chose to focus on 4-3 (ça dépend si on arrive à tout traduire à temps) works which are representative of our main lines:<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte R. Magritte (1898-1967), La trahison des images (1929)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Magritte.png|200px|left]] [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte Magritte], the Surrealist Belgian artist displays through his work the duality of image, between truth and decoy. His art also embodies a real legacy for advertising of the 20th century.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the title of our project just as our videos)''<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity, through a Pieter Claesz’s (1596-1661) painting (1630)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Vanite.png|200px|left]]By frankly evoking leak of time, the ephemeral hallmark of life and the place of Humanity in the universe, [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity] fit directly in our efforts to define life.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the ethical part, the problematic of living thing’s definition has been mentioned within the team and during different meetings such as « curiositas ».)''<br />
<br />
==Additional references==<br />
<br />
The following may interest the more curious visitors of our wiki.<br />
<br />
===Plato, Allegory of the Cave===<br />
<br />
This allegory proposed by Plato explains in illustrated terms human conditions of access to knowledge and reality.<br />
<br />
===Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593)===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration3.jpg|100px|left]]Usage of fruits (so living things) in order to talk about immortality and flatter human genus. (glorification of the Habsburg line, immutable like the seasons).<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/InspirationsTeam:Paris Saclay/Project/Inspirations2014-10-18T02:53:43Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593) */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/project_header}}<br />
<br />
=Inspirations=<br />
<br />
Even though many works have guided our artistic reflection, we chose to focus on 4-3 (ça dépend si on arrive à tout traduire à temps) works which are representative of our main lines:<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte R. Magritte (1898-1967), La trahison des images (1929)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Magritte.png|200px|left]] [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Magritte Magritte], the Surrealist Belgian artist displays through his work the duality of image, between truth and decoy. His art also embodies a real legacy for advertising of the 20th century.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the title of our project just as our videos)''<br />
<br />
==[https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity, through a Pieter Claesz’s (1596-1661) painting (1630)]==<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_Vanite.png|200px|left]]By frankly evoking leak of time, the ephemeral hallmark of life and the place of Humanity in the universe, [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Inspirations/Vanity Vanity] fit directly in our efforts to define life.<br />
<br />
''(source of inspiration for the ethical part, the problematic of living thing’s definition has been mentioned within the team and during different meetings such as « curiositas ».)''<br />
<br />
==Additional references==<br />
<br />
The following may interest the more curious visitors of our wiki.<br />
<br />
===Plato, Allegory of the Cave===<br />
<br />
This allegory proposed by Plato explains in illustrated terms human conditions of access to knowledge and reality.<br />
<br />
===Four seasons, Arcimboldo (1527-1593)===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration3.jpg|100px|center]]<br />
Usage of fruits (so living things) in order to talk about immortality and flatter human genus. (glorification of the Habsburg line, immutable like the seasons).<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-inspiration3.jpgFile:Paris Saclay project-inspiration3.jpg2014-10-18T02:52:30Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_SaclayTeam:Paris Saclay2014-10-18T02:34:13Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Project Abstract: This is not a lemon! */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/home_header}}<br />
===Project Abstract: This is not a lemon!===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_university.png|200px|right|link=http://www.u-psud.fr/]]<br />
<html><div id="englishversion"></html><br />
Synthetic Biology has the power of potentially changing paradigms of society such as our conception of what living beings are. If we deprive bacteria from all their “unnecessary" functions and have them produce what we need and desire, do these bacteria still possess the status of living organisms or have they become machines?<br />
To raise and explore this question, we adopted an artistic approach. Indeed, we think that '''Bio-Art''' is one of the best ways to reach the citizens and to spark debate and reflection.<br />
<br />
We decided to create a concept organism that would reflect these interrogations. We plan to modify ''Escherichia coli'' in order to produce the '''fragrance''' of a lemon and simulate the '''ripening''' process of a lemon by changing its color gradually from green to yellow. A mixture of bacteria and solid growth medium will be moulded in a lemon '''shape''': it will smell like a lemon, ripe like a lemon and look like a lemon, but "ceci n’est pas un citron” - this is not a lemon… or is it?<br />
<br />
With this project we invite everyone to think about the upcoming opportunities and the necessary ethical limits of designing living beings.<br />
<br />
When life gives you lemon, break your taboos with Paris Saclay!<br />
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<html><div id="portugueseversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
A Biologia Sintética tem o poder de mudar os paradigmas da sociedade, como a nossa concepção do que são serem vivos. Se privarmos uma bactéria de todas as suas funções "desnecessárias" e a fizermos produzir o que precisamos e queremos, essa bactéria continuará com um status de organismo vivo ou ela tende a ser uma máquina? Para levantar e explorar essa questão, adotamos uma abordagem artística. De fato, pensamos que '''Bio-Arte''' é uma das melhores maneiras de atingir o grande público e estimar o debate.<br />
<br />
Nós decidimos criar um organismo conceito que refletiria essas interrogações. Nós planejamos modificar ''Escherichia coli'' para que essa produza o '''aroma''' e simule o amadurecimento de um limão, mudando gradualmente sua cor do verde para o amarelo. A mistura de bactérias e meio de cultivo serão moldados em uma forma de limão: ele vai cheirar como um limão, '''amadurecer''' como um limão e ter a '''forma''' de um limão, mas "ceci n'est pas un citron" - isto não é um limão... ou é? <br />
Assim, convidamos todos a pensar sobre as perspectivas e limites éticos de projetas seres vivos.<br />
<br />
Quando iGEM Paris-Saclay lhe der limões, quebre seus tabus!<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Portuguese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Brasil-SP iGEM Brasil-SP] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="chineseversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
合成生物学有着改变社会的能力,举个例子,所谓的改变社会,就是我们对于地球上生物的认知。<br />
<br />
如果我们删除了细菌中我们认为不重要的功能,又让他们做我们想让他们做的事情,那么这些细菌是否还保持正常生物体的状态呢?它们是否已经成为了一种生产机器了呢?为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种艺术性的方法。众所周知,要想让我们的观念能够被大众更好地理解,生物艺术无疑是一种很好的方法。<br />
<br />
我们创建了一种机制能够解决这个问题。我们通过修饰大肠杆菌让它产生一种气味并且模仿柠檬成熟的过程,这个模型需要细菌和它赖以生存的培养基。我们通过五官的感知使这个模型看起来像一个柠檬,但是"ceci n’est pas un citron”——但事实上它并不是一个柠檬,我们只是让它看起来比较像而已。我们希望通过这个实例能够引发大家对生物实验的道德底线的思考。<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Chinese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:XMU-China iGEM XMU China] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="finnishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Synteettisellä biologialla on mahdollisuus muuttaa yhteiskunnan paradigmoja, kuten käsitystämme soluista.<br />
<br />
Jos karsimme bakteereista niiden “tarpeettomat” toiminnot ja valjastamme ne vastaamaan tarpeisiimme, ovatko bakteerit edelleen mielestämme eläviä eliöitä vai onko niistä tullut koneita? Kysymme tämän kysymyksen biotaiteen keinoin, sillä se on yksi parhaita tapoja herättää julkista keskustelua.<br />
<br />
Me luommekonseptiorganismin, joka heijastaa tätä keskustelua. Me muuntelemme ''Escherichia coli'' bakteeria niin, että se tuoksuu ja jäljittelee sitruunan kypsymistä. Teemme bakteerien ja kasvulaustan sekoituksen, joka tuoksuu, kypsyy ja näyttää aivan sitruunalta, mutta "ceci n’est pas un citron” se ei ole sitruuna… vai onko? Tämän avulla haluamme herättää kaikissa ajatuksia elävien organismien suunnitteluun liittyvistä tulevaisuuden mahdollisuuksista ja eettisistä rajoitteista.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Finnish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Aalto-Helsinki iGEM Aalto-Helsinki] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="frenchversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biologie synthétique a le pouvoir de changer certains paradigmes de notre société tel que notre conception du statut des êtres vivants.<br />
<br />
Si nous privons des bactéries de leurs fonctions "inutiles" pour qu'elles produisent ce dont nous avons besoin, peut-on toujours les considérer comme des organismes vivants ou sont-elles devenues des machines ?<br />
<br />
Pour aborder cette question, nous avons adopté une approche artistique car nous pensons que le Bio-Art est l'un des meilleurs moyens de susciter des débats avec les citoyens. Nous avons créé un organisme-concept qui pourrait refléter ces interrogations : nous avons modifié ''Escherichia coli'' pour qu'elle produise une odeur de citron et aussi simuler son processus de maturation. Un mélange de bactéries et de milieu de croissance sera coulé dans un moule qui sentira, mûrira et ressemblera à un citron. Mais "ceci n'est pas un citron"- ou cela l'est-il ? Avec notre réalisation nous lançons une invitation à la réflexion sur les futures opportunités et limites éthiques de la conception d’êtres vivants.<br />
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<html><div id="italianversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biologia sintetica potenzialmente ha il potere di cambiare i paradigmi della società come la nostra concezione di ciò che gli esseri viventi sono. Se priviamo i batteri di tutte le loro funzioni "inutili" e facciamo produrre loro ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno e desiderio, questi batteri possiedono ancora lo status di organismi viventi o sono diventati macchine? Per aumentare e esplorare questa domanda, abbiamo adottato un approccio artistico. Infatti, pensiamo che il '''Bio-Art''' è uno dei modi migliori per raggiungere i cittadini e stimolare il dibattito e la riflessione. <br />
<br />
Abbiamo deciso di creare un organismo ideale che riflettesse tali interrogatori. Abbiamo in programma di modificare ''Escherichia coli'' per produrre il '''profumo''' di un limone e simulare il processo di maturazione di un limone cambiando il suo colore gradualmente dal verde al giallo. Una miscela di batteri e crescita solida si modellerà in una '''forma''' di limone: Odorerà come un limone, maturerà come un limone e sembrerà come un limone, ma "ceci n'est pas un citron" - questo non sarà un limone ... o lo è? <br />
<br />
Con questo progetto, invitiamo tutti a pensare alle prossime opportunità e ai limiti etici necessari di progettazione di esseri viventi. <br />
<br />
Quando iGEM Paris Saclay ti da limoni, rompete i vostri tabù!<br />
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<html><div id="koreanversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
사물의 인식 및 개념은 우리가 사는 사회와 문화코드에 상당한 영향을 받습니다. 예를 들어, 옛날에는 어떤 인간은 다른 이의 소유물이었으며 그들의 생사는 주인이 결정하였습니다. 오늘날 이것이 도저히 용납이 안된다면 그것은 ‘인간’의 정의가 그동안 많이 바뀌었기 때문입니다.<br />
합성생물학은 사회의 패러다임을 바꿀 힘을 갖고 있습니다. ‘생물이란 무엇인가?’에 대한 새로운 답도 제시할 수 있습니다. 만약 박테리아에서 ‘필요없는’ 기능들을 제거하고 우리가 원하는 물질을 만들도록 하면, 이 박테리아는 아직도 살아있을까요? 아니면, 하나의 기계로 전락했을까요? 이 질문에 답하기 위해 저희는 예술의 힘을 빌리고자 합니다. 저희는 바이오아트 (BioArt)가 대중에게 다가가고 토론을 싹틔우기에 가장 좋은 방법이라 생각합니다.<br />
이런 생각들을 반영할만한 생명체를 만들고자 합니다. 대장균을 개조하여 레몬의 향과 색을 표현하는 것입니다. 특히, 과일이 익듯이 저희 대장균도 초록색에서 노란색으로 바뀔 것입니다. 레몬 모양의 틀을 이용하여 박테리아가 들어있는 배지도 레몬처럼 보이게 할 계획입니다. 결국 레몬향이 나고 레몬색도 띄고 레몬처럼 보이지만, “ceci n’est pas un citon” – 이것은 레몬이 아닙니다. 그런데 모든점이 레몬과 같다면, 정말 레몬이 아닐까요? <br />
저희 작품을 통해, 합성생물학의 윤리적인 한계에 대해서 다같이 생각해봅시다.<br />
iGEM Paris Saclay와 함께 당신의 터부를 버리세요!<br />
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Synthetische biologie heft het vermogen om de visie van de maatschappij te veranderen zoals on beeld van wat levende wezens zijn.<br />
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Als wij bacterieën ontdoen van hun ‘onnodige’ functies en ze laten produceren wat wij nodig hebben, hebben deze bacteriën dan nog de status van levende organismen, of zijn het machines geworden? Wij hebben een artistieke methode gekozen deze vraag op te werpen omdat Bio-Art de beste manier is om burgers met elkaar in debat te laten gaan.<br />
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We hebben een concept organisme gemaakt dat deze vragen weerspiegelt. We modificeren Escheria coli om de geur van een rijpende citroen te produceren en het rijpingsproces te simuleren. We gieten een mix van bacteriën en groeimedium in een vorm: Zo zal het ruiken, rijpen en er uit zien als een citroen, maar “ceci n’est pas un citron” – dit is geen citroen… Of toch wel? Hiermee nodigen we iedereen uit om na te denken over toekomstige kansen en de ethische grenzen van het ontwerpen van levende wezens.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Dutch by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Groningen iGEM Groningen] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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Biologia syntetyczna ma moc zmieniania paradygmatów społecznych takich jak nasza koncepcja tego, czym są organizmy żywe. Jeśli pozbawimy bakterie ich „niepotrzebnych” funkcji i zmusimy je do produkcji tego, co nam potrzebne, czy nadal będą one posiadały status organizmów żywych czy staną się maszynami?<br />
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Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, przyjęliśmy podejście artystyczne, jako że Bio-Art jest jednym z najlepszych sposobów wskrzeszenia debaty wśród społeczeństwa. Stworzyliśmy koncepcję organizmu, która odzwierciedlałaby te dochodzenia. Zmodyfikowaliśmy Escherichia coli by wytwarzała zapach i imitowała proces dojrzewania cytryny. Mieszanina bakterii i pożywki odżywczej zostanie ukształtowana: będzie pachnieć, dojrzewać i wyglądać jak cytryna, ale "ceci n’est pas un citron” – to nie cytryna… a może jednak? Wraz z tym pytaniem zapraszamy wszystkich do rozważenia przyszłych okazji i granic etycznych projektowania żywych istot.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Polish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Warsaw iGEM Warsaw] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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Syntetisk biologi er en mulighet til et paradigmeskifte i samfunnet med tanke på vår oppfatning av hva levende ting er. Hvis vi tar bort bakteriers ”unødvendige” funksjoner og får dem til å produsere ting som vi trenger, vil disse bakteriene fremdeles betraktes som levende organismer, eller har de blitt maskiner? For å sette fokus på denne problemstillingen har vi valgt en kunstnerisk tilnærming ettersom Bio-Kunst er en av de beste måtene å sette i gang en samfunnsdebatt på. Vi har skapt en konsept organisme som reflekterer denne problemstillingen. Vi har modifisert E. coli-bakterier til å produsere lukt og etterlikne modningsprosessen til en sitron. En blanding av bakterier og vekstmedium blandes sammen: Det vil lukte som, modne som og se ut som, en sitron, men ”Ceci n’est pas un citron” – dette er ikke en sitron… eller er det?<br />
Med dette inviterer vi alle til å tenke over hvilke muligheter og etiske grenser vi har når vi designer levende skapninger.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Norwegian by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:UiOslo%20Norway iGEM UiOslo_Norway] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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La biología sintética tiene el poder de cambiar los paradigmas de la sociedad como nuestra concepción de la definición del ser viviente. <br />
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Si privamos las bacterias de todas sus funciones “inútiles” para que produzcan lo que necesitamos, ¿es que todavía poseen el estatuto de ser vivo o se convirtieron en máquinas?<br />
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Para plantear esta cuestión, adoptamos un enfoque artístico porque creemos que el Bio-Arte es una de las mejores maneras para sensibilizar la población y provocar el debate. Hemos creado un organismo-concepto que podría plantear estas interrogaciones: hemos modificado ''Escherichia coli'' para que produzca el olor del limón y simula su proceso de maturación . Una mezcla de bacterias y de medio de crecimiento sólido será moldeada en un molde de limón: el “limón” olerá como a limón, madurará como un limón y se parecerá a un limón pero “ceci n’est pas un citron” – no es un limón… ¿o lo es?.<br />
Con este proyecto, invitamos a cada uno a pensar acerca de las oportunidades futuras y la necesidad de los límites éticos con respecto al diseño de seres vivos. <br />
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Sentetik biyoloji, yaşayan canlılarla ve bizim açımızla toplum paradigmalarını değiştirme gücüne sahiptir.<br />
Eğer bizler bakterileri “gereksiz” fonksiyonlarından kurtarır ve kendi ihtiyaç duyduğumuz fonksiyonlar eklersek, bu bakteriler hala yaşayan canlı özelliklerine mi sahip olurlar yoksa birer makinaya mı dönüşürler?<br />
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Bu soruyu irdelemek için, Bio-Art adında bir yaklaşım geliştirdik. Dizaynımızın bu sorunu toplumla tartışmak için iyi bir yol olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Bu sorgulamaları yansıtacak bir örnek organizma yarattık. Parfüm üretmek ve bir limonun olgunlaşma sürecini uyarmak için Escherchia coli’yi modifiye ettik. Bir grup bakteri kültürü limon gibi olgunlaşacak, kokacak ve görünecek; ancak “ceci n’est pas un citron”-bu bir limon değil.. ya da öyle mi?<br />
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Bu projeyle, herkesi yaklaşan fırsatlar ve canlıların etik tasarımının sınırları hakkında düşünmeye davet ediyoruz.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Turkish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:METU%20Turkey iGEM METU_Turkey] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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===We let you discover our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Fastlemon FastLemon]===<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T02:07:25Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
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=Science Festival=<br />
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We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
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*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
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*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
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*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
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*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.png|center|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T02:06:20Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
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We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
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*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
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*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.png|center|]]<br />
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<center><img src="File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival3.png" width="775" height="313" border="0"/></center><br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T02:01:18Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
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We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
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*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.png|center|]]<center>https://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival.JPG</center><br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival3.png|center|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival3.pngFile:Paris Saclay science festival3.png2014-10-18T01:59:13Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:53:59Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
<br/><br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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<a href="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/a3/Paris_Saclay_science_festival.JPG">[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.png|center|]]</a><br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_science_festival2.pngFile:Paris Saclay science festival2.png2014-10-18T01:50:56Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:23:05Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
<br/><br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Reflection_about_Artificial_FoodTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Reflection about Artificial Food2014-10-18T01:21:45Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
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=Reflection about Artificial Food=<br />
==Introduction==<br />
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The human population strongly increased passing from 3 billion in 1960 to 7 billion in 2011, and forecasts predicted that population will reach about 9 billion people in 2050. Furthermore, increasing food production capacity is mandatory. However, in 2014, it took less than 8 months for Humanity to exhausts Earth's budget for the year and the food production has a strong impact on the environment such as deforestation, competition with humans for water, green house effects, land degradation etc… For example, to meet population’s demands in 2050, FAO reported that meat production has to double. In this context, how to feed everybody in a sustainable manner is thus a very important question. An example of these challenges is the livestock production. Indeed, livestock production accounts for 18% of anthropogenic greenhouse effect, 37% of anthropogenic methane, 65% of anthropogenic Nitrous Oxide and 64% of anthropogenic ammonia. It also account for 70% of all agricultural lands and for 8% of global humans water uses. By the time, 64% of the population is expected to live in water-stressed bassins by 2025, there are still hundreds of millions people that lives undernourished. In this context, would artificial food be the solution?<br />
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==Why seeking to produce artificial food?==<br />
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Studies have shown that, in the case of artificial production of meat, growing it in-vitro would ensure a decrease of 96% of greenhouse effects emission and a decrease of 7 to 45% of energy. Furthermore, only 1% of agricultural lands and 4% of the water currently devoted to livestock would be enough to produce the same amount of meat. Taken together, these results suggest that artificial food would decrease anthropogenic impact on environment such as deforestation, greenhouse effect and redirect feed crop production for humans. However, other studies points out several facts. Firstly, no one knows actually which process will finally be chosen to produce artificial meat so that it is hard to estimate the future impact of in-vitro meat to the environment. Secondly, part of the production process has not be accounted such as growth factors that are needed in the industrial process Thus, their environmental impact has not been yet evaluated. Thirdly, a big part of the livestock production which needed for milk production is used to produce meat (40% in France), suggesting that a big part of the livestock is still needed. Taken together, these results shows that the benefits of artificial meat are much less than one can expect. However, in the case of meat production, the scientist consensus is that artificial food would ensure better living condition of livestock.<br />
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==How did we get to the point of producing artificial food ?==<br />
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In the case of the reason is because( y a des mots en trop non ?) of the depletion of Earth ressource and the need to feed human population as well as taking care of the environment, it is interesting to look after the definition and the nature of the living. Indeed, what is life and its meaning? This is probably one of the most important question in mankind, and many philosophes (mettre un lien vers ''essai de Pierre'' et les interviews) and scientists (mettre une lien vers''essai de Marie)'' attended yet to answer this question. Thus, one of the definitions of life is the role of each individual to perpetuate the species by reproduction. As life does not exist without death, it raises also the issue of population regulation. This can be achieved is many different ways. In one hand there are intrinsic factors: some species are non-regulated such as like E.coli, that multiplicates whatever its population density is ( heu et le quorum sensing par exemple?? Si c'était le cas il n'y aurait ni phase stat ni phase de déclin non ....). Conversely, in regulated species, the population size is strongly related to the per capita growth rate. In the other hand there are extrinsic factors, such as predators, weather, disease etc… Thus the population dynamics depends on both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. In some way, humans can be compared as bacteria within a tube-test: the evolution of bacteria population within agar media (without any extrinsic factors) contain a lag phase (in which bacteria start developing), then an exponential phase and finally a stationary phase, in which bacteria consumed their media. If the media renew itself, the stationary phase means that there is as many bacteria that dies than bacteria that appear. Concerning humans, we can suggest a lag phase and, that human population is experiencing an exponential phase. If the overpopulation is the reason of the depletion of Earth ressources, then, what will happen? Will we soon or late need to strongly regulate the number of birth as already does China to survive? Or does the reproductive meaning of life inevitably intend to life auto-destruction? <br />
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However, the Earth ressource depletion is also the result of population way of life. Indeed, it is known that the population of rich countries consumes more food than they need and waste too much food. To deeper this fact, a better understanding of the definition and the nature of the living is needed. <br />
According to Jean Paul Sartre, humans are the results of their experience: “You are nothing else but what you live. ... A man is no more than a series of undertakings [and] the sum of the organization that constitutes these undertakings". This aspect also shows that individual development is conditioned in regard of the society. Therefore, undertakings raises question of the origins of human actions.<br />
Thus, many philosophers describe selfishness as the source of human action. For Max Stirner, “Everyone is the center of his own world. World is only what he himself is not, but what belongs to him, is in a relationship with him, exists for him”. This definition of selfishness is a view where humans are always motivated by self-interest. Stephen Kendrick adds that “Almost every sinful action ever committed can be traced back to a selfish motive. It is a trait we hate in other people but justify in ourselves”. This means that even in when it seem to be acts of altruism, they do so because of the personal benefits that they themselves expect to obtain, directly or indirectly, from doing so. Furthermore, Max Stirner once said: “we have a single relationship with one another, that of usability, utility, use”. These examples emphasize the view of mutual benefits between two people motivated by their respective self-interests. Thus, is selfishness the root of the increasingly depletion of resources? In the other hand, will selfishness resolve these environmental issues when it will be the human interest to do so?<br />
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Ayn Rand makes a difference between humans and the other animals: "While animals survive by adjusting themselves to their background, man survives by adjusting his background to himself”. This means that the apparition of an extrinsic factor (climate change, disease …) often result in the decline of animals population whereas humans can accommodate. This concept relies one the differences between Man and animals. According to Ayn Rand, humans are “rational animals” (possess faculty of reason) whereas the other don’t. Is artificial food the way by which humans will accommodate to earth resources depletion?<br />
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==Would population accept artificial food ?==<br />
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It is an interesting question as it relies on the perception and conception of things and also depends in the social-cultural context we live in. <br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_Treacheries.png|400px|center]]<br />
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Thus, the painter Magritte with its painting named “Ceci n’est pas une pipe”- “this is not a pipe” highlights this topic. This painting showing a pipe above the declaration “ceci n’est pas une pipe” is an example of naïve realism, which theory says that real objects exists as they are perceived. Thus, in the first place seeing this painting, one would say that “it’s a pipe”. However, “could you stuff the pipe?” would say Magritte. Then, one would realize that it is an image of a pipe. Thus, it would be a lie to write “this is a pipe” instead of “this is not a pipe”. Magritte further suggests that our compulsion to call the image a pipe reveals our predisposition to confuse the image with the thing it represents: the conception and perception of things are what they make them real to us. <br />
According to Hanni Rützler (nutritionist) “It is not the technology that would determine what we will eat tomorrow, but our collective consciousness”. Thus, what are the objections of the population in regard of artificial food? Studies showed three main factors. Firstly, the process of production itself: one can consider that artificial food is part of the continuous effort of humans to industrialize food production since centuries (GMOs, genetic selection of livestock …). Or is it a new manipulation of the nature for the benefits of humans? Secondly, the “disgust” of eating artificial food could be a strong psychological barrier. Thirdly, the danger about a product which effects on human health has not been assessed. <br />
Moreover, to the nutritionist Jean-Michel Lecerf, food is a combination of the necessary needs of our body with the consumer’s perception: «I think that we do not eat food in an independent manner of what it significate ». Thus, if people are feed by test-tubes, “why not just absorb a liquid of what our body needs (proteins, vitamins, carbohydrates…)?”. Here, Jean-Michel Lecerf assesses the loss of meaning. Artificial food could lead to the loss of the essence of food, of the worth of breeding (in the case of meat production) and the loss of what shape countries (agricultural fields). It is also interesting to note that artificial food goes in the opposite direction of the current movement that want people reapropriate what is in their plate (organic food, no GMOs …). <br />
Thus, considering these facts and a right communication and marketing about Fast lemon in the, would people accept it? Furthermore, as mentioned before, selfishness can be considered as a key factor in human choices. Thus, creating artificial food of better quality than the natural one would impact the acceptability of artificial food by the population?<br />
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==What could be the impact of artificial food on the society ?==<br />
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Pas encore fait haha. Au boulot !<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/SurveyTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Survey2014-10-18T01:20:41Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
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=International iGEMers Point-of-View=<br />
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==Opinions of some iGEMers==<br />
We conducted a survey on the concepts of living and bioart, inviting the iGEMers to participate in our reflection. <br />
Questions are made so as to bring out the nuances there may be on the boundary between living and machines and the use of living organisms to produce an artwork. The reviews collected are quite diverse and it is interesting to note that the views on these issues are far from fixed. With the aim of highlighting at best the received answers, we considered necessary to represent them graphically and to expose the notes of reflections of some.<br />
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Note that we received 83 responses and the target population was only participants in 2014 iGEM competition. The number of response obtained are not sufficient to infer informations on all participants, so the following Results concern only the sample we have received.<br />
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First of all, we wanted to capture the proportion of participants who were already in contact with these subjects and we noted that most of them (72%) didn't done synthetic biology before iGEM but have already heard of BioArt. <br />
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On the border between "Living" and "Machine", the results are more difficult to apprehend. We first focus on the two following issues:<br />
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*''Do you think that a really smart AI (artificial intelligence), that could learn or feel for instance, may be considered as a living creature ?''<br />
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*''Do you think that, if we design a living creature to perform some precise function, it will turn into a machine ?''<br />
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Let us try to look in depth the data to identify trends by looking at the answers to the two questions in independent way. We developed a scoring system on a gradual echelon from 1 to 10. Now look at the extreme values that is to say, 1 and 2 on the one hand that represent the NO-answer, on the other hand the YES-answers represented by 9 and 10.<br />
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===Machine ~~> Living===<br />
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Create life from inert matter seems to be a great dream of humans. Some would say that "life" is a property that emerges from the interaction of many complex systems. For this, the previous dream is now accessible by simulations of biological systems known. <br />
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By submitting this question to iGEMers, there has been 35% of NO against 16% of YES. These positions are well represented by this following comment: ''"Tools are tools. You can develop attachment towards tools, but they are still tools."''<br />
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===Living ~~> Machine===<br />
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The opposite approach seems more perilous. Reduce the capacities of decision of a living organism, alter its natural functioning that is disrupt internal interactions of the systems which compose it, to "reprogram" it in a way, leads to a "new" organism which would act as a "machine".<br />
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Extreme responses were lowered, giving 27% for NO against 7% of YES. Opinions are more temperate here; This is certainly due to the relative high regard that people still carry on living. This is precisely what emerges from this comment :''"Whatever is the synthetic biology, it's always the living that decides of the result."''<br />
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Finally by the ratio NO/YES of the extreme values of the two issues, we can say that overall, what emerges is that the passage ''"Machine ~~> Living"'' is slightly more acceptable than the reciprocal path that is to say ''"Living ~~> Machine"''.<br />
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===The breakout of the borderline===<br />
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Let's turn to the central issue: does the distinction between "living" and "Machine" remain ? <br />
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This question is particularly relevant with the technological changes that are taking place, particularly the revolution that opened the doors to many biological phenomena, one is able to bioengineering. It's a powerful tool and it raises a new kind of ethic questions! <br />
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However, a more striking observation on the data relative to the two last questions, is that the majority of ratings are between 3 and 8 (considered has median value). This expresses what we said at the beginning: the opinions are not fixed! The passage "Living ~~> Machine" has strong median values which cushioned the transition. This reluctance is not even weakened by the experience "on the ground" allowed by the iGEM environment. Even by considering that synthetic biology is changing our way of seeing living beings, a large majority (77%) maintains a clear boundary between the "living" and the "machine". It's a bit curious compared to the responses to both of earlier questions. This is well summarize by the person who say that ''"Synthetic biology have the potential break or to move the boundary rather than only iGEM experience. I think we have to meditate about what could and what should be synthetic biology in the future, in parallel of the future evolution of the world and the society. I mean, the actual living being/machine concept are pretty clear for common people. It's like comparing a dog and a robot. But with the evolution of sciences and technologies, the comparison between living being and machine is more and more difficult like virus or an engineered organisms or an very smart AI for example."''<br />
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Have you already done synthetic biology before iGEM?<br />
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Have you already heard of bioart ?<br />
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<img id = "img_survey", src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/26/Paris_Saclay_survey2.png"><br />
<figcaption> 28% of YES and 72% of NO </figcaption><br />
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<img id = "img_survey", src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/84/Paris_Saclay_survey7.png"><br />
<figcaption> 61% of YES and 39% of NO </figcaption> <br />
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Do you think that a really smart AI (artificial intelligence), <br />
that could learn </br> or feel for instance, may be considered as a living creature ?<br />
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Do you think that, if we design a living creature to perform some precise function, <br />
it will turn into a machine ?<br />
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<img id = "img_survey", src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/05/Paris_Saclay_survey3.png"><br />
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| 1:30% | 2:5% | 3:14% | 4:6% | 5:6% | 6:5% | 7:4% | 8:14% | 9:4% | 10:12% |<br />
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<img id = "img_survey", src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d0/Paris_Saclay_survey4.png"><br />
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| 1:20% | 2:7% | 3:14% | 4:8% | 5:16% | 6:8% | 7:8% | 8:10% | 9:1% | 10:6% <br />
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With the iGEM experience, do you think that the boundary between<br />
living beings and machines is broken ?<br />
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In general, do you think that synthetic biology transforms our vision of living beings ?<br />
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<img id = "img_survey", src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ad/Paris_Saclay_survey5.png"><br />
<figcaption> 23% of YES and 77% of NO </figcaption><br />
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<img id = "img_survey", src = "https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b1/Paris_Saclay_survey6.png"><br />
<figcaption> 63% of YES and 37% of NO </figcaption><br />
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The boundary between living and not living was broken way before synthetic biology. Synthetic biology only helped to intertwine these two seemed to be opposites together.<br />
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Synthetic biology have the potential break or to move the boundary rather than only iGEM experience. I think we have to meditate about what could and what should be synthetic biology in the future, in parallel of the future evolution of the world and the society. I mean, the actual living being/machine concept are pretty clear for common people. It's like comparing a dog and a robot. But with the evolution of sciences and technologies, the comparison between living being and machine is more and more difficult like virus or an engineered organisms or an very smart AI for example.<br />
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I my opinion living beings are all machine-like anyway, every cell has complex internal molecular machinery. Synthetic biology really just industrializes organisms in an attempt to provide cost-effective methods to solve many of the world's problems.<br />
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Tools are tools. You can develop attachment towards tools, but they are still tools.<br />
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Whatever is the synthetic biology, it's always the living that decides of the result.<br />
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Living beings were first classified by Aristo as those that are beneficial and those that are unnecessary. This viewpoint is in complete disparity, however it does also indicate that other organisms are in a sense meant to be in the servitude of man. This does not dictate that one should be violent towards other living beings but they have no compunction or self-thought. They only act on instinct encrypted in to those beings in their creation. If one's use of those living beings is for the good of all, then it would not be an unjust act. Going to a lab and isolating bacterial DNA for fun is not appropriate though.<br />
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I do not believe that interspecies gene transfer makes a machine.<br />
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I think of a machine as tool designed to perform an action. I think of a living being as something which reduces the entropy of its local system. I see no incompatibility between the two.<br />
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The grey areas regarding the division between life and machines is ever-expanding - not because of our progress necessarily but in many ways due to our realization that our attempts to classify things as one or the other do not work for all organisms or systems (e.g. think viruses).<br />
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It's hard to imagine a living thing acting like a machine ....<br />
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If the AI contains no organic parts and has nothing that resembles cell processes or a capacity to 'evolve', I do not think it is considered a living creature. I also don't think the ability to learn and feel makes something living since most organisms (bacteria and plants, for example) do not have this capacity but are technically alive. That all being said, I think this AI could still be considered 'pseudo-life'.<br />
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The words 'machine' and 'living' each bear two separate meanings, one based on the literal phenomena the words represent and the other based on the common understanding of what the word means. In the first question, 'living' is used in the common sense (shares qualities of what we think of as life) while 'machine' is used in the literal sense (an object absent of the biological characteristics that define life). In the second question, 'living' is used in the literal sense (an object with the biological characteristics that define life) while 'machine' is used in the common sense (shares the qualities of what we think of as mechanical). It is for this reason that both statements can be true while the third, about bluing the boundary between the two, is not by necessity also true.<br />
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===On the use of living beings in an artistic purpose===<br />
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In this last part, we are interested in the question of how far will the legitimacy of the use of science to produce an artwork. We ask only in three points:<br />
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*''Do you think that using scientific techniques in order to do art is legitimate ?''<br />
*''Do you agree with using living creatures in an artistic way ?''<br />
*''Do you agree with transforming living creature in an artistic way ?''<br />
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In general, iGEMers who answered to our survey are quite receptive to the use of living things in a work of art. And the term "use" is seen in a broad sense including use of scientific techniques up to the transformation. The use of "living" can also be seen in a more general framework for example in classic art like danse ( ''"We are living being, and many arts come from our body (like dansing)"'').<br />
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Nevertheless, there is still some reticence. More precisely, some of the reserved emit is relative to the organisms used that is exactly what is say in ''"I do not have a problem with using and manipulating living creatures for art as long as this is limited to bacteria and yeast."''<br />
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Futhermore, an interesting observation is that the more we specify the scientific methods used, the less the intervention of science to make art is legitimate. It's range from 93% of YES for the first question to 69% for the last one that is to say when we talk about "transforming" organism.<br />
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The score remains above 50%, reflecting relatively positive opinions. Let's finish with this beautiful exemple of the 'collaboration' between art and science : <br />
''"The gardens of Versailles castle constitute an exemple of both using and transforming living creatures for artistic realisations."''<br />
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Do you think that using scientific techniques in order to do art is legitimate ?<br />
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Do you agree with using living creatures in an artistic way ?<br />
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<figcaption> 93% of YES and 7% of NO <figcaption><br />
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<figcaption> 77% of YES and 23% of NO </figcaption><br />
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Do you agree with transforming living creature in an artistic way ?<br />
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<figcaption> 69% of YES and 31% of NO </figcaption><br />
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In general, (Bio)Art or ArtScience is one of the fields or areas that connects wet lab work and research to the actual community. It often does so, as is (or should be, for that matter) inherent to art, by exploring and crossing boundaries. We (as Life Science participants) should be grateful for the exposure.<br />
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I do not have a problem with using and manipulating living creatures for art as long as this is limited to bacteria and yeast<br />
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Art is a reflection of humanities beliefs and reservations, it is the way that we explore who we are and what we want to be.<br />
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I think using bacteria is fine, but using stuffed animals for example is not<br />
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Anything with a brain shouldn't be used in art - they might feel pain<br />
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I heard about some guy growing cultures in radioactive medium so that when grown, bacteria resemble someone's face for example. I think the technique is quite nice but it lacks some creativity. Art is about creativity. Using scientific techniques is of course legitimate for making art. I agree with using living dancers to dance on stages. I believe altering and transforming living creatures is a very powerful way to do art like Stelarc. And for centuries humans used insects and plants and maybe even mushrooms to produce colors, why whould changing some genes make a difference. It is all legitimate. Wish you all good luck with your project :D<br />
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I have a pretty low opinion of art so maybe my opinions are biased.<br />
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Defense of animals and living beings rights is key to the equilibrium of our society and of the planet. It is already a complex subject when regarding medicine, domestic pet, and so on. Why add art to the list? Everyone might say that using bacteria is ok. But where to stop? Mice? cats and dogs?<br />
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I think you can make engineered butterflies to be even more beautiful !<br />
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I only agree in using lower organisms like fungi and bacteria for bioart.<br />
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It's fine with bacteria but its a different matter with higher beings.<br />
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The gardens of Versailles castle constitute an exemple of both using and transforming living creatures for artistic realisations. Nor ancient nor innaceptable.<br />
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Transforming higher living creatures for art should be subject to ethics review<br />
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We are living being, and many arts come from our body (like dansing).<br />
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Art is universal; therefore art possesses no boundaries. The field of science is no boundary either. So, who can complain if one was to make cells draw Mona Lisa? Would that not be art?<br />
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You can share your opinions too in this following [https://docs.google.com/forms/d/1Pb71Tu3RjWq5rcHf-GwxIOVB3DL_OM8PCr1z_wNwFKA/viewform?usp=send_form link survey].<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Round_TableTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Round Table2014-10-18T01:19:52Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
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=French iGEMers discussion=<br />
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Summer 2014 – the Parisian teams (Bettencourt, Evry and Saclay) decided to organize a French meetup at Paris-Sud University. They were joined by Bordeaux and Lyon.<br />
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During the event, our team suggested to raise some ethical issues about synthetic biology and Bio-Art as our project is based on ethical reflection. We thought that having the points of view of teams in other tracks would be interesting. <br />
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==Bio-art==<br />
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To begin the discussion, we asked what Bio-art meant to the participants. This question provoked a heated debate, as it is very difficult to obtain a specific definition. Indeed, Bio-art can include many things because there are no exact boundaries for what constitutes "art." A simple modification of a bacterium could be seen as Bio-art, as well as a "modification" of a human body. Behind the meaning of art, there is much human thought and interpretation. Science and art are similar when they look for something new. <br />
Since Bio-art involves biology and art, an important question was raised: what aspect should be more represented? Is one of these two aspects more visible than the other? For instance, if the scientific aspect is more visible, we may miss the artistic trait, and only think that it is a scientific work. Thus, could someone be a scientist as well as an artist? Are the two titles compatible? We thought that artistic and scientific traits could coexist together in a person; however, according to the background of the person, one aspect may prevail over the other. <br />
Art is also a way to report uncommon practices and to raise questions about established facts. Science allows to bring a different perepecive to the artist in order to deliver their message. <br />
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Media in art is already very diverse: blackboard, stone, body expression… Thanks to biology a new medium appears: living beings.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay ethics.3.JPG|300px| center]] <br />
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==Biology==<br />
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However, can we define precisely what a living being really is? Synthetic biology raises this question. Is there a limit to tinkering with nature? We realized that we did not share the same definition of life. For some of us, a living organism is something that is able to reproduce itself. However, a computer program could also reproduce itself. Would it therefore be a living thing as well?<br />
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For example a lot of grains (such as corn and wheat) belong to cultivars that are selected by humans according to their advantages: yield, resistance to pests… but we do not call them GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms)! Whenever someone alters the genome, their responsibility is very important because there is no fundamental difference between making a hybrid and making a GMO. If there is a human desire to create a certain cultivar, it may be just a more time-consuming version of a genetic modification made directly in the laboratory. <br />
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Recently we have been introduced to some GMOs such as:<br />
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* Alba rabbit from Eduardo Kac (Febrary 2000). The use of fluorescence is innovative.<br />
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* Plant from Eduardo Kac (2003-2008). This hybrid plant comes from the cross between human and plant DNA.<br />
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* Human bio-art with Marion Laval-Jeantet’s work. Indeed, she transfused horse’s blood in order to test “limits of the embodied conscious”. <br />
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==Basis of art==<br />
<br />
An important question must be raised: Is the use of animals in art considered as animal abuse? Is the animal’s pain the only criterion that we should consider when we use animals in art? We believe that it should not be the only one, but it should be primordial for the decision and should be very well questioned. After all, it is the artist’s choice and they should justify their choice to use living beings in their work. <br />
But the distinction between plants and animals is not really based or justified because the only fundamental thing that differentiates is the cell structure. We took for example the sea anemone. Conceptually, many people associate the anemone with a plant because, it’s very far from the definition of an animal, yet it is a member of the animal kingdom. So for this question, we concluded that what distinguishes two living organisms is intelligence which is why humans are more disturbed by the killing/genetic modification of a mouse than of bacteria, a plant or an anemone. Man will have more qualms about manipulating a being with whom he interacts. <br />
<br />
[[File: Paris Saclay ethics.2.JPG|300px| center]] <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
==Ethics==<br />
<br />
Some artists use this new concept to denounce the use of transgenic organisms. We strongly believe that it is a huge paradox to denounce the use of transgenic methods by using transgenic organisms themselves. <br />
<br />
Bio-art is a useful tool to show our thoughts but we should not forget the limits we defined. It may also be an issue because some people who are not familiar with biology could be afraid of genetic manipulation. We believe that humans always try to innovate and this innovation with biological material may be dangerous. <br />
<br />
Some skeptics of contemporary art raise issues about the current experimentation on living beings and its “normalization”. Bio-art may be part of this fear because it opens a huge window to a world we do not know yet. However, Bio-art raises all these questions and make people aware about these current issues. Indeed, interest about biology has increased since the creation of Bio-art.<br />
<br />
However, scientists and artists are very different because they have different backgrounds and views on biology and more precisely about safety. <br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay Ethics.JPG|300px| center]]<br />
<br />
<br />
Bio-art is a new tool for artistic communication and it allows to show an innovative science.<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Bio-art may be considered as a new step in the future of art that will shake pre-existing foundations.''' <br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Scientific_Definition_of_Living-BeingTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Scientific Definition of Living-Being2014-10-18T01:17:56Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
<br />
<br/><br/><br/><br/><br />
=Scientific Definition of Living-Being=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Defining “living” has always been challenging. Life is an old notion, complex and very difficult to delimit. With passing time, the definition varies. Indeed, History shows the progression of this notion (Lien vers PIERRE’s essay). But how does this definition change according to various scientific domains? Does life mean the same for a physicist or for a biologist?<br />
<br />
'''From the physicist’s point of view''', the question of life is a current matter. Among the diversity of definitions, we can quote the point of view of Schrödinger for whom life feeds from negative entropy. This definition, which is not the last one but maybe the first one to get the agreement of the majority of the physicists’ community, was permitted by Carnot's work and especially the second principle of thermodynamics, a conclusion of which is that living-beings can maintain a low-constant entropy only because they can export entropy to its environment. ''<br />
However, the question of life is still a concern to physicists because its solving depends not only on a better knowledge of fundamental living mechanisms but also because new technologies such as informatics and synthetic biology are challenging its answer.<br />
<br />
'''According to biologists''', the definition of living-being is based on a number of required properties shared by all living organisms. This definition is not fixed, however, and it is still challenging to get everyone to agree upon a clear and definitive definition. Thus, biology specifies that an entity is alive if it possesses the following properties:<br />
<br />
- [[Grow or develop]]: the entity has the faculty to grow or to become mature, to produce more or larger cell, to change its structure. At a certain point the entity must reach a mature structure that allows it to reproduce.<br />
<br />
- [[Be confined]]: the entity must have a defined border with the environment<br />
<br />
- [[Have a special metabolism]]: the entity must be able to feed itself, to transform and stock energy, to use external nutriments from the environment (chemical components from organic or inert matter) or to use stored molecules in its mass, to produce energy, to perform a task and to produce wastes<br />
<br />
- [[Respond to environmental changes]]: the entity must be able to detect environmental variations (close or far away), and to act in an appropriate way in response. In other words, the entity must respond to stimuli.<br />
<br />
- [[Reproduce]]: the entity must be able to give birth to similar entities in an autonomous way (sexually or asexually).<br />
<br />
<br />
These are some of the properties that are used by biologists to help defining life, but '''this list is not exhaustive''' and other properties can be considered (for example, the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between a stable inner milieu and the environment- homeostasis). It shows that '''the definition of life is not set''', as the parameters used to define it can change. Furthermore, certain organisms are considered as belonging to living being although do not satisfy all the properties presented above. For instance, some biologists consider virus as living-being. However, viruses do not use their own metabolism and cannot reproduce themselves without a host cell. Certain symbiotic organisms also do not possess all the above properties, showing once again the limits of the present definitions. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The development of '''synthetic biology''' in the last decade '''adds another layer of complexity''' to problem of defining life. Indeed, the design of bacterial chassis with minimal genome may involve the loss of mechanisms used by bacteria to evolve (such as conjugation, transposition for example) as these mechanisms are considered as undesirable in a factory bacterium. Such bacteria, enable to evolve, could be considered as not being alive, according the previous definition. Yet, our survey and interviews show that for a large majority of people, these bacteria are still alive, even though some consider that they could be “new living beings”.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Scientific_Definition_of_Living-BeingTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Scientific Definition of Living-Being2014-10-18T01:17:39Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
<br />
<br/><br/><br />
=Scientific Definition of Living-Being=<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
Defining “living” has always been challenging. Life is an old notion, complex and very difficult to delimit. With passing time, the definition varies. Indeed, History shows the progression of this notion (Lien vers PIERRE’s essay). But how does this definition change according to various scientific domains? Does life mean the same for a physicist or for a biologist?<br />
<br />
'''From the physicist’s point of view''', the question of life is a current matter. Among the diversity of definitions, we can quote the point of view of Schrödinger for whom life feeds from negative entropy. This definition, which is not the last one but maybe the first one to get the agreement of the majority of the physicists’ community, was permitted by Carnot's work and especially the second principle of thermodynamics, a conclusion of which is that living-beings can maintain a low-constant entropy only because they can export entropy to its environment. ''<br />
However, the question of life is still a concern to physicists because its solving depends not only on a better knowledge of fundamental living mechanisms but also because new technologies such as informatics and synthetic biology are challenging its answer.<br />
<br />
'''According to biologists''', the definition of living-being is based on a number of required properties shared by all living organisms. This definition is not fixed, however, and it is still challenging to get everyone to agree upon a clear and definitive definition. Thus, biology specifies that an entity is alive if it possesses the following properties:<br />
<br />
- [[Grow or develop]]: the entity has the faculty to grow or to become mature, to produce more or larger cell, to change its structure. At a certain point the entity must reach a mature structure that allows it to reproduce.<br />
<br />
- [[Be confined]]: the entity must have a defined border with the environment<br />
<br />
- [[Have a special metabolism]]: the entity must be able to feed itself, to transform and stock energy, to use external nutriments from the environment (chemical components from organic or inert matter) or to use stored molecules in its mass, to produce energy, to perform a task and to produce wastes<br />
<br />
- [[Respond to environmental changes]]: the entity must be able to detect environmental variations (close or far away), and to act in an appropriate way in response. In other words, the entity must respond to stimuli.<br />
<br />
- [[Reproduce]]: the entity must be able to give birth to similar entities in an autonomous way (sexually or asexually).<br />
<br />
<br />
These are some of the properties that are used by biologists to help defining life, but '''this list is not exhaustive''' and other properties can be considered (for example, the maintenance of a dynamic equilibrium between a stable inner milieu and the environment- homeostasis). It shows that '''the definition of life is not set''', as the parameters used to define it can change. Furthermore, certain organisms are considered as belonging to living being although do not satisfy all the properties presented above. For instance, some biologists consider virus as living-being. However, viruses do not use their own metabolism and cannot reproduce themselves without a host cell. Certain symbiotic organisms also do not possess all the above properties, showing once again the limits of the present definitions. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
The development of '''synthetic biology''' in the last decade '''adds another layer of complexity''' to problem of defining life. Indeed, the design of bacterial chassis with minimal genome may involve the loss of mechanisms used by bacteria to evolve (such as conjugation, transposition for example) as these mechanisms are considered as undesirable in a factory bacterium. Such bacteria, enable to evolve, could be considered as not being alive, according the previous definition. Yet, our survey and interviews show that for a large majority of people, these bacteria are still alive, even though some consider that they could be “new living beings”.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Sociological_Cultural_Definition_Living_BeingTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Sociological Cultural Definition Living Being2014-10-18T01:17:12Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
<br />
<br/><br/><br />
=Sociological and Cultural Definition of Living-Being=<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Life''' is a natural phenomenon observed for now only on Earth. What we call life is characterized by living beings. All these living beings are able to interact, reproduce, and live in their environment and formed biosphere. We oppose to life the notion of death or inert, inorganic matter. According to this point of view, life becomes the time between birth and death containing active and passive events (i.e. interactions or random events).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When we try to define what life is in a socio-cultural point of view, talking about religion is required. Every single '''religion''' has its own definition that differs from others’ by a certain number of criteria. However, finding an exact definition of what life is for every religion reveals to be very challenging. Life is a complex notion that even religion is unable to define with easy concept. We think that we do not control enough these concept to try to expose and explain this definition here. However, we underlined the fact that between different religions the definition differs and even within a religion, '''concepts of life vary''' with the time. It shows that '''life is a very complex notion which cannot have a unique and compartmentalized definition'''. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The sociological point of view''' usually follows '''traditions''' and '''culture''' of a country. Thus, religions take a huge place in society and they usually direct what a people thinks. However, in countries where religions impact less on population’s thought, the definition of living beings can differ from the one proposed by religion. <br />
<br />
For everyone a living being is an entity that interacts with its environment and its peers. However, opinions differ on '''what the beginning of the life is. Can we control life? What is the meaning of life?''' And also, '''what are limits of living beings?''' Indeed, big issues that appear nowadays such as '''euthanasia, abortion, frozen embryos, cyborgs''' reveal that our '''definition of life is not clear and not fully shared'''. For some people, life does not begin when fertilization and formation of the embryo occurs and but later, when the embryo is formed. Consequently, they do not consider early embryos as living beings. It is the same for the question of euthanasia. Some people believe that if you are not conscious any more, but your body is still alive, you do not belong to living beings any more as you cannot communicate with your environment. Consequently, having a common definition of early life and late life is challenging. Finally, concerns about what defines living being is now a huge challenge with the progress in robotics and synthetic biology. Indeed, one may humanize the “machine” whereas the others may “mechanize” a living organism. It completely blurs the definition of what society considers as living.<br />
<br />
To go further on what society think, we can examine the '''political sphere''' and especially '''the law'''. Indeed, law sometimes reveals the people’s thought and marks the progress of the reflection. For example in Belgium, euthanasia is now allowed whereas in France it is still prohibited. This difference pushes the French government and society to question and judge if they want to adopt this practice. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''To conclude''', this study allowed us to notice that in religion and even in the society the notion of life and living-being is not yet well-known. Complex concepts to explain what is living being in religion reveals that this notion is not easy to define. Furthermore, we noticed some variations about the principle of life between religion and within religion itself, revealing the ambiguity of this definition. Finally, we analysed current issues raised in our society to understand the different point-of-view. It underlines the same complexity in society to agree in one definition.<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Sociological_Cultural_Definition_Living_BeingTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Sociological Cultural Definition Living Being2014-10-18T01:16:46Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
<br />
</br></br></br></br><br />
=Sociological and Cultural Definition of Living-Being=<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Life''' is a natural phenomenon observed for now only on Earth. What we call life is characterized by living beings. All these living beings are able to interact, reproduce, and live in their environment and formed biosphere. We oppose to life the notion of death or inert, inorganic matter. According to this point of view, life becomes the time between birth and death containing active and passive events (i.e. interactions or random events).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When we try to define what life is in a socio-cultural point of view, talking about religion is required. Every single '''religion''' has its own definition that differs from others’ by a certain number of criteria. However, finding an exact definition of what life is for every religion reveals to be very challenging. Life is a complex notion that even religion is unable to define with easy concept. We think that we do not control enough these concept to try to expose and explain this definition here. However, we underlined the fact that between different religions the definition differs and even within a religion, '''concepts of life vary''' with the time. It shows that '''life is a very complex notion which cannot have a unique and compartmentalized definition'''. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The sociological point of view''' usually follows '''traditions''' and '''culture''' of a country. Thus, religions take a huge place in society and they usually direct what a people thinks. However, in countries where religions impact less on population’s thought, the definition of living beings can differ from the one proposed by religion. <br />
<br />
For everyone a living being is an entity that interacts with its environment and its peers. However, opinions differ on '''what the beginning of the life is. Can we control life? What is the meaning of life?''' And also, '''what are limits of living beings?''' Indeed, big issues that appear nowadays such as '''euthanasia, abortion, frozen embryos, cyborgs''' reveal that our '''definition of life is not clear and not fully shared'''. For some people, life does not begin when fertilization and formation of the embryo occurs and but later, when the embryo is formed. Consequently, they do not consider early embryos as living beings. It is the same for the question of euthanasia. Some people believe that if you are not conscious any more, but your body is still alive, you do not belong to living beings any more as you cannot communicate with your environment. Consequently, having a common definition of early life and late life is challenging. Finally, concerns about what defines living being is now a huge challenge with the progress in robotics and synthetic biology. Indeed, one may humanize the “machine” whereas the others may “mechanize” a living organism. It completely blurs the definition of what society considers as living.<br />
<br />
To go further on what society think, we can examine the '''political sphere''' and especially '''the law'''. Indeed, law sometimes reveals the people’s thought and marks the progress of the reflection. For example in Belgium, euthanasia is now allowed whereas in France it is still prohibited. This difference pushes the French government and society to question and judge if they want to adopt this practice. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''To conclude''', this study allowed us to notice that in religion and even in the society the notion of life and living-being is not yet well-known. Complex concepts to explain what is living being in religion reveals that this notion is not easy to define. Furthermore, we noticed some variations about the principle of life between religion and within religion itself, revealing the ambiguity of this definition. Finally, we analysed current issues raised in our society to understand the different point-of-view. It underlines the same complexity in society to agree in one definition.<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Ethics/Sociological_Cultural_Definition_Living_BeingTeam:Paris Saclay/Ethics/Sociological Cultural Definition Living Being2014-10-18T01:16:16Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/ethics_header}}<br />
<br />
</br></br><br />
=Sociological and Cultural Definition of Living-Being=<br />
<br />
<br />
'''Life''' is a natural phenomenon observed for now only on Earth. What we call life is characterized by living beings. All these living beings are able to interact, reproduce, and live in their environment and formed biosphere. We oppose to life the notion of death or inert, inorganic matter. According to this point of view, life becomes the time between birth and death containing active and passive events (i.e. interactions or random events).<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
When we try to define what life is in a socio-cultural point of view, talking about religion is required. Every single '''religion''' has its own definition that differs from others’ by a certain number of criteria. However, finding an exact definition of what life is for every religion reveals to be very challenging. Life is a complex notion that even religion is unable to define with easy concept. We think that we do not control enough these concept to try to expose and explain this definition here. However, we underlined the fact that between different religions the definition differs and even within a religion, '''concepts of life vary''' with the time. It shows that '''life is a very complex notion which cannot have a unique and compartmentalized definition'''. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''The sociological point of view''' usually follows '''traditions''' and '''culture''' of a country. Thus, religions take a huge place in society and they usually direct what a people thinks. However, in countries where religions impact less on population’s thought, the definition of living beings can differ from the one proposed by religion. <br />
<br />
For everyone a living being is an entity that interacts with its environment and its peers. However, opinions differ on '''what the beginning of the life is. Can we control life? What is the meaning of life?''' And also, '''what are limits of living beings?''' Indeed, big issues that appear nowadays such as '''euthanasia, abortion, frozen embryos, cyborgs''' reveal that our '''definition of life is not clear and not fully shared'''. For some people, life does not begin when fertilization and formation of the embryo occurs and but later, when the embryo is formed. Consequently, they do not consider early embryos as living beings. It is the same for the question of euthanasia. Some people believe that if you are not conscious any more, but your body is still alive, you do not belong to living beings any more as you cannot communicate with your environment. Consequently, having a common definition of early life and late life is challenging. Finally, concerns about what defines living being is now a huge challenge with the progress in robotics and synthetic biology. Indeed, one may humanize the “machine” whereas the others may “mechanize” a living organism. It completely blurs the definition of what society considers as living.<br />
<br />
To go further on what society think, we can examine the '''political sphere''' and especially '''the law'''. Indeed, law sometimes reveals the people’s thought and marks the progress of the reflection. For example in Belgium, euthanasia is now allowed whereas in France it is still prohibited. This difference pushes the French government and society to question and judge if they want to adopt this practice. <br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
'''To conclude''', this study allowed us to notice that in religion and even in the society the notion of life and living-being is not yet well-known. Complex concepts to explain what is living being in religion reveals that this notion is not easy to define. Furthermore, we noticed some variations about the principle of life between religion and within religion itself, revealing the ambiguity of this definition. Finally, we analysed current issues raised in our society to understand the different point-of-view. It underlines the same complexity in society to agree in one definition.<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:09:25Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:07:44Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<center>[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]</center><br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:06:48Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|center|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|center|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|center|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:05:47Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:03:38Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
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We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
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*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
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*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
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*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
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*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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<div style="box-shadow:5px 5px #000000">[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]</div><br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:01:04Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Science Festival */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
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*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
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*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
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*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science_FestivalTeam:Paris Saclay/Outreach/Events/Science Festival2014-10-18T01:00:25Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/outreach_header}}<br />
=Science Festival=<br />
=== ===<br />
We were located at the IGM (Institut de Génétique et Microbiologie) in one of the biology laboratories of the University. We presented the iGEM contest and our project using these different items :<br />
<br />
*'''Odor-free bacteria''': We presented the use of phages to remove the gene responsible of the bad odor in ''E.coli''. Bacterial cultures were set up to show the difference of smell between the cultures with or without this gene.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon scent''' : We used colourful and mobile pieces of cardboard to illustrate the making of biobricks which allowed us to show the available tools of iGEM, and to introduce this concept in a funny and simple way. <br />
<br />
*'''The colour change''' : We presented how the supression system is working after a salicylate induction via a biobrick model. We also use an chemical reaction to display the colour change from green to yellow when a reagent is consumed.<br />
<br />
*'''Lemon shape''' : colored and moulded agar were exposed to the public to illustrate our project.<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival.JPG|400px|center|]]<br />
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[[File:Paris Saclay science festival2.JPG|230px|left|]][[File:Paris Saclay science festival1.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
[[File:Paris Saclay science festival4.JPG|230px|left|]]<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_wiki-flags.pngFile:Paris Saclay wiki-flags.png2014-10-18T00:13:12Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay wiki-flags.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_wiki-flags.pngFile:Paris Saclay wiki-flags.png2014-10-18T00:11:52Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay wiki-flags.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_SaclayTeam:Paris Saclay2014-10-18T00:05:48Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Project Abstract: This is not a lemon! */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/home_header}}<br />
===Project Abstract: This is not a lemon!===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_university.png|200px|right|link=http://www.u-psud.fr/]]<br />
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Synthetic Biology has the power of potentially changing paradigms of society such as our conception of what living beings are. If we deprive bacteria from all their “unnecessary" functions and have them produce what we need and desire, do these bacteria still possess the status of living organisms or have they become machines?<br />
To raise and explore this question, we adopted an artistic approach. Indeed, we think that '''Bio-Art''' is one of the best ways to reach the citizens and to spark debate and reflection.<br />
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We decided to create a concept organism that would reflect these interrogations. We plan to modify ''Escherichia coli'' in order to produce the '''fragrance''' of a lemon and simulate the '''ripening''' process of a lemon by changing its color gradually from green to yellow. A mixture of bacteria and solid growth medium will be moulded in a lemon '''shape''': it will smell like a lemon, ripe like a lemon and look like a lemon, but "ceci n’est pas un citron” - this is not a lemon… or is it?<br />
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With this project we invite everyone to think about the upcoming opportunities and the necessary ethical limits of designing living beings.<br />
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When iGEM Paris Saclay gives you lemons, break your taboos!<br />
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A Biologia Sintética tem o poder de mudar os paradigmas da sociedade, como a nossa concepção do que são serem vivos. Se privarmos uma bactéria de todas as suas funções "desnecessárias" e a fizermos produzir o que precisamos e queremos, essa bactéria continuará com um status de organismo vivo ou ela tende a ser uma máquina? Para levantar e explorar essa questão, adotamos uma abordagem artística. De fato, pensamos que '''Bio-Arte''' é uma das melhores maneiras de atingir o grande público e estimar o debate.<br />
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Nós decidimos criar um organismo conceito que refletiria essas interrogações. Nós planejamos modificar ''Escherichia coli'' para que essa produza o '''aroma''' e simule o amadurecimento de um limão, mudando gradualmente sua cor do verde para o amarelo. A mistura de bactérias e meio de cultivo serão moldados em uma forma de limão: ele vai cheirar como um limão, '''amadurecer''' como um limão e ter a '''forma''' de um limão, mas "ceci n'est pas un citron" - isto não é um limão... ou é? <br />
Assim, convidamos todos a pensar sobre as perspectivas e limites éticos de projetas seres vivos.<br />
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Quando iGEM Paris-Saclay lhe der limões, quebre seus tabus!<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Portuguese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Brasil-SP iGEM Brasil-SP] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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合成生物学有着改变社会的能力,举个例子,所谓的改变社会,就是我们对于地球上生物的认知。<br />
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如果我们删除了细菌中我们认为不重要的功能,又让他们做我们想让他们做的事情,那么这些细菌是否还保持正常生物体的状态呢?它们是否已经成为了一种生产机器了呢?为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种艺术性的方法。众所周知,要想让我们的观念能够被大众更好地理解,生物艺术无疑是一种很好的方法。<br />
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我们创建了一种机制能够解决这个问题。我们通过修饰大肠杆菌让它产生一种气味并且模仿柠檬成熟的过程,这个模型需要细菌和它赖以生存的培养基。我们通过五官的感知使这个模型看起来像一个柠檬,但是"ceci n’est pas un citron”——但事实上它并不是一个柠檬,我们只是让它看起来比较像而已。我们希望通过这个实例能够引发大家对生物实验的道德底线的思考。<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Chinese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:XMU-China iGEM XMU China] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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Synteettisellä biologialla on mahdollisuus muuttaa yhteiskunnan paradigmoja, kuten käsitystämme soluista.<br />
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Jos karsimme bakteereista niiden “tarpeettomat” toiminnot ja valjastamme ne vastaamaan tarpeisiimme, ovatko bakteerit edelleen mielestämme eläviä eliöitä vai onko niistä tullut koneita? Kysymme tämän kysymyksen biotaiteen keinoin, sillä se on yksi parhaita tapoja herättää julkista keskustelua.<br />
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Me luommekonseptiorganismin, joka heijastaa tätä keskustelua. Me muuntelemme ''Escherichia coli'' bakteeria niin, että se tuoksuu ja jäljittelee sitruunan kypsymistä. Teemme bakteerien ja kasvulaustan sekoituksen, joka tuoksuu, kypsyy ja näyttää aivan sitruunalta, mutta "ceci n’est pas un citron” se ei ole sitruuna… vai onko? Tämän avulla haluamme herättää kaikissa ajatuksia elävien organismien suunnitteluun liittyvistä tulevaisuuden mahdollisuuksista ja eettisistä rajoitteista.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Finnish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Aalto-Helsinki iGEM Aalto-Helsinki] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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La biologie synthétique a le pouvoir de changer certains paradigmes de notre société tel que notre conception du statut des êtres vivants.<br />
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Si nous privons des bactéries de leurs fonctions "inutiles" pour qu'elles produisent ce dont nous avons besoin, peut-on toujours les considérer comme des organismes vivants ou sont-elles devenues des machines ?<br />
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Pour aborder cette question, nous avons adopté une approche artistique car nous pensons que le Bio-Art est l'un des meilleurs moyens de susciter des débats avec les citoyens. Nous avons créé un organisme-concept qui pourrait refléter ces interrogations : nous avons modifié ''Escherichia coli'' pour qu'elle produise une odeur de citron et aussi simuler son processus de maturation. Un mélange de bactéries et de milieu de croissance sera coulé dans un moule qui sentira, mûrira et ressemblera à un citron. Mais "ceci n'est pas un citron"- ou cela l'est-il ? Avec notre réalisation nous lançons une invitation à la réflexion sur les futures opportunités et limites éthiques de la conception d’êtres vivants.<br />
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La biologia sintetica potenzialmente ha il potere di cambiare i paradigmi della società come la nostra concezione di ciò che gli esseri viventi sono. Se priviamo i batteri di tutte le loro funzioni "inutili" e facciamo produrre loro ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno e desiderio, questi batteri possiedono ancora lo status di organismi viventi o sono diventati macchine? Per aumentare e esplorare questa domanda, abbiamo adottato un approccio artistico. Infatti, pensiamo che il '''Bio-Art''' è uno dei modi migliori per raggiungere i cittadini e stimolare il dibattito e la riflessione. <br />
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Abbiamo deciso di creare un organismo ideale che riflettesse tali interrogatori. Abbiamo in programma di modificare ''Escherichia coli'' per produrre il '''profumo''' di un limone e simulare il processo di maturazione di un limone cambiando il suo colore gradualmente dal verde al giallo. Una miscela di batteri e crescita solida si modellerà in una '''forma''' di limone: Odorerà come un limone, maturerà come un limone e sembrerà come un limone, ma "ceci n'est pas un citron" - questo non sarà un limone ... o lo è? <br />
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Con questo progetto, invitiamo tutti a pensare alle prossime opportunità e ai limiti etici necessari di progettazione di esseri viventi. <br />
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Quando iGEM Paris Saclay ti da limoni, rompete i vostri tabù!<br />
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사물의 인식 및 개념은 우리가 사는 사회와 문화코드에 상당한 영향을 받습니다. 예를 들어, 옛날에는 어떤 인간은 다른 이의 소유물이었으며 그들의 생사는 주인이 결정하였습니다. 오늘날 이것이 도저히 용납이 안된다면 그것은 ‘인간’의 정의가 그동안 많이 바뀌었기 때문입니다.<br />
합성생물학은 사회의 패러다임을 바꿀 힘을 갖고 있습니다. ‘생물이란 무엇인가?’에 대한 새로운 답도 제시할 수 있습니다. 만약 박테리아에서 ‘필요없는’ 기능들을 제거하고 우리가 원하는 물질을 만들도록 하면, 이 박테리아는 아직도 살아있을까요? 아니면, 하나의 기계로 전락했을까요? 이 질문에 답하기 위해 저희는 예술의 힘을 빌리고자 합니다. 저희는 바이오아트 (BioArt)가 대중에게 다가가고 토론을 싹틔우기에 가장 좋은 방법이라 생각합니다.<br />
이런 생각들을 반영할만한 생명체를 만들고자 합니다. 대장균을 개조하여 레몬의 향과 색을 표현하는 것입니다. 특히, 과일이 익듯이 저희 대장균도 초록색에서 노란색으로 바뀔 것입니다. 레몬 모양의 틀을 이용하여 박테리아가 들어있는 배지도 레몬처럼 보이게 할 계획입니다. 결국 레몬향이 나고 레몬색도 띄고 레몬처럼 보이지만, “ceci n’est pas un citon” – 이것은 레몬이 아닙니다. 그런데 모든점이 레몬과 같다면, 정말 레몬이 아닐까요? <br />
저희 작품을 통해, 합성생물학의 윤리적인 한계에 대해서 다같이 생각해봅시다.<br />
iGEM Paris Saclay와 함께 당신의 터부를 버리세요!<br />
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Synthetische biologie heft het vermogen om de visie van de maatschappij te veranderen zoals on beeld van wat levende wezens zijn.<br />
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Als wij bacterieën ontdoen van hun ‘onnodige’ functies en ze laten produceren wat wij nodig hebben, hebben deze bacteriën dan nog de status van levende organismen, of zijn het machines geworden? Wij hebben een artistieke methode gekozen deze vraag op te werpen omdat Bio-Art de beste manier is om burgers met elkaar in debat te laten gaan.<br />
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We hebben een concept organisme gemaakt dat deze vragen weerspiegelt. We modificeren Escheria coli om de geur van een rijpende citroen te produceren en het rijpingsproces te simuleren. We gieten een mix van bacteriën en groeimedium in een vorm: Zo zal het ruiken, rijpen en er uit zien als een citroen, maar “ceci n’est pas un citron” – dit is geen citroen… Of toch wel? Hiermee nodigen we iedereen uit om na te denken over toekomstige kansen en de ethische grenzen van het ontwerpen van levende wezens.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Dutch by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Groningen iGEM Groningen] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="polishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Biologia syntetyczna ma moc zmieniania paradygmatów społecznych takich jak nasza koncepcja tego, czym są organizmy żywe. Jeśli pozbawimy bakterie ich „niepotrzebnych” funkcji i zmusimy je do produkcji tego, co nam potrzebne, czy nadal będą one posiadały status organizmów żywych czy staną się maszynami?<br />
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Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, przyjęliśmy podejście artystyczne, jako że Bio-Art jest jednym z najlepszych sposobów wskrzeszenia debaty wśród społeczeństwa. Stworzyliśmy koncepcję organizmu, która odzwierciedlałaby te dochodzenia. Zmodyfikowaliśmy Escherichia coli by wytwarzała zapach i imitowała proces dojrzewania cytryny. Mieszanina bakterii i pożywki odżywczej zostanie ukształtowana: będzie pachnieć, dojrzewać i wyglądać jak cytryna, ale "ceci n’est pas un citron” – to nie cytryna… a może jednak? Wraz z tym pytaniem zapraszamy wszystkich do rozważenia przyszłych okazji i granic etycznych projektowania żywych istot.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Polish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Warsaw iGEM Warsaw] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="norwegianversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Syntetisk biologi er en mulighet til et paradigmeskifte i samfunnet med tanke på vår oppfatning av hva levende ting er. Hvis vi tar bort bakteriers ”unødvendige” funksjoner og får dem til å produsere ting som vi trenger, vil disse bakteriene fremdeles betraktes som levende organismer, eller har de blitt maskiner? For å sette fokus på denne problemstillingen har vi valgt en kunstnerisk tilnærming ettersom Bio-Kunst er en av de beste måtene å sette i gang en samfunnsdebatt på. Vi har skapt en konsept organisme som reflekterer denne problemstillingen. Vi har modifisert E. coli-bakterier til å produsere lukt og etterlikne modningsprosessen til en sitron. En blanding av bakterier og vekstmedium blandes sammen: Det vil lukte som, modne som og se ut som, en sitron, men ”Ceci n’est pas un citron” – dette er ikke en sitron… eller er det?<br />
Med dette inviterer vi alle til å tenke over hvilke muligheter og etiske grenser vi har når vi designer levende skapninger.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Norwegian by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:UiOslo%20Norway iGEM UiOslo_Norway] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="spanishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biología sintética tiene el poder de cambiar los paradigmas de la sociedad como nuestra concepción de la definición del ser viviente. <br />
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Si privamos las bacterias de todas sus funciones “inútiles” para que produzcan lo que necesitamos, ¿es que todavía poseen el estatuto de ser vivo o se convirtieron en máquinas?<br />
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Para plantear esta cuestión, adoptamos un enfoque artístico porque creemos que el Bio-Arte es una de las mejores maneras para sensibilizar la población y provocar el debate. Hemos creado un organismo-concepto que podría plantear estas interrogaciones: hemos modificado ''Escherichia coli'' para que produzca el olor del limón y simula su proceso de maturación . Una mezcla de bacterias y de medio de crecimiento sólido será moldeada en un molde de limón: el “limón” olerá como a limón, madurará como un limón y se parecerá a un limón pero “ceci n’est pas un citron” – no es un limón… ¿o lo es?.<br />
Con este proyecto, invitamos a cada uno a pensar acerca de las oportunidades futuras y la necesidad de los límites éticos con respecto al diseño de seres vivos. <br />
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Sentetik biyoloji, yaşayan canlılarla ve bizim açımızla toplum paradigmalarını değiştirme gücüne sahiptir.<br />
Eğer bizler bakterileri “gereksiz” fonksiyonlarından kurtarır ve kendi ihtiyaç duyduğumuz fonksiyonlar eklersek, bu bakteriler hala yaşayan canlı özelliklerine mi sahip olurlar yoksa birer makinaya mı dönüşürler?<br />
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Bu soruyu irdelemek için, Bio-Art adında bir yaklaşım geliştirdik. Dizaynımızın bu sorunu toplumla tartışmak için iyi bir yol olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Bu sorgulamaları yansıtacak bir örnek organizma yarattık. Parfüm üretmek ve bir limonun olgunlaşma sürecini uyarmak için Escherchia coli’yi modifiye ettik. Bir grup bakteri kültürü limon gibi olgunlaşacak, kokacak ve görünecek; ancak “ceci n’est pas un citron”-bu bir limon değil.. ya da öyle mi?<br />
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Bu projeyle, herkesi yaklaşan fırsatlar ve canlıların etik tasarımının sınırları hakkında düşünmeye davet ediyoruz.<br />
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''This abstract was translated to Turkish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:METU%20Turkey iGEM METU_Turkey] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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===We let you discover our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Fastlemon FastLemon]===<br />
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[Mettre la vidéo de maher]<br />
<br />
===We are social!===<br />
Follow our tweets by [http://www.twitter.com/iGEMParisSaclay @iGEMParisSaclay], check our photos on [http://instagram.com/igemparis @iGEMParis] and be updated with our news on [http://www.facebook.com/IgemParisSaclay2012 iGEMParisSaclay]'s wall.<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_SaclayTeam:Paris Saclay2014-10-18T00:03:04Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Project Abstract: This is not a lemon! */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/home_header}}<br />
===Project Abstract: This is not a lemon!===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_university.png|200px|right|link=http://www.u-psud.fr/]]<br />
<html><div id="englishversion"></html><br />
Synthetic Biology has the power of potentially changing paradigms of society such as our conception of what living beings are. If we deprive bacteria from all their “unnecessary" functions and have them produce what we need and desire, do these bacteria still possess the status of living organisms or have they become machines?<br />
To raise and explore this question, we adopted an artistic approach. Indeed, we think that '''Bio-Art''' is one of the best ways to reach the citizens and to spark debate and reflection.<br />
<br />
We decided to create a concept organism that would reflect these interrogations. We plan to modify ''Escherichia coli'' in order to produce the '''fragrance''' of a lemon and simulate the '''ripening''' process of a lemon by changing its color gradually from green to yellow. A mixture of bacteria and solid growth medium will be moulded in a lemon '''shape''': it will smell like a lemon, ripe like a lemon and look like a lemon, but "ceci n’est pas un citron” - this is not a lemon… or is it?<br />
<br />
With this project we invite everyone to think about the upcoming opportunities and the necessary ethical limits of designing living beings.<br />
<br />
When iGEM Paris Saclay gives you lemons, break your taboos!<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="portugueseversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
A Biologia Sintética tem o poder de mudar os paradigmas da sociedade, como a nossa concepção do que são serem vivos. Se privarmos uma bactéria de todas as suas funções "desnecessárias" e a fizermos produzir o que precisamos e queremos, essa bactéria continuará com um status de organismo vivo ou ela tende a ser uma máquina? Para levantar e explorar essa questão, adotamos uma abordagem artística. De fato, pensamos que '''Bio-Arte''' é uma das melhores maneiras de atingir o grande público e estimar o debate.<br />
<br />
Nós decidimos criar um organismo conceito que refletiria essas interrogações. Nós planejamos modificar ''Escherichia coli'' para que essa produza o '''aroma''' e simule o amadurecimento de um limão, mudando gradualmente sua cor do verde para o amarelo. A mistura de bactérias e meio de cultivo serão moldados em uma forma de limão: ele vai cheirar como um limão, '''amadurecer''' como um limão e ter a '''forma''' de um limão, mas "ceci n'est pas un citron" - isto não é um limão... ou é? <br />
Assim, convidamos todos a pensar sobre as perspectivas e limites éticos de projetas seres vivos.<br />
<br />
Quando iGEM Paris-Saclay lhe der limões, quebre seus tabus!<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Portuguese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Brasil-SP iGEM Brasil-SP] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="chineseversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
合成生物学有着改变社会的能力,举个例子,所谓的改变社会,就是我们对于地球上生物的认知。<br />
<br />
如果我们删除了细菌中我们认为不重要的功能,又让他们做我们想让他们做的事情,那么这些细菌是否还保持正常生物体的状态呢?它们是否已经成为了一种生产机器了呢?为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种艺术性的方法。众所周知,要想让我们的观念能够被大众更好地理解,生物艺术无疑是一种很好的方法。<br />
<br />
我们创建了一种机制能够解决这个问题。我们通过修饰大肠杆菌让它产生一种气味并且模仿柠檬成熟的过程,这个模型需要细菌和它赖以生存的培养基。我们通过五官的感知使这个模型看起来像一个柠檬,但是"ceci n’est pas un citron”——但事实上它并不是一个柠檬,我们只是让它看起来比较像而已。我们希望通过这个实例能够引发大家对生物实验的道德底线的思考。<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Chinese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:XMU-China iGEM XMU China] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="finnishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Synteettisellä biologialla on mahdollisuus muuttaa yhteiskunnan paradigmoja, kuten käsitystämme soluista.<br />
<br />
Jos karsimme bakteereista niiden “tarpeettomat” toiminnot ja valjastamme ne vastaamaan tarpeisiimme, ovatko bakteerit edelleen mielestämme eläviä eliöitä vai onko niistä tullut koneita? Kysymme tämän kysymyksen biotaiteen keinoin, sillä se on yksi parhaita tapoja herättää julkista keskustelua.<br />
<br />
Me luommekonseptiorganismin, joka heijastaa tätä keskustelua. Me muuntelemme ''Escherichia coli'' bakteeria niin, että se tuoksuu ja jäljittelee sitruunan kypsymistä. Teemme bakteerien ja kasvulaustan sekoituksen, joka tuoksuu, kypsyy ja näyttää aivan sitruunalta, mutta "ceci n’est pas un citron” se ei ole sitruuna… vai onko? Tämän avulla haluamme herättää kaikissa ajatuksia elävien organismien suunnitteluun liittyvistä tulevaisuuden mahdollisuuksista ja eettisistä rajoitteista.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Finnish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Aalto-Helsinki iGEM Aalto-Helsinki] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="frenchversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biologie synthétique a le pouvoir de changer certains paradigmes de notre société tel que notre conception du statut des êtres vivants.<br />
<br />
Si nous privons des bactéries de leurs fonctions "inutiles" pour qu'elles produisent ce dont nous avons besoin, peut-on toujours les considérer comme des organismes vivants ou sont-elles devenues des machines ?<br />
<br />
Pour aborder cette question, nous avons adopté une approche artistique car nous pensons que le Bio-Art est l'un des meilleurs moyens de susciter des débats avec les citoyens. Nous avons créé un organisme-concept qui pourrait refléter ces interrogations : nous avons modifié ''Escherichia coli'' pour qu'elle produise une odeur de citron et aussi simuler son processus de maturation. Un mélange de bactéries et de milieu de croissance sera coulé dans un moule qui sentira, mûrira et ressemblera à un citron. Mais "ceci n'est pas un citron"- ou cela l'est-il ? Avec notre réalisation nous lançons une invitation à la réflexion sur les futures opportunités et limites éthiques de la conception d’êtres vivants.<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="italianversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biologia sintetica potenzialmente ha il potere di cambiare i paradigmi della società come la nostra concezione di ciò che gli esseri viventi sono. Se priviamo i batteri di tutte le loro funzioni "inutili" e facciamo produrre loro ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno e desiderio, questi batteri possiedono ancora lo status di organismi viventi o sono diventati macchine? Per aumentare e esplorare questa domanda, abbiamo adottato un approccio artistico. Infatti, pensiamo che il '''Bio-Art''' è uno dei modi migliori per raggiungere i cittadini e stimolare il dibattito e la riflessione. <br />
<br />
Abbiamo deciso di creare un organismo ideale che riflettesse tali interrogatori. Abbiamo in programma di modificare ''Escherichia coli'' per produrre il '''profumo''' di un limone e simulare il processo di maturazione di un limone cambiando il suo colore gradualmente dal verde al giallo. Una miscela di batteri e crescita solida si modellerà in una '''forma''' di limone: Odorerà come un limone, maturerà come un limone e sembrerà come un limone, ma "ceci n'est pas un citron" - questo non sarà un limone ... o lo è? <br />
<br />
Con questo progetto, invitiamo tutti a pensare alle prossime opportunità e ai limiti etici necessari di progettazione di esseri viventi. <br />
<br />
Quando iGEM Paris Saclay ti da limoni, rompete i vostri tabù!<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="koreanversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
사물의 인식 및 개념은 우리가 사는 사회와 문화코드에 상당한 영향을 받습니다. 예를 들어, 옛날에는 어떤 인간은 다른 이의 소유물이었으며 그들의 생사는 주인이 결정하였습니다. 오늘날 이것이 도저히 용납이 안된다면 그것은 ‘인간’의 정의가 그동안 많이 바뀌었기 때문입니다.<br />
합성생물학은 사회의 패러다임을 바꿀 힘을 갖고 있습니다. ‘생물이란 무엇인가?’에 대한 새로운 답도 제시할 수 있습니다. 만약 박테리아에서 ‘필요없는’ 기능들을 제거하고 우리가 원하는 물질을 만들도록 하면, 이 박테리아는 아직도 살아있을까요? 아니면, 하나의 기계로 전락했을까요? 이 질문에 답하기 위해 저희는 예술의 힘을 빌리고자 합니다. 저희는 바이오아트 (BioArt)가 대중에게 다가가고 토론을 싹틔우기에 가장 좋은 방법이라 생각합니다.<br />
이런 생각들을 반영할만한 생명체를 만들고자 합니다. 대장균을 개조하여 레몬의 향과 색을 표현하는 것입니다. 특히, 과일이 익듯이 저희 대장균도 초록색에서 노란색으로 바뀔 것입니다. 레몬 모양의 틀을 이용하여 박테리아가 들어있는 배지도 레몬처럼 보이게 할 계획입니다. 결국 레몬향이 나고 레몬색도 띄고 레몬처럼 보이지만, “ceci n’est pas un citon” – 이것은 레몬이 아닙니다. 그런데 모든점이 레몬과 같다면, 정말 레몬이 아닐까요? <br />
저희 작품을 통해, 합성생물학의 윤리적인 한계에 대해서 다같이 생각해봅시다.<br />
iGEM Paris Saclay와 함께 당신의 터부를 버리세요!<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="norwegianversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Synthetische biologie heft het vermogen om de visie van de maatschappij te veranderen zoals on beeld van wat levende wezens zijn.<br />
<br />
Als wij bacterieën ontdoen van hun ‘onnodige’ functies en ze laten produceren wat wij nodig hebben, hebben deze bacteriën dan nog de status van levende organismen, of zijn het machines geworden? Wij hebben een artistieke methode gekozen deze vraag op te werpen omdat Bio-Art de beste manier is om burgers met elkaar in debat te laten gaan.<br />
<br />
We hebben een concept organisme gemaakt dat deze vragen weerspiegelt. We modificeren Escheria coli om de geur van een rijpende citroen te produceren en het rijpingsproces te simuleren. We gieten een mix van bacteriën en groeimedium in een vorm: Zo zal het ruiken, rijpen en er uit zien als een citroen, maar “ceci n’est pas un citron” – dit is geen citroen… Of toch wel? Hiermee nodigen we iedereen uit om na te denken over toekomstige kansen en de ethische grenzen van het ontwerpen van levende wezens.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Dutch by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Groningen iGEM Groningen] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="polishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Biologia syntetyczna ma moc zmieniania paradygmatów społecznych takich jak nasza koncepcja tego, czym są organizmy żywe. Jeśli pozbawimy bakterie ich „niepotrzebnych” funkcji i zmusimy je do produkcji tego, co nam potrzebne, czy nadal będą one posiadały status organizmów żywych czy staną się maszynami?<br />
<br />
Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, przyjęliśmy podejście artystyczne, jako że Bio-Art jest jednym z najlepszych sposobów wskrzeszenia debaty wśród społeczeństwa. Stworzyliśmy koncepcję organizmu, która odzwierciedlałaby te dochodzenia. Zmodyfikowaliśmy Escherichia coli by wytwarzała zapach i imitowała proces dojrzewania cytryny. Mieszanina bakterii i pożywki odżywczej zostanie ukształtowana: będzie pachnieć, dojrzewać i wyglądać jak cytryna, ale "ceci n’est pas un citron” – to nie cytryna… a może jednak? Wraz z tym pytaniem zapraszamy wszystkich do rozważenia przyszłych okazji i granic etycznych projektowania żywych istot.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Polish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Warsaw iGEM Warsaw] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="dutchversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Syntetisk biologi er en mulighet til et paradigmeskifte i samfunnet med tanke på vår oppfatning av hva levende ting er. Hvis vi tar bort bakteriers ”unødvendige” funksjoner og får dem til å produsere ting som vi trenger, vil disse bakteriene fremdeles betraktes som levende organismer, eller har de blitt maskiner? For å sette fokus på denne problemstillingen har vi valgt en kunstnerisk tilnærming ettersom Bio-Kunst er en av de beste måtene å sette i gang en samfunnsdebatt på. Vi har skapt en konsept organisme som reflekterer denne problemstillingen. Vi har modifisert E. coli-bakterier til å produsere lukt og etterlikne modningsprosessen til en sitron. En blanding av bakterier og vekstmedium blandes sammen: Det vil lukte som, modne som og se ut som, en sitron, men ”Ceci n’est pas un citron” – dette er ikke en sitron… eller er det?<br />
Med dette inviterer vi alle til å tenke over hvilke muligheter og etiske grenser vi har når vi designer levende skapninger.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Norwegian by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:UiOslo%20Norway iGEM UiOslo_Norway] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="polishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="spanishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biología sintética tiene el poder de cambiar los paradigmas de la sociedad como nuestra concepción de la definición del ser viviente. <br />
<br />
Si privamos las bacterias de todas sus funciones “inútiles” para que produzcan lo que necesitamos, ¿es que todavía poseen el estatuto de ser vivo o se convirtieron en máquinas?<br />
<br />
Para plantear esta cuestión, adoptamos un enfoque artístico porque creemos que el Bio-Arte es una de las mejores maneras para sensibilizar la población y provocar el debate. Hemos creado un organismo-concepto que podría plantear estas interrogaciones: hemos modificado ''Escherichia coli'' para que produzca el olor del limón y simula su proceso de maturación . Una mezcla de bacterias y de medio de crecimiento sólido será moldeada en un molde de limón: el “limón” olerá como a limón, madurará como un limón y se parecerá a un limón pero “ceci n’est pas un citron” – no es un limón… ¿o lo es?.<br />
Con este proyecto, invitamos a cada uno a pensar acerca de las oportunidades futuras y la necesidad de los límites éticos con respecto al diseño de seres vivos. <br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="turkishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Sentetik biyoloji, yaşayan canlılarla ve bizim açımızla toplum paradigmalarını değiştirme gücüne sahiptir.<br />
Eğer bizler bakterileri “gereksiz” fonksiyonlarından kurtarır ve kendi ihtiyaç duyduğumuz fonksiyonlar eklersek, bu bakteriler hala yaşayan canlı özelliklerine mi sahip olurlar yoksa birer makinaya mı dönüşürler?<br />
<br />
Bu soruyu irdelemek için, Bio-Art adında bir yaklaşım geliştirdik. Dizaynımızın bu sorunu toplumla tartışmak için iyi bir yol olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Bu sorgulamaları yansıtacak bir örnek organizma yarattık. Parfüm üretmek ve bir limonun olgunlaşma sürecini uyarmak için Escherchia coli’yi modifiye ettik. Bir grup bakteri kültürü limon gibi olgunlaşacak, kokacak ve görünecek; ancak “ceci n’est pas un citron”-bu bir limon değil.. ya da öyle mi?<br />
<br />
Bu projeyle, herkesi yaklaşan fırsatlar ve canlıların etik tasarımının sınırları hakkında düşünmeye davet ediyoruz.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Turkish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:METU%20Turkey iGEM METU_Turkey] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<br />
===We let you discover our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Fastlemon FastLemon]===<br />
<br />
[Mettre la vidéo de maher]<br />
<br />
===We are social!===<br />
Follow our tweets by [http://www.twitter.com/iGEMParisSaclay @iGEMParisSaclay], check our photos on [http://instagram.com/igemparis @iGEMParis] and be updated with our news on [http://www.facebook.com/IgemParisSaclay2012 iGEMParisSaclay]'s wall.<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_SaclayTeam:Paris Saclay2014-10-18T00:01:18Z<p>Fanny Boulet: </p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/home_header}}<br />
===Project Abstract: This is not a lemon!===<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_university.png|200px|right|link=http://www.u-psud.fr/]]<br />
<html><div id="englishversion"></html><br />
Synthetic Biology has the power of potentially changing paradigms of society such as our conception of what living beings are. If we deprive bacteria from all their “unnecessary" functions and have them produce what we need and desire, do these bacteria still possess the status of living organisms or have they become machines?<br />
To raise and explore this question, we adopted an artistic approach. Indeed, we think that '''Bio-Art''' is one of the best ways to reach the citizens and to spark debate and reflection.<br />
<br />
We decided to create a concept organism that would reflect these interrogations. We plan to modify ''Escherichia coli'' in order to produce the '''fragrance''' of a lemon and simulate the '''ripening''' process of a lemon by changing its color gradually from green to yellow. A mixture of bacteria and solid growth medium will be moulded in a lemon '''shape''': it will smell like a lemon, ripe like a lemon and look like a lemon, but "ceci n’est pas un citron” - this is not a lemon… or is it?<br />
<br />
With this project we invite everyone to think about the upcoming opportunities and the necessary ethical limits of designing living beings.<br />
<br />
When iGEM Paris Saclay gives you lemons, break your taboos!<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="portugueseversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
A Biologia Sintética tem o poder de mudar os paradigmas da sociedade, como a nossa concepção do que são serem vivos. Se privarmos uma bactéria de todas as suas funções "desnecessárias" e a fizermos produzir o que precisamos e queremos, essa bactéria continuará com um status de organismo vivo ou ela tende a ser uma máquina? Para levantar e explorar essa questão, adotamos uma abordagem artística. De fato, pensamos que '''Bio-Arte''' é uma das melhores maneiras de atingir o grande público e estimar o debate.<br />
<br />
Nós decidimos criar um organismo conceito que refletiria essas interrogações. Nós planejamos modificar ''Escherichia coli'' para que essa produza o '''aroma''' e simule o amadurecimento de um limão, mudando gradualmente sua cor do verde para o amarelo. A mistura de bactérias e meio de cultivo serão moldados em uma forma de limão: ele vai cheirar como um limão, '''amadurecer''' como um limão e ter a '''forma''' de um limão, mas "ceci n'est pas un citron" - isto não é um limão... ou é? <br />
Assim, convidamos todos a pensar sobre as perspectivas e limites éticos de projetas seres vivos.<br />
<br />
Quando iGEM Paris-Saclay lhe der limões, quebre seus tabus!<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Portuguese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Brasil-SP iGEM Brasil-SP] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="chineseversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
合成生物学有着改变社会的能力,举个例子,所谓的改变社会,就是我们对于地球上生物的认知。<br />
<br />
如果我们删除了细菌中我们认为不重要的功能,又让他们做我们想让他们做的事情,那么这些细菌是否还保持正常生物体的状态呢?它们是否已经成为了一种生产机器了呢?为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种艺术性的方法。众所周知,要想让我们的观念能够被大众更好地理解,生物艺术无疑是一种很好的方法。<br />
<br />
我们创建了一种机制能够解决这个问题。我们通过修饰大肠杆菌让它产生一种气味并且模仿柠檬成熟的过程,这个模型需要细菌和它赖以生存的培养基。我们通过五官的感知使这个模型看起来像一个柠檬,但是"ceci n’est pas un citron”——但事实上它并不是一个柠檬,我们只是让它看起来比较像而已。我们希望通过这个实例能够引发大家对生物实验的道德底线的思考。<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Chinese by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:XMU-China iGEM XMU China] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
<html></div></html><br />
<html><div id="finnishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Synteettisellä biologialla on mahdollisuus muuttaa yhteiskunnan paradigmoja, kuten käsitystämme soluista.<br />
<br />
Jos karsimme bakteereista niiden “tarpeettomat” toiminnot ja valjastamme ne vastaamaan tarpeisiimme, ovatko bakteerit edelleen mielestämme eläviä eliöitä vai onko niistä tullut koneita? Kysymme tämän kysymyksen biotaiteen keinoin, sillä se on yksi parhaita tapoja herättää julkista keskustelua.<br />
<br />
Me luommekonseptiorganismin, joka heijastaa tätä keskustelua. Me muuntelemme ''Escherichia coli'' bakteeria niin, että se tuoksuu ja jäljittelee sitruunan kypsymistä. Teemme bakteerien ja kasvulaustan sekoituksen, joka tuoksuu, kypsyy ja näyttää aivan sitruunalta, mutta "ceci n’est pas un citron” se ei ole sitruuna… vai onko? Tämän avulla haluamme herättää kaikissa ajatuksia elävien organismien suunnitteluun liittyvistä tulevaisuuden mahdollisuuksista ja eettisistä rajoitteista.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Finnish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Aalto-Helsinki iGEM Aalto-Helsinki] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="frenchversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biologie synthétique a le pouvoir de changer certains paradigmes de notre société tel que notre conception du statut des êtres vivants.<br />
<br />
Si nous privons des bactéries de leurs fonctions "inutiles" pour qu'elles produisent ce dont nous avons besoin, peut-on toujours les considérer comme des organismes vivants ou sont-elles devenues des machines ?<br />
<br />
Pour aborder cette question, nous avons adopté une approche artistique car nous pensons que le Bio-Art est l'un des meilleurs moyens de susciter des débats avec les citoyens. Nous avons créé un organisme-concept qui pourrait refléter ces interrogations : nous avons modifié ''Escherichia coli'' pour qu'elle produise une odeur de citron et aussi simuler son processus de maturation. Un mélange de bactéries et de milieu de croissance sera coulé dans un moule qui sentira, mûrira et ressemblera à un citron. Mais "ceci n'est pas un citron"- ou cela l'est-il ? Avec notre réalisation nous lançons une invitation à la réflexion sur les futures opportunités et limites éthiques de la conception d’êtres vivants.<br />
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La biologia sintetica potenzialmente ha il potere di cambiare i paradigmi della società come la nostra concezione di ciò che gli esseri viventi sono. Se priviamo i batteri di tutte le loro funzioni "inutili" e facciamo produrre loro ciò di cui abbiamo bisogno e desiderio, questi batteri possiedono ancora lo status di organismi viventi o sono diventati macchine? Per aumentare e esplorare questa domanda, abbiamo adottato un approccio artistico. Infatti, pensiamo che il '''Bio-Art''' è uno dei modi migliori per raggiungere i cittadini e stimolare il dibattito e la riflessione. <br />
<br />
Abbiamo deciso di creare un organismo ideale che riflettesse tali interrogatori. Abbiamo in programma di modificare ''Escherichia coli'' per produrre il '''profumo''' di un limone e simulare il processo di maturazione di un limone cambiando il suo colore gradualmente dal verde al giallo. Una miscela di batteri e crescita solida si modellerà in una '''forma''' di limone: Odorerà come un limone, maturerà come un limone e sembrerà come un limone, ma "ceci n'est pas un citron" - questo non sarà un limone ... o lo è? <br />
<br />
Con questo progetto, invitiamo tutti a pensare alle prossime opportunità e ai limiti etici necessari di progettazione di esseri viventi. <br />
<br />
Quando iGEM Paris Saclay ti da limoni, rompete i vostri tabù!<br />
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<html><div id="koreanversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
사물의 인식 및 개념은 우리가 사는 사회와 문화코드에 상당한 영향을 받습니다. 예를 들어, 옛날에는 어떤 인간은 다른 이의 소유물이었으며 그들의 생사는 주인이 결정하였습니다. 오늘날 이것이 도저히 용납이 안된다면 그것은 ‘인간’의 정의가 그동안 많이 바뀌었기 때문입니다.<br />
합성생물학은 사회의 패러다임을 바꿀 힘을 갖고 있습니다. ‘생물이란 무엇인가?’에 대한 새로운 답도 제시할 수 있습니다. 만약 박테리아에서 ‘필요없는’ 기능들을 제거하고 우리가 원하는 물질을 만들도록 하면, 이 박테리아는 아직도 살아있을까요? 아니면, 하나의 기계로 전락했을까요? 이 질문에 답하기 위해 저희는 예술의 힘을 빌리고자 합니다. 저희는 바이오아트 (BioArt)가 대중에게 다가가고 토론을 싹틔우기에 가장 좋은 방법이라 생각합니다.<br />
이런 생각들을 반영할만한 생명체를 만들고자 합니다. 대장균을 개조하여 레몬의 향과 색을 표현하는 것입니다. 특히, 과일이 익듯이 저희 대장균도 초록색에서 노란색으로 바뀔 것입니다. 레몬 모양의 틀을 이용하여 박테리아가 들어있는 배지도 레몬처럼 보이게 할 계획입니다. 결국 레몬향이 나고 레몬색도 띄고 레몬처럼 보이지만, “ceci n’est pas un citon” – 이것은 레몬이 아닙니다. 그런데 모든점이 레몬과 같다면, 정말 레몬이 아닐까요? <br />
저희 작품을 통해, 합성생물학의 윤리적인 한계에 대해서 다같이 생각해봅시다.<br />
iGEM Paris Saclay와 함께 당신의 터부를 버리세요!<br />
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Synthetische biologie heft het vermogen om de visie van de maatschappij te veranderen zoals on beeld van wat levende wezens zijn.<br />
<br />
Als wij bacterieën ontdoen van hun ‘onnodige’ functies en ze laten produceren wat wij nodig hebben, hebben deze bacteriën dan nog de status van levende organismen, of zijn het machines geworden? Wij hebben een artistieke methode gekozen deze vraag op te werpen omdat Bio-Art de beste manier is om burgers met elkaar in debat te laten gaan.<br />
<br />
We hebben een concept organisme gemaakt dat deze vragen weerspiegelt. We modificeren Escheria coli om de geur van een rijpende citroen te produceren en het rijpingsproces te simuleren. We gieten een mix van bacteriën en groeimedium in een vorm: Zo zal het ruiken, rijpen en er uit zien als een citroen, maar “ceci n’est pas un citron” – dit is geen citroen… Of toch wel? Hiermee nodigen we iedereen uit om na te denken over toekomstige kansen en de ethische grenzen van het ontwerpen van levende wezens.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Dutch by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Groningen iGEM Groningen] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="polishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Biologia syntetyczna ma moc zmieniania paradygmatów społecznych takich jak nasza koncepcja tego, czym są organizmy żywe. Jeśli pozbawimy bakterie ich „niepotrzebnych” funkcji i zmusimy je do produkcji tego, co nam potrzebne, czy nadal będą one posiadały status organizmów żywych czy staną się maszynami?<br />
<br />
Aby odpowiedzieć na to pytanie, przyjęliśmy podejście artystyczne, jako że Bio-Art jest jednym z najlepszych sposobów wskrzeszenia debaty wśród społeczeństwa. Stworzyliśmy koncepcję organizmu, która odzwierciedlałaby te dochodzenia. Zmodyfikowaliśmy Escherichia coli by wytwarzała zapach i imitowała proces dojrzewania cytryny. Mieszanina bakterii i pożywki odżywczej zostanie ukształtowana: będzie pachnieć, dojrzewać i wyglądać jak cytryna, ale "ceci n’est pas un citron” – to nie cytryna… a może jednak? Wraz z tym pytaniem zapraszamy wszystkich do rozważenia przyszłych okazji i granic etycznych projektowania żywych istot.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Polish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Warsaw iGEM Warsaw] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="dutschversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
Syntetisk biologi er en mulighet til et paradigmeskifte i samfunnet med tanke på vår oppfatning av hva levende ting er. Hvis vi tar bort bakteriers ”unødvendige” funksjoner og får dem til å produsere ting som vi trenger, vil disse bakteriene fremdeles betraktes som levende organismer, eller har de blitt maskiner? For å sette fokus på denne problemstillingen har vi valgt en kunstnerisk tilnærming ettersom Bio-Kunst er en av de beste måtene å sette i gang en samfunnsdebatt på. Vi har skapt en konsept organisme som reflekterer denne problemstillingen. Vi har modifisert E. coli-bakterier til å produsere lukt og etterlikne modningsprosessen til en sitron. En blanding av bakterier og vekstmedium blandes sammen: Det vil lukte som, modne som og se ut som, en sitron, men ”Ceci n’est pas un citron” – dette er ikke en sitron… eller er det?<br />
Med dette inviterer vi alle til å tenke over hvilke muligheter og etiske grenser vi har når vi designer levende skapninger.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Norwegian by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:UiOslo%20Norway iGEM UiOslo_Norway] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<html><div id="spanishversion" class="invisible"></html><br />
La biología sintética tiene el poder de cambiar los paradigmas de la sociedad como nuestra concepción de la definición del ser viviente. <br />
<br />
Si privamos las bacterias de todas sus funciones “inútiles” para que produzcan lo que necesitamos, ¿es que todavía poseen el estatuto de ser vivo o se convirtieron en máquinas?<br />
<br />
Para plantear esta cuestión, adoptamos un enfoque artístico porque creemos que el Bio-Arte es una de las mejores maneras para sensibilizar la población y provocar el debate. Hemos creado un organismo-concepto que podría plantear estas interrogaciones: hemos modificado ''Escherichia coli'' para que produzca el olor del limón y simula su proceso de maturación . Una mezcla de bacterias y de medio de crecimiento sólido será moldeada en un molde de limón: el “limón” olerá como a limón, madurará como un limón y se parecerá a un limón pero “ceci n’est pas un citron” – no es un limón… ¿o lo es?.<br />
Con este proyecto, invitamos a cada uno a pensar acerca de las oportunidades futuras y la necesidad de los límites éticos con respecto al diseño de seres vivos. <br />
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Sentetik biyoloji, yaşayan canlılarla ve bizim açımızla toplum paradigmalarını değiştirme gücüne sahiptir.<br />
Eğer bizler bakterileri “gereksiz” fonksiyonlarından kurtarır ve kendi ihtiyaç duyduğumuz fonksiyonlar eklersek, bu bakteriler hala yaşayan canlı özelliklerine mi sahip olurlar yoksa birer makinaya mı dönüşürler?<br />
<br />
Bu soruyu irdelemek için, Bio-Art adında bir yaklaşım geliştirdik. Dizaynımızın bu sorunu toplumla tartışmak için iyi bir yol olduğunu düşünüyoruz. Bu sorgulamaları yansıtacak bir örnek organizma yarattık. Parfüm üretmek ve bir limonun olgunlaşma sürecini uyarmak için Escherchia coli’yi modifiye ettik. Bir grup bakteri kültürü limon gibi olgunlaşacak, kokacak ve görünecek; ancak “ceci n’est pas un citron”-bu bir limon değil.. ya da öyle mi?<br />
<br />
Bu projeyle, herkesi yaklaşan fırsatlar ve canlıların etik tasarımının sınırları hakkında düşünmeye davet ediyoruz.<br />
<br />
<br />
''This abstract was translated to Turkish by [https://2014.igem.org/Team:METU%20Turkey iGEM METU_Turkey] under our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Outreach/Collaborations collaborations].''<br />
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<br />
===We let you discover our [https://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Fastlemon FastLemon]===<br />
<br />
[Mettre la vidéo de maher]<br />
<br />
===We are social!===<br />
Follow our tweets by [http://www.twitter.com/iGEMParisSaclay @iGEMParisSaclay], check our photos on [http://instagram.com/igemparis @iGEMParis] and be updated with our news on [http://www.facebook.com/IgemParisSaclay2012 iGEMParisSaclay]'s wall.<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Salicylate_Inducible_SystemTeam:Paris Saclay/Project/Salicylate Inducible System2014-10-17T23:55:52Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Alternative pathway */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/project_header}}<br />
=Lemon Appearance And Ripening=<br />
==Introduction==<br />
As everyone knows, lemon is a fruit that can display a yellow color when it is ripe and a green color when it is not. Firstly, we chose to use chromoproteins to express these colors in E. coli. Chromoproteins are reflective proteins that contain a pigmented prosthetic group (for example, iron for the haemoglobin) and do not need to be excited to be seen. Although several chromoproteins have been synthesized in the past years, there is no known green chromoprotein yet synthesized in iGEM. We aim to resolve this by fusing a yellow chromoprotein with a blue one that hopefully will display a green color. This construction will be referred as the green fusion chromoprotein.<br />
<br />
Secondly, in order to make our lemon ripe like a real lemon, we decided to take advantage of the designing of the fusion protein by using a translational suppression system. Indeed, we plan to add amber codons within the linker separating the yellow and the blue chromoproteins. Therefore, the expression of a suppressor t-RNA will suppress amber codons allowing the translation of the green fusion chromoprotein. Conversely, the down regulation of the suppressor t-RNA through time will allow bacteria switch from green to yellow, thus simulating the ripening of a real lemon. This system will be referred to as the color switch system.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-lemon_appearance_&_rippening.jpg|center]]<br />
<br />
== The green fusion chromoprotein design ==<br />
<br />
====Promoter & RBS====<br />
<br />
Because the ripening of the lemon will be achieved by the regulation of the expression of the suppressor t-RNA, the fusion chromoprotein has been placed under control of a constitutive promoter. To ensure that E. coli produces a robust color, we chose the RBS BBa_B0034 (strength = 1) and the “consensus” promoter BBa_J23119. <br />
<br />
====Chromoproteins====<br />
<br />
Uppsala iGEM team 2013 already designed several chromoproteins such as the FwYellow (BBa_K1033910) and the AeBlue chromoproteins (BBa_K1033902) [1]. We chose to fuse these chromoproteins so it should produce a green color. <br />
<br />
====Linker====<br />
<br />
Linkers are short sequences usually containing flexible amino-acid such as glycine and serine to ensure that two proteins domain are correctly folded and avoid steric issues. Thus, a linker of 12 amino acids that repeat a motif of glycine-glycine-serine-glycine (BBa_K243006) has been used to separate both FwYellow and AeBlue chromoproteins. Furthermore, to permit the color switch by the translational suppression system, we plan to replace two serine codons from the linker by amber codons (TAG). Choosing to add two amber codons would ensure a low stop codon readthrough in absence of the t-RNA.<br />
<br />
====Terminator====<br />
<br />
To end the transcription of the fusion chromoprotein, a commonly used terminator BBa_B0010 is added.<br />
<br />
==The Color Switch system design==<br />
<br />
====The supD suppressor t-RNA====<br />
<br />
Given that the linker that separates both FwYellow and AeBlue chromoproteins is composed of serine and glycine amino-acid, we needed a t-RNA suppressor that could encode one of these amino-acids to not alter the properties of the linker.<br />
As we were looking for a t-RNA suppressor, we found that the iGEM Beijing 2009 team already worked on a translational suppression system. They worked with the supD suppressor t-RNA that encodes a serine making it an ideal candidate for our project. They placed supD under control of a salicylate inducible promoter Psal to suppress amber codon they had introduced in the T7 polymerase sequence. In turn, the T7 polymerase can express the GFP output gene. Their results show that supD does not induce bacteria lethality so such a system could be used [2].<br />
<br />
====Transcription factor sensible to salicylate====<br />
<br />
The nahR gene is involved in the degradation of the naphthalene pollutant in Pseudomonas putida. This gene encodes a transcriptional regulator that is induce by salicylate and thus bind nah or sal promoters. The BBa_K228004 Biobrick® contains the nahR gene under control of a constitutive promoter and the salicylate promoter (Psal). Thus, we plan to place supD under control of the Psal promoter.<br />
<br />
====Color switch mechanism====<br />
<br />
In the beginning, salicylate concentration will be maximal into the agar media so that supD will be expressed and so the green fusion chromoprotein: bacteria will display a green color. However, as bacteria grow into agar, less salicylate will remain available into the media. Thus, the decrease of the nahR-salicylate complex amount within bacteria will lead to supD downregulation through time. In turn, decrease of supD amount will result in less codon readthrough and so less translation of the green fusion protein and more translation of the yellow chromoprotein. As a result, bacteria will gradually change from green to yellow.<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-debut.jpg.png|700px|center|At the beginning|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ea/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-debut.jpg.png]]<br />
<hr><br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-milieu.png|center|700px|Ripening process|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/26/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-milieu.png]]<br />
<hr><br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-fin.png|center|700px|At the end|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/48/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-fin.png]]<br />
<br />
==Results==<br />
To save time the fusion chromoprotein gene was ordered to Lifetechnologies® company. It includes the suffix, the promoter, the RBS, the FwYellow’s open reading frame, the linker, the AeBlue’s open reading frame, the terminator and the prefix. As a first step, the linker did not bear the two amber codons so that we could know if the fusion chromoprotein is functional or not.<br />
<br />
====Cloning in pGEMTeasy====<br />
<br />
After receiving it, the fusion chromoprotein was amplified by PCR and then cloned into pGEMTeasy. Unfortunately, after transforming E.coli and plating the tranformation mix, no colonies display any color. We sequenced the gene cloned to ensure the absence of mutation. The simplest explanation is that the fusion protein is not anymore functional. One may suggest that the fact the chromoproteins need to be in a multimeric form to be functional, prevent the fusion protein to be functional.<br />
<br />
As the fusion chromoprotein did not work, the colour switch system that we planned to do is no longer valid.<br />
<br />
==Alternative pathway==<br />
To resolve this issue, we planned to separately express both FwYellow and AeBlue in bacteria. We decided to place the FwYellow under control of a constitutive promoter whereas AeBlue will be place under the Psal inducible promoter, as mentioned above.<br />
As previously, the beginning, salicylate concentration is maximal into the agar media leading so both chromoprotein will be expressed. Assuming that the presence of both chromoprotein in the cytoplasm will display a green color, bacteria will be green. However, as bacteria grow into the agar media, the amount of nahR-salicylate complex will decrease through time. Thus, the expression of the AeBlue will decrease whereas the expression of FwYellow will remain equal. As a result, bacteria will gradually change from green to yellow.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-debut.png|700px|center|At the beginning|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f9/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-debut.png]]<br />
<hr><br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-milieu.png|700px|center|Ripening process|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/88/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-milieu.png]]<br />
<br />
<hr><br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-fin.png|700px|center|At the end|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/75/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-fin.png]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
<br />
[1] https://2013.igem.org/Team:Uppsala/chromoproteins<br />
<br />
[2] https://2009.igem.org/Team:PKU_Beijing/Parts_Characterization/BBa_K228258<br />
<br />
<br />
{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/Project/Salicylate_Inducible_SystemTeam:Paris Saclay/Project/Salicylate Inducible System2014-10-17T23:55:20Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Color switch mechanism */</p>
<hr />
<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/project_header}}<br />
=Lemon Appearance And Ripening=<br />
==Introduction==<br />
As everyone knows, lemon is a fruit that can display a yellow color when it is ripe and a green color when it is not. Firstly, we chose to use chromoproteins to express these colors in E. coli. Chromoproteins are reflective proteins that contain a pigmented prosthetic group (for example, iron for the haemoglobin) and do not need to be excited to be seen. Although several chromoproteins have been synthesized in the past years, there is no known green chromoprotein yet synthesized in iGEM. We aim to resolve this by fusing a yellow chromoprotein with a blue one that hopefully will display a green color. This construction will be referred as the green fusion chromoprotein.<br />
<br />
Secondly, in order to make our lemon ripe like a real lemon, we decided to take advantage of the designing of the fusion protein by using a translational suppression system. Indeed, we plan to add amber codons within the linker separating the yellow and the blue chromoproteins. Therefore, the expression of a suppressor t-RNA will suppress amber codons allowing the translation of the green fusion chromoprotein. Conversely, the down regulation of the suppressor t-RNA through time will allow bacteria switch from green to yellow, thus simulating the ripening of a real lemon. This system will be referred to as the color switch system.<br />
<br />
<br />
[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-lemon_appearance_&_rippening.jpg|center]]<br />
<br />
== The green fusion chromoprotein design ==<br />
<br />
====Promoter & RBS====<br />
<br />
Because the ripening of the lemon will be achieved by the regulation of the expression of the suppressor t-RNA, the fusion chromoprotein has been placed under control of a constitutive promoter. To ensure that E. coli produces a robust color, we chose the RBS BBa_B0034 (strength = 1) and the “consensus” promoter BBa_J23119. <br />
<br />
====Chromoproteins====<br />
<br />
Uppsala iGEM team 2013 already designed several chromoproteins such as the FwYellow (BBa_K1033910) and the AeBlue chromoproteins (BBa_K1033902) [1]. We chose to fuse these chromoproteins so it should produce a green color. <br />
<br />
====Linker====<br />
<br />
Linkers are short sequences usually containing flexible amino-acid such as glycine and serine to ensure that two proteins domain are correctly folded and avoid steric issues. Thus, a linker of 12 amino acids that repeat a motif of glycine-glycine-serine-glycine (BBa_K243006) has been used to separate both FwYellow and AeBlue chromoproteins. Furthermore, to permit the color switch by the translational suppression system, we plan to replace two serine codons from the linker by amber codons (TAG). Choosing to add two amber codons would ensure a low stop codon readthrough in absence of the t-RNA.<br />
<br />
====Terminator====<br />
<br />
To end the transcription of the fusion chromoprotein, a commonly used terminator BBa_B0010 is added.<br />
<br />
==The Color Switch system design==<br />
<br />
====The supD suppressor t-RNA====<br />
<br />
Given that the linker that separates both FwYellow and AeBlue chromoproteins is composed of serine and glycine amino-acid, we needed a t-RNA suppressor that could encode one of these amino-acids to not alter the properties of the linker.<br />
As we were looking for a t-RNA suppressor, we found that the iGEM Beijing 2009 team already worked on a translational suppression system. They worked with the supD suppressor t-RNA that encodes a serine making it an ideal candidate for our project. They placed supD under control of a salicylate inducible promoter Psal to suppress amber codon they had introduced in the T7 polymerase sequence. In turn, the T7 polymerase can express the GFP output gene. Their results show that supD does not induce bacteria lethality so such a system could be used [2].<br />
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====Transcription factor sensible to salicylate====<br />
<br />
The nahR gene is involved in the degradation of the naphthalene pollutant in Pseudomonas putida. This gene encodes a transcriptional regulator that is induce by salicylate and thus bind nah or sal promoters. The BBa_K228004 Biobrick® contains the nahR gene under control of a constitutive promoter and the salicylate promoter (Psal). Thus, we plan to place supD under control of the Psal promoter.<br />
<br />
====Color switch mechanism====<br />
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In the beginning, salicylate concentration will be maximal into the agar media so that supD will be expressed and so the green fusion chromoprotein: bacteria will display a green color. However, as bacteria grow into agar, less salicylate will remain available into the media. Thus, the decrease of the nahR-salicylate complex amount within bacteria will lead to supD downregulation through time. In turn, decrease of supD amount will result in less codon readthrough and so less translation of the green fusion protein and more translation of the yellow chromoprotein. As a result, bacteria will gradually change from green to yellow.<br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-debut.jpg.png|700px|center|At the beginning|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ea/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-debut.jpg.png]]<br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-milieu.png|center|700px|Ripening process|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/26/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-milieu.png]]<br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-fin.png|center|700px|At the end|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/48/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-fin.png]]<br />
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==Results==<br />
To save time the fusion chromoprotein gene was ordered to Lifetechnologies® company. It includes the suffix, the promoter, the RBS, the FwYellow’s open reading frame, the linker, the AeBlue’s open reading frame, the terminator and the prefix. As a first step, the linker did not bear the two amber codons so that we could know if the fusion chromoprotein is functional or not.<br />
<br />
====Cloning in pGEMTeasy====<br />
<br />
After receiving it, the fusion chromoprotein was amplified by PCR and then cloned into pGEMTeasy. Unfortunately, after transforming E.coli and plating the tranformation mix, no colonies display any color. We sequenced the gene cloned to ensure the absence of mutation. The simplest explanation is that the fusion protein is not anymore functional. One may suggest that the fact the chromoproteins need to be in a multimeric form to be functional, prevent the fusion protein to be functional.<br />
<br />
As the fusion chromoprotein did not work, the colour switch system that we planned to do is no longer valid.<br />
<br />
==Alternative pathway==<br />
To resolve this issue, we planned to separately express both FwYellow and AeBlue in bacteria. We decided to place the FwYellow under control of a constitutive promoter whereas AeBlue will be place under the Psal inducible promoter, as mentioned above.<br />
As previously, the beginning, salicylate concentration is maximal into the agar media leading so both chromoprotein will be expressed. Assuming that the presence of both chromoprotein in the cytoplasm will display a green color, bacteria will be green. However, as bacteria grow into the agar media, the amount of nahR-salicylate complex will decrease through time. Thus, the expression of the AeBlue will decrease whereas the expression of FwYellow will remain equal. As a result, bacteria will gradually change from green to yellow.<br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-debut.png|700px|center|At the beginning|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f9/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-debut.png]]<br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-milieu.png|700px|center|Ripening process|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/88/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-milieu.png]]<br />
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[[File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-fin.png|700px|center|At the end|link=https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/75/Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-fin.png]]<br />
<br />
==References==<br />
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[1] https://2013.igem.org/Team:Uppsala/chromoproteins<br />
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[2] https://2009.igem.org/Team:PKU_Beijing/Parts_Characterization/BBa_K228258<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-fin.pngFile:Paris Saclay project-ripening-alternative-fin.png2014-10-17T23:52:37Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay project-ripening-alternative-fin.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-milieu.pngFile:Paris Saclay project-ripening-alternative-milieu.png2014-10-17T23:51:36Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay project-ripening-alternative-milieu.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-alternative-debut.pngFile:Paris Saclay project-ripening-alternative-debut.png2014-10-17T23:50:45Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay project-ripening-alternative-debut.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-fin.pngFile:Paris Saclay project-ripening-fin.png2014-10-17T23:49:39Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay project-ripening-fin.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-milieu.pngFile:Paris Saclay project-ripening-milieu.png2014-10-17T23:48:54Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay project-ripening-milieu.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_project-ripening-debut.jpg.pngFile:Paris Saclay project-ripening-debut.jpg.png2014-10-17T23:48:10Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay project-ripening-debut.jpg.png&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/Team:Paris_Saclay/TeamTeam:Paris Saclay/Team2014-10-17T22:30:03Z<p>Fanny Boulet: /* Students */</p>
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<div>{{Team:Paris_Saclay/team_header}}<br />
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=Team=<br />
This year, curious and imaginative students from the department of biology, computer science, physics and chemistry, mathematics and mechanical engineering came together to form the third generation of the team of '''iGEM Paris-Saclay'''.<br />
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==Students==<br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ad/Paris_Saclay_Juliette.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/8a/Paris_Saclay_Juliette_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ad/Paris_Saclay_Juliette.jpg" alt="Juliette Chevallier" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Paris_Saclay_Sean.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/50/Paris_Saclay_Sean_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/81/Paris_Saclay_Sean.jpg" alt="Sean Choe" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0c/Paris_Saclay_Marie.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/1/16/Paris_Saclay_Marie_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0c/Paris_Saclay_Marie.jpg" alt="Marie Nguyen" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6e/Paris_Saclay_Laetitia.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e6/Paris_Saclay_Laetitia_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6e/Paris_Saclay_Laetitia.jpg" alt="Laëtitia Doukhan" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/c/cb/Paris_Saclay_Mathias.jpg/416px-Paris_Saclay_Mathias.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/ec/Paris_Saclay_Mathias_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/c/cb/Paris_Saclay_Mathias.jpg/416px-Paris_Saclay_Mathias.jpg" alt="Mathias Vétillard" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e4/Paris_Saclay_Leila.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/08/Paris_Saclay_Leila_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e4/Paris_Saclay_Leila.jpg" alt="Leila" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/62/Paris_Saclay_Arnaud.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/7c/Paris_Saclay_Arnaud_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/62/Paris_Saclay_Arnaud.jpg" alt="Arnaud Motz" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/c/ca/Paris_Saclay_Remi.jpg/412px-Paris_Saclay_Remi.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/80/Paris_Saclay_Remi_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/c/ca/Paris_Saclay_Remi.jpg/412px-Paris_Saclay_Remi.jpg" alt="Rémi Franco" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d8/Paris_Saclay_Terry.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/f2/Paris_Saclay_Terry_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/d/d8/Paris_Saclay_Terry.jpg" alt="Terry" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e9/Paris_Saclay_Maher.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/9/90/Paris_Saclay_Maher_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e9/Paris_Saclay_Maher.jpg" alt="Maher Ben Khaled" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/9/96/Paris_Saclay_Melanie.jpg/418px-Paris_Saclay_Melanie.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/27/Paris_Saclay_Melanie_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/9/96/Paris_Saclay_Melanie.jpg/418px-Paris_Saclay_Melanie.jpg" alt="Mélanie Criqui" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Saclay_Fabio.jpg/414px-Paris_Saclay_Fabio.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/a/ac/Paris_Saclay_Fabio_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/b/b3/Paris_Saclay_Fabio.jpg/414px-Paris_Saclay_Fabio.jpg" alt="Fabio Maschi" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/26/Paris_Saclay_Romain.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/88/Paris_Saclay_Romain_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/26/Paris_Saclay_Romain.jpg" alt="Romain Sanson" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/e/e8/Paris_Saclay_Eugene.jpg/422px-Paris_Saclay_Eugene.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/2b/Paris_Saclay_Eugene_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/e/e8/Paris_Saclay_Eugene.jpg/422px-Paris_Saclay_Eugene.jpg" alt="Eugène Ndyaye" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0c/Paris_Saclay_Pierre.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/bf/Paris_Saclay_Pierre_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/0/0c/Paris_Saclay_Pierre.jpg" alt="Pierre Roux" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/7/79/Paris_Saclay_Raphael.jpg/413px-Paris_Saclay_Raphael.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/7/70/Paris_Saclay_Raphael_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/7/79/Paris_Saclay_Raphael.jpg/413px-Paris_Saclay_Raphael.jpg" alt="Raphaël de Saint-Exupéry" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/39/Paris_Saclay_Floriane.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/b0/Paris_Saclay_Floriane_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/3/39/Paris_Saclay_Floriane.jpg" alt="Floriane Cherrier" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/d/d9/Paris_Saclay_Mathieu.jpg/415px-Paris_Saclay_Mathieu.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/2a/Paris_Saclay_Mathieu_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/d/d9/Paris_Saclay_Mathieu.jpg/415px-Paris_Saclay_Mathieu.jpg" alt="Mathieu Bousquet" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Paris_Saclay_Hoang_Vu.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/5/5d/Paris_Saclay_Hoang_Vu_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/2/28/Paris_Saclay_Hoang_Vu.jpg" alt="Hoang Vu" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6c/Paris_Saclay_Fanny.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/e/e4/Paris_Saclay_Fanny_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/6/6c/Paris_Saclay_Fanny.jpg" alt="Fanny Boulet" /></div><br />
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<h2>Advisors & Instructors</h2><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/2/23/Paris_Saclay_Claire.jpg/415px-Paris_Saclay_Claire.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/be/Paris_Saclay_Claire_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/2/23/Paris_Saclay_Claire.jpg/415px-Paris_Saclay_Claire.jpg" alt="Claire Toffano-Nioche" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/3/36/Paris_Saclay_Philippe.jpg/412px-Paris_Saclay_Philippe.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/b/bf/Paris_Saclay_Philippe_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/3/36/Paris_Saclay_Philippe.jpg/412px-Paris_Saclay_Philippe.jpg" alt="Philippe Bouloc" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/7/74/Paris_Saclay_Solenne.jpg/415px-Paris_Saclay_Solenne.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/f/ff/Paris_Saclay_Solenne_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/thumb/7/74/Paris_Saclay_Solenne.jpg/415px-Paris_Saclay_Solenne.jpg" alt="Solenne Ithurbide" /></div><br />
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<div class="corp-third"><img onmouseout="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Paris_Saclay_Alice.jpg'" onmouseover="this.src='https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/8/82/Paris_Saclay_Alice_2.jpg'" src="https://static.igem.org/mediawiki/2014/4/47/Paris_Saclay_Alice.jpg" alt="Alice Devigne" /></div><br />
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Not forgotten '''Jean-Luc Pernodet''', '''Sylvie lautru''' and '''Olivier Namy''' ---CA ARRIVE !!!!---<br />
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==Suport==<br />
We will also thank '''Jérémy Brunet''', '''Laura Belot''' and '''Meghane Sittewelle''' for their support in the project implementation.<br />
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{{Team:Paris_Saclay/default_footer}}</div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_Alice_2.jpgFile:Paris Saclay Alice 2.jpg2014-10-17T22:29:56Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay Alice 2.jpg&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_Solenne_2.jpgFile:Paris Saclay Solenne 2.jpg2014-10-17T22:28:57Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay Solenne 2.jpg&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_Philippe_2.jpgFile:Paris Saclay Philippe 2.jpg2014-10-17T22:27:56Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay Philippe 2.jpg&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_Claire_2.jpgFile:Paris Saclay Claire 2.jpg2014-10-17T22:27:03Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay Claire 2.jpg&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_Fanny_2.jpgFile:Paris Saclay Fanny 2.jpg2014-10-17T22:25:22Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay Fanny 2.jpg&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulethttp://2014.igem.org/File:Paris_Saclay_Hoang_Vu_2.jpgFile:Paris Saclay Hoang Vu 2.jpg2014-10-17T22:24:47Z<p>Fanny Boulet: uploaded a new version of &quot;File:Paris Saclay Hoang Vu 2.jpg&quot;</p>
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<div></div>Fanny Boulet