Team:Kent/background
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- | <td><div align="justify">Our project is specifically aimed at terpenoid production | + | <td><div align="justify">Our project is specifically aimed at terpenoid production in <i>E.coli</i>. These compounds particularly in plants give off scents when produced and we hope to improve on the yield that is obtained during current chemical production techniques. <br> |
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Terpenoids are characteristic molecules that derive from the condensation of 5-carbon isoprene units. They play major roles in plants such as growth regulation, signalling, and defense mechanisms. Additionally terpenoids have a characteristic aroma. <br> | Terpenoids are characteristic molecules that derive from the condensation of 5-carbon isoprene units. They play major roles in plants such as growth regulation, signalling, and defense mechanisms. Additionally terpenoids have a characteristic aroma. <br> | ||
- | There are two metabolic pathways used to synthesize terpenoids: the mevalonate pathway in plants and the non mevalonate pathway in | + | <br> |
+ | There are two metabolic pathways used to synthesize terpenoids: the mevalonate pathway in plants and the non mevalonate pathway in <i>E.coli</i>l (fig1). Both pathways ultimately lead to compounds: Isopentanyl pyrophosphate and dimethyl Isoprenyl pyrophosphate which are further converted into geranyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate to synthesize terpenes.</div></td> | ||
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- | <td><p align="justify"><em>Fig1. Mevalonate and Non-Mevalonate pathway. | + | <td><p align="justify"><em>Fig1. Mevalonate and Non-Mevalonate pathway. two pathways from different organisms </em><br> |
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Due to these molecules possessing fragrance qualities, they are used in industry for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, household products, etc. <br> | Due to these molecules possessing fragrance qualities, they are used in industry for the production of perfumes, cosmetics, household products, etc. <br> | ||
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- | Our project focuses on the synthesis of selected terpene fragrant compounds: zingiberene, R-linalool and limonene, by expressing each enzyme in | + | Our project focuses on the synthesis of selected terpene fragrant compounds: zingiberene, R-linalool and limonene, by expressing each enzyme in <i>E.coli.</i></p> |
- | <p align="justify"><strong>Limonene synthase:< | + | <p align="justify"><strong>Limonene synthase:<br> |
- | < | + | </strong><br> |
Limonene is a scented cyclic terpene, from the hydrocarbon family. The major fragrance it is associated with is lemons, citrus fruits have large amounts of the compound and it is known to give off the scent associated with the fruits. Usually limonene is harvested from fruits using steam distillation or centrifugal separation, steam distillation yields around 1%, this is far greater than other distillation techniques which can yield as low as 0.1%. <br> | Limonene is a scented cyclic terpene, from the hydrocarbon family. The major fragrance it is associated with is lemons, citrus fruits have large amounts of the compound and it is known to give off the scent associated with the fruits. Usually limonene is harvested from fruits using steam distillation or centrifugal separation, steam distillation yields around 1%, this is far greater than other distillation techniques which can yield as low as 0.1%. <br> | ||
Limonene is a very common ingredient in cosmetic products, often found in shampoos, lotions, perfumes and other everyday items. The demand for it is huge; as the yield is so small farming products is very wasteful. <br> | Limonene is a very common ingredient in cosmetic products, often found in shampoos, lotions, perfumes and other everyday items. The demand for it is huge; as the yield is so small farming products is very wasteful. <br> | ||
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<td><p align="justify"><strong>Use of zingiberene: </strong><br> | <td><p align="justify"><strong>Use of zingiberene: </strong><br> | ||
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Zingiberene contributes to the scents in many commercial perfumes. This is achieved via steam distillation of the ginger rhizomes. These contain approximately 1-3% of the essential fragrant oil, where the major component is zingiberene (34%). <br> | Zingiberene contributes to the scents in many commercial perfumes. This is achieved via steam distillation of the ginger rhizomes. These contain approximately 1-3% of the essential fragrant oil, where the major component is zingiberene (34%). <br> | ||
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- | <td><p align="justify"><strong>Production:< | + | <td><p align="justify"><strong>Production:<br> |
- | + | </strong><br> | |
There are different methods to manufacture R-Linalool. <br> | There are different methods to manufacture R-Linalool. <br> | ||
Fractional distilliation of the essential oil from plants such as Bois de rose (rosewood), shiu or coriander. <br> | Fractional distilliation of the essential oil from plants such as Bois de rose (rosewood), shiu or coriander. <br> | ||
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<strong>Other properties of R-Linalool:</strong><br> | <strong>Other properties of R-Linalool:</strong><br> | ||
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Many researchers have studied the physiological effects of these odours such as sleep, aggressiveness, muscle tension, etc. Experiments conducted by Hardy et al suggested that R-linalool has a significant sedating effect. This is because it is considered that terpenes have the ability to potentiate the GABAA receptor activity in particular regions of the brain.</p> | Many researchers have studied the physiological effects of these odours such as sleep, aggressiveness, muscle tension, etc. Experiments conducted by Hardy et al suggested that R-linalool has a significant sedating effect. This is because it is considered that terpenes have the ability to potentiate the GABAA receptor activity in particular regions of the brain.</p> | ||
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<p align="justify"> </p> | <p align="justify"> </p> | ||
<p align="justify"><strong>References:</strong><br> | <p align="justify"><strong>References:</strong><br> | ||
+ | <br> | ||
Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati, Efraim Lewinsohn, Einat Bar, Yoko Iijima, Eran Pichersky and Yaron Sitrit. (2008). Overexpression of the lemon basil α-zingiberene synthase gene increases both mono- and sesquiterpene contents in tomato fruit. The Plant Journal. 56 (2), 228-238. <br> | Rachel Davidovich-Rikanati, Efraim Lewinsohn, Einat Bar, Yoko Iijima, Eran Pichersky and Yaron Sitrit. (2008). Overexpression of the lemon basil α-zingiberene synthase gene increases both mono- and sesquiterpene contents in tomato fruit. The Plant Journal. 56 (2), 228-238. <br> | ||
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Latest revision as of 01:36, 18 October 2014
Background |
Our project is specifically aimed at terpenoid production in E.coli. These compounds particularly in plants give off scents when produced and we hope to improve on the yield that is obtained during current chemical production techniques. Terpenoids are characteristic molecules that derive from the condensation of 5-carbon isoprene units. They play major roles in plants such as growth regulation, signalling, and defense mechanisms. Additionally terpenoids have a characteristic aroma. There are two metabolic pathways used to synthesize terpenoids: the mevalonate pathway in plants and the non mevalonate pathway in E.colil (fig1). Both pathways ultimately lead to compounds: Isopentanyl pyrophosphate and dimethyl Isoprenyl pyrophosphate which are further converted into geranyl pyrophosphate farnesyl pyrophosphate to synthesize terpenes. |
Fig1. Mevalonate and Non-Mevalonate pathway. two pathways from different organisms Limonene synthase: |
Use of zingiberene: R-linalool Synthase: |
Production:
References: |